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About this Journal
The IJLS is published quarterly by Indian Association of Health, Research, and Welfare. It is an indexed and peer-reviewed journal in both print and online version. The journal is indexed with ProQuest, J-Gate, and others. IJLS is being published regularly since 2011. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of scientific excellence in the field of Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu and other literary subjects. For more details visit journal page on www.iahrw.com or write to us at iahrw2019@gmail.com
Managing Editor: Dr. Sunil Saini, President IAHRW
For any query write to us at iahrw2019@gmail.com
ISSN: 2231-4652 (print version)
ISSN: (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Editorial Board
MANAGING EDITOR
Sunil Saini, PhD
Indian Association of Health Research and Welfare, Hisar, Haryana, India
EDITORS
Manoj Chhabra, PhD, Haryana Education Services, Hisar, Haryana
Neetu Sangwan, PhD, Hindu Girls College, Sonepat, Haryana
Reetu Sardana, PhD, D.N. College, Hisar, Haryana
S. K. Vasistha, PhD, D.N. College, Hisar, Haryana
Sudhir Kumar, PhD, Govt. College, Birohar, Jhajjar, Haryana
Yashu Rai Tayal, PhD, D.N. College, Hisar, Haryana
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Sunil Saini, President IAHRW
For any query write to us at iahrw2010@gmail.com
ISSN: 2231-3642 (print version)
ISSN: ****-**** (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate
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Submit your Article
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Authors and Ethical Guidelines
Author’s guidelines:
International Journal of Literary Studies (IJLS) is a peer-reviewed research journal published quarterly by Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare. The IJLS is indexed with ProQuest, J-Gate, etc. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of scientific excellence in the area of Languages particularly English, Hindi, Sanskrit and other languages. IJLS is published Quarterly (March, June, September and December).
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O’Carol, John. “The Dying of the Epic.” Anthropoetics, vol. 30, no. 2, 2011, pp. 48-49.
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Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Sunil Saini, President IAHRW
For any query write to us at iahrw2010@gmail.com
ISSN: 2231-3642 (print version)
ISSN: ****-**** (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, USA Library
Peer Review Policy
Peer Review
All content of the International Journal of Literary Studies is subject to peer-review. The Editor first checks and evaluates the submitted manuscript, examining its fit and quality regarding its significance, manuscript format, research quality. If it is suitable for potential pubication, the Editor directs the manuscript for Plagiarism check, and the minimum similarity acceptable is below 20% without references. After that, editor directs the manuscript to two reviewers, with both being experts in the field. This journal employs double-blind review, wehre the author and referee remains anonymous througout the process. Referees are asked to avaluate whetehr the manuscript is original, makes a theoretical contribution to the study, methodoogy is sound, follos appropriate ethical guidelines, whether the results are clearly presented and sufficient supporting studies are given and support the conclusion. The time for evaluation is approximately one month. The Editor’s decision will be sent to the author with recommendations made by the referees. Revised manuscripts might be returned to the initial referees who may then request another revision of the manuscript. After both reviewer’s feedback, the Editor decides if the manuscript will be rejected, accepted with revision needed or accepted for publication. The Editor’s decision is final. Regerees advise the Editor, who is responsible for the final decision to accept or reject the article.
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Pages:34-35 निर्मल कुमारी (इनडीपेंडेंट स्कोलर, हिन्दी, टोहाना, फतेहाबाद, हरियाणा) जिस प्रकार हिंदी साहित्य के इतिहास में भक्तिकाल में संत साहित्य का विशेष महत्व है ठीक वैसे ही भक्तिकाल में संत साहित्य में सर्वोपरी स्थान पर विराजमान हैं - संत कबीर। कबीर का जन्म 1398 ई0 में और देहावसान 1518 ई0 में माना है। कबीर की पत्नी का नाम लोई था। उनके पुत्र का नाम कमाल व पुत्री का नाम कमाली था। कबीर का जन्म, जीवन, परिवार, शिक्षा, दीक्षा, धर्म आदि सब कुछ विवादित रहा है। कबीर निराकारीवादी हैं। निराकार की प्राप्ति ज्ञान से संभव है। वह घट में बसता है, उसे बाहर खोजने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। उनका कहना है - ‘‘ हिरदै सरोवर है अविनासी।’’ कबीर ने बार-बार राम शब्द का प्रयोग कयिा है, किंतु उनका राम सगुण न होकर परम ब्रह्म का प्रतीक है। कबीर राम को पुकारने की आवश्यकता निश्चित रूप से महसूस करते हैं, इसलिए उन्हें कोई न कोई नाम भी देना ही पड़ता है। उनके ही शब्दों में Pages:34-35
निर्मल कुमारी (इनडीपेंडेंट स्कोलर, हिन्दी, टोहाना, फतेहाबाद, हरियाणा) |
Pages:36-41 रीना शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, महर्षि दयानन्द विश्वविद्यालय, रोहतक) संसार का चाहे कोई भी समाज हो, सर्वत्र नारी का स्थान महत्त्वपूर्ण माना गया है। यह बात अलग है कि संसार के हर समाज में नारी प्रायः हर युग में दमित, शोषित और उपेक्षित भी रही है तो समय-समय पर कुछ नारियों ने अपने चरित्र तथा पौरुष द्वारा समाज में एक नई क्रांति उत्पन्न की है। सामाजिक संरचना में परिवाररूपी संस्था का अपना महत्त्व है, जिसकी परिकल्पना विवाह के बिना नहीं की जा सकती और विवाह जो नर-नारी के गठबंधन से सम्पन्न होता है, नारी के अभाव में संभव नहीं है। अतः सामाजिक दृष्टि से नारी का महत्त्व स्वयं सिद्ध है। किसी भी समाज की श्रेष्ठता या अश्रेष्ठता उस समाज में नारी की स्थिति पर निर्भर करती हैं वस्तुतः नारी ही समाज की उन्नति-अवनति की द्योतक है। यही कारण है कि गाँधी जी जैसे युग पुरुष ने भी उसके महत्त्व को समझा और समाज में इस उपेक्षित वर्ग को समानाधिकार एवं सम्मान दिलाने का स्तुत्य प्रयास किया। उनका कहना था-”नारी को अबला कहना, उसके प्रति, यह पुरुष का अन्याय है। यदि अंहिसा हमारे मूल्यांकन की कसौटी है तो निश्चय ही भविष्य का निर्माण स्त्रियों के हाथ में है।“1 Pages:36-41
रीना शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, महर्षि दयानन्द विश्वविद्यालय, रोहतक) |
Pages:42-44 प्रवेश कुमार (शोधार्थी, हिन्दी विभाग, पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय, चण्डीगढ़) भारत में आर्यों के आगमन के साथ ही सनातन धर्म का आगमन हुआ। सनातन धर्म का आधार वर्ण-व्यवस्था है। वर्ण-व्यवस्था के सैद्धान्तिकरण के माध्यम से ब्राह्मण वर्ग ही सर्वोपरी हो गया और ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय और वैश्य वर्ग की सेवा का दायित्व शूद्र और अवर्ण वर्ग पर आ गया। इस प्रकार, वर्ण-व्यवस्था ब्राह्मण वर्ग की पोषक बनी। ब्राह्ममणों का धर्म-संचालन और शिक्षण पर एकाधिकार होने के कारण ब्राह्मणवाद का वर्चस्व सदैव बना रहा। इसी वर्चस्व को बनाए रखने के लिए चमत्कारिक किंवदंतियों और आडम्बरों की संख्या बढ़ती रही। ब्राह्मणवाद के वर्चस्व पर प्रथम मुख्य प्रतिक्रिया बौद्ध धर्म द्वारा की गई। महात्मा बुद्ध ने वर्ण-व्यवस्था व अवतारवाद का विरोध किया तथा समाज को आडम्बरों से मुक्ति का मार्ग दिखाया। परन्तु, महात्मा बुद्ध को ही विष्णु का अवतार बताया जाने लगा। Pages:42-44
प्रवेश कुमार (शोधार्थी, हिन्दी विभाग, पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय, चण्डीगढ़) |
Pages:45-49 Ashok Kumar (Department of English, M.M. P.G. College, Fatehabad, Haryana) Ice Candy Man is a feminist novel exhibiting brutal experiences of women during the partition of India and its aftermath. The novel was published in 1988. The novel was published in U.S.A. and India under the title Cracking India in 1991 and 1992 respectively. Filmmaker Deepa Mehta made a movie based on this novel, named Earth 1947 in 1998. The story of the novel ranges from the partition of one Indian subcontinent into two different nations- India and Pakistan, on 15 August, 1947. Along with the presentation of bifurcation of India and Pakistan, Sidhwa presents the predicament of aggrieved situations of women in which they have to encounter with severe physical troubles as well as mental trauma. Belles Letter remarks that “Sidhwa is a feminist and a realist. One sees in her women characters the strength of passion, the tenderness of love, and the courage of one's conviction” (qtd. in Ice-Candy-Man). It would not be wrong to interpret the novel from the feminist point of view after a thorough reading of the novel. The novel touches upon the pressing problems relating to women. The story of the novel is narrated by the child narrator named Lenny, an eight year old Parsi girl. Sidhwa employs the child as narrator for the narration of the novel because she wants to present everything without any partiality. With the help of the child narrator, Sidhwa shows the changing socio-political reality of India just before the partition of India into two independent nations. Pages:45-49
Ashok Kumar (Department of English, M.M. P.G. College, Fatehabad, Haryana) |
Pages:50-52 Ashok Kumar (Department of English, M.M. P.G. College, Fatehabad, Haryana) Raja Rao (1908-2006) is one of the triumvirates of the pioneering Indian novelists in English. His contribution to the growth of the English Novel in India is enormous. Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand and R.K. Narayan are known as "The Big Three", an apithet coined by the noted English critic William Walse. Speaking of The Big Three, Walse Writes, "It is these three writers who defined the area in which the Indian novel was to operate. They established its assumptions; they sketched its main themes, freed the first models of its characters, and elaborated its peculiar logic. Each of them used an easy, natural idiom which was un effected by the opacity of a British inheritance. Their language has been freed of the foggy taste of Britain and transferred of to a wholly new setting of brutal heat and brilliant light." Kanthapura was Raja Rao's first novel in English. It was published in 1938. His other famous novels are The Serpent and the Rope (1960), Cat and Shakespeare (1965), Comgrade Kirilone (1976 etc. Pages:50-52
Ashok Kumar (Department of English, M.M. P.G. College, Fatehabad, Haryana) |
Pages:104-106 Valaria Sethi (Department of English, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana) As one of the serious and significant second-generation Indian writers in English, Arun Joshi ( 1939-1993) has made a name for himself even with a small output of five novels. His range and output may have been small, like Jane Austen's, but working like her on a small canvas he has etched memorable and convincing pieces of narratives against a native background not ignorant, however, of his non- Indian western education. It will be interesting to note how this Harvard educated engineer fuses his occidental training with his native Sanskaras to search the beliefs man needs to position himself in life harmoniously and organically. While, as we shall see, his characters, all well-rooted in western education, are afflicted by the kind of angst we associate with the European masters, like Kafka, Camus, and Malraux, they are able to find their way home by following the paths prescribed by Hindu scriptures and teachings. Pages:104-106
Valaria Sethi (Department of English, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:96-98 Seyyed Hashem Hashemi, Khosro Mahmoudi and Seyed Ata Azimi (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) Composing poems about spring (Baharieh) has been common since the emergence of Persian poetry to the date and poets in different eras have tried to describe spring and nature revitalization and have expressed their wishes and aspirations in the form of Baharieh. Dr. Soroush Shamisa states: “Baharieh, the description of spring, can be divided into two categories: 1. Actual Baharieh, that is the actual description of spring and the nature as an introduction to eulogy as used in poems composed by Khorasani Style poets to eulogize a king or sultan. Alternatively, Bahariah was used to compose epics as can be seen in works by Ferdousi and Asadi Tousi. 2. Symbolic Baharieh which is an introvertive description of spring and the nature using a symbolic and metaphoric language” (Shamisa, 1997: 27). Khorasani Style poets who used to live in a nature replete with freshness and joy have depicted the world as a place full of effervescence and hope of life. The present study is going to describe elegantly composed odes. The verses used in this study are selected from all poets and their poetries edited by Dr. Seyyed Mohammad Dabirsiaghi. The numbers given in front of verses shows the page number and the verse number, accordingly. Pages:96-98
Seyyed Hashem Hashemi, Khosro Mahmoudi and Seyed Ata Azimi (Department of Persian Language and Literature… |
Pages:99-100 Razieh Dadgari and Hasan Badanj (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) What in every line and every bit the refrain of his two poets, love. Iraqi undying love and eternal seeker who is not only in itself but also across the refrain of his court, it magnifies the love. He did not praise the power of a world passing around the Divan to describe this group did not even mention that the great love of the pilgrim on the way to his beloved. "The mystical poetry two important elements, major elements of expression. Love and drunkenness, on this occasion "wine" and all of the components to be raised accordingly. Obviously, in such a festive cup and, more subtle and more spiritual and meaningful than that of the words may come to mind barley Bibulous not cry a pure heart and spiritual members of parliament: Pages:99-100
Razieh Dadgari and Hasan Badanj (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad… |
Pages:101-103 Yashu Rai Tayal (Department of English, Dayanand P. G. College, Hisar, Haryana) The glorification of women role, then, Seem to be in proportion to society's reluctance to treat women as complete human beings.1 K.K. Ruthven As pointed out by Meenakshi Mukherjee: The classical ideals of the god like hero and the patient heroine extol the virtues of extinction of the ego whereas the novel in the western world often focuses upon the achievement of Selfhood of personality. One might argue that classical ideals no longer obtain in the Indian context. But in actual literary practice, numerous characters are found to adhere to classic prototypes-especially the women of fiction who persistently re-enact the suffering sacrificing role of Sita or Savitri. 2 R.K.Narayan minutely observes the traditional position of women in Indian society and its deep rooted customs, myths and presents most realistic pictures with some irony in it. R.K. Narayan is neither 'angry' like Mulk Raj Anand nor 'philosophical' like Raja Rao. Thus the problems economic, social and political have an overwhelming influence on the art of Mulk Raj Anand. Dr. PremaNand Kumar said: Pages:101-103
Yashu Rai Tayal (Department of English, Dayanand P. G. College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:107-108 Manisha (Department of English, G.B.D. College, Rohtak, Haryana) Mrs. Dalloway is a literary work by Virginia Woolf published in 1923. The story takes place in a single day; this is her fourth novel wherein she takes more cognizance upon use of her thought, feeling and sensation through her characters. Stream of consciousness is used right from the beginning through the use of time from the past to the present till the near future, this time is a psychological time that deals with the internal and the external subjectivity of each character's thought and emotions in order to represent the flow of consciousness also that is interrupted by the clock. Woolf says: Pages:107-108
Manisha (Department of English, G.B.D. College, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:109-112 Sushila and Sangeeta Ahuja (Department of English, Baba Mastnath University, Asthal Bahar, Rohtak, Haryana) Indian society has been male-dominated from ancient times. Man is taken as superior and woman as inferior and subordinate. In the patriarchal society father, husband and other males treat women as their property that can be owned, controlled and dispose off in the way they like. Women are not given opportunity equal to men. In such society we get the masculine definition of ideas and images of women. Although the women are almost fifty percent of total population yet they bear the brunt of human rights violation and endure some of the worst atrocities committed by men. They are by nature very sensitive, sacrificing and home-makers. In each community, nationality and class the burden of hardship often falls disproportionately on the women. There is a deeply unequal burden of sharing of burden of adversities between men and women. Gender inequality exists even in the high class society of our country. This inequality between man and woman directly involves matters of life and death. It is visible in the matter of bringing up of girls as compared to the boys. There is biasness in the matter of care and health and nutrition. As a result mortality rate is very high among the female in childhood. So there is majority of men in total population. In those societies where there is no or little bias against women in health, care and nutrition there is majority of majority. Pages:109-112
Sushila and Sangeeta Ahuja (Department of English, Baba Mastnath University, Asthal Bahar, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:113-116 Mun Mun Das Biswas (Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, Government of Tripura, Tripura) In the words of Ashley Montagu and Floyd Matson as quoted in Gamble and Gamble, (2010:1) Whether clear or garbled, tumultuous or silent, deliberate or fatally inadvertent, communication is the ground of meeting………. It is, in short, the essential human connection…… A college student, a corporate vice president, a teenager, an octogenarian, two people in love, a doctor and a patient, a native and a foreigner, parents, children, friends, enemies, decision makers, and speakers in general -- all share at least one thing: a need to communicate. Developing the ability to communicate effectively with others is essential not only for one's own success but also for the success of any organizations we work for, any groups we become part of, any relationships we develop with people we come to know. In today's world, job-specific talent, technical expertise, and graduation from a prestigious school etc. do not carry any guarantees for upward mobility or attainment of goals. Many of us get our jobs because of our social capital, that is, our social connections or social networks consisting of the persons whom we know rather than our human capital i.e. what we know. Our workplaces are the primary environments for connecting with others. The internet has democratized information. Pages:113-116
Mun Mun Das Biswas (Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, Government of Tripura, Tripura) |
Pages:117-119 Devyani Puri (Department of English, SUS Group of Institutions, Tangori, Mohali, Punjab) According to oxford dictionary it is the belief and aim that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men; the struggle to achieve this aim. The word 'Feminism' means right of women in the society. It is regarding the same rights and power as a man have and should be treated in the same way as men are treated. A movement was campaigned for this purpose and to achieve the aim of freedom to women, this movement is called feminist movement. This movement was to right vote, to work, to have equal salary as men, to own inherited property, education, as well as protection and security for women. In history it was the most successful campaign to bring social, economic and political changes in the status of women. Feminist campaigns are generally considered to be one of the main forces behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with having achieved women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. This movement not only advocates women's rights but some feminists have focused on man's liberation too. Feminist movement not only protects the women's rights but aims to diminish the gender in equality in society for which various theories were issued for this purpose which are very helpful in the gender equality and overall social construction of society. Pages:117-119
Devyani Puri (Department of English, SUS Group of Institutions, Tangori, Mohali, Punjab) |
Pages:120-121 Jyoti Deswal (Department of English, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana) Toni Morrison (1931- ), a Nobel laureate, has attained a central place in the American literary world. Her award-winning novels chronicle the lives of Afro-Americans and explore the impact of socio-historic forces pitted against them. Using precise, richly textured prose and compelling characters, Morrison deftly examines the role of family in her novels. Women are invisible in the history, throughout the world. There is a lack of representation of women in it. There is also a misrepresentation of African American women in the history. African American women have been playing an integral part in the building of America, but their participation and contribution have not been properly represented in the history of America. All of Morrison's novels are, in a real sense, historical novels, which are based on slavery, reconstruc-tion, depression, and war, and Civil Rights Movement and the experience of personal history. It is commented that "[Morrison's writing is] richly revelatory not only of human nature but of the troubled history of black America." Pages:120-121
Jyoti Deswal (Department of English, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:122-123 Manisha (Department of English, G.B.D. College, Rohtak, Haryana) Indian drama written in English by Indian playwrights makes extensive use of tradition, myths, legends and folklores. They are infact the embodiments of cultural ethos of the Indian society. They represent the underlying values and principles of life, the shared experience of the race, the rules and the codes of society. Girish Karnad is a major dramatist who has significantly gone back to the roots of Indian myth, tradition and culture and has re-created for us the rich and vibrant picture of Indian society, culture and its people. Pages:122-123
Manisha (Department of English, G.B.D. College, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:124-126 Khadijeh Rahimi and Khosro Mahmoudi1, Farah Niazkar2 (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran1 Department of Persian Language and Literature, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran2) According to Persian myths, the devil is a creature that stands against Ahura Mazda, the Supreme Being represented as a deity of goodness and light in Zoroastrianism. When the devil spirit sees the Ahura Mazda clerics he assaults the light boundary and is defeated. But it decides to create some creatures to resist divinely creatures. Angare Miniu as a devilish spirit is the leader of the group of devils and spooks that intends to destroy the world (Hinles, 2010: 80). “According to Avesta, a large group of devilish and criminal creatures whose task is to do bad things in the world stands against Amshasepandan as a group of holy and pure heavenly creatures that assist Ahura Mazda to create and protect the universe” (Safa, 1973: 606). Pages:124-126
Khadijeh Rahimi and Khosro Mahmoudi1, Farah Niazkar2 (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch… |
Pages:127-128 K. C. Sharma (Department of English, Govt. College, Hisar, Haryana) India is a great country in human civilization which has not only attracted large number of travellers, historians, philosophers and poets to its charms; it has also converted many of them into its addict lovers. Its land and people beauty music ,philosophy and magic ,mysticism and Sufism ,chivalry and beauty ,music notes and colorful costumes ,holy rivers and unparalleled saints on their banks .its superstitions and rituals in brief everything to the aura of mother India has enchanted people of other lands and instilled an undying sense of pride in its inhabitants . The vitality and fragrance of our culture is uneven. Our ancestors had a tendency of differentiation. Different schools and regional trends crossed, inter crossed and ultimately merged into a single stream of what is known as Indian philosophy, art and culture. During this evolution, the greater urge of our genius to blend remained predominant over our varied styles of thought and life, dance drama, language and social philosophy. Mother India with all its different colours and components gives the appearance of a beautiful woman with a large variety of ornaments and costumes merging into one harmonious impression. Our art is more of a reflection and expression of reconciliation. Pages:127-128
K. C. Sharma (Department of English, Govt. College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:129-134 Rajashree Ranjita1, Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty2, Alex Hankey3 and H R Nagendra4 (Division of Yoga and Life Science1, Division of Yoga and Humanities2, Division of Yoga and Physical Science3, Chancellor4, SVYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru) In Ayurveda, Kasa is explained as an independent Vyadhi and a symptom of various debilitating diseases with its separate types, signs, symptoms, pathogenesis, and treatment. It involves most of the presentations of respiratory tract diseases where aggravated Kapha obstructs the free flow of Prana Vayu in Pranavaha Srotas, Kantha and Uras (Sharma and Dash 4:158). Ayurvedic texts have described Kapha as the major cause in production of Kasa which creates Margavarodha (blockage of respiratory passage) (Murthy 1:176). Kasa is classified into five categories as follows: Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Kshayaja and Kshataja (Murthy 2:33-34). Among these five types of Kasa, Kaphaja Kasa has become more prevalent in these days because of the exposure to dust, smoke, fumes, both active and passive smoking, industrial gases, air pollution, and occupational hazards, cold places, drinking cold water (Sharma 361-367). Kaphaja Kasa comprises of two words “Kapha” and “Kasa”. According to Shabda Kalpa Druma by Radhakant Deva the word “Kapha” is derived from the root “Ke”, meaning “Shirasi Kena Jalena va Palathi”, that which is produced in the Shiras (head) and nourished by Jala (water). Acharya Charaka has defined Kasa as “Shushko va sa Kapho va api Kasanat Kasah” because it involves the movement of Vayu giving rise to coughing which may be dry or with phlegm vide the root “Kas” which implies to move or to afflict (Sharma and Dash 4:158). Pages:129-134
Rajashree Ranjita1, Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty2, Alex Hankey3 and H R Nagendra4 (Division of Yoga and Life… |
Pages:135-137 Vikas Yadav (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi) What is the meaning of life? Why we have been put on earth? Why do we live? What do we live for? What to live by? Everybody asks this question to himself, in some phase of his life. The problem of meaning is not something new; it has been discussed & debated by philosophers for centuries. Furthermore, empirical research in last few decades has shown that our perceptual system is designed in such a way that we provide coherent pattern to the incoming stimuli. Most of this research from the gestalt school of thought, whose prominent scholars like Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer & Kurt Koffka, spawned a number of researches on perception & motivation. The work of these psychologists have brought into several interesting insights into the perceptual organization of human beings. For instance, when human subjects are provided with random dots, they feel a need to organize these dots into coherent pattern. And if they are unable to fit any stimulus or situation into a coherent pattern they feel tense, annoyed & dissatisfied. This problem continues until the subjects can find a way to fit the present situation in some larger, recognizable pattern. Pages:135-137
Vikas Yadav (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi) |
Pages:138-141 Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) When we go through the novel, A Married Woman, we find that it traces the life of a married women Astha from her early adulthood through her middle years. It is the story of her life as she marries, explores the nuances of marital bliss, and plateaus in her relationship with her husband. She goes on to become a painter than a social activist. After that comes a turning point where she is attracted to a woman. Astha's life goes through such interesting stages, none of which however, evoke any interest in the heroine of the piece. It is strange that issues that evoke feelings are not good enough for the reader to get carried away and identify with Astha. There seems to be a total lack of impact. Is this a book about two women? About a relationship between two women? We wonder. we are led to think so. But no. This is not about that. The novel is about much more than this relationship. Astha's life is about events and traumas far more important that this novel relationship. Pages:138-141
Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:142-143 Neelam (Department of English, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana) There is the time proof proverb that; “United we stand, divided we fall.” Our country has for long been a nation of strong cultural and social values. But the irony is that now when she (it) has become one of the most powerful nations of this world. Some of her (its) narrow-minded people have grown tendency of considering their religion superior to other religions. Not only the conflicts among different religions is a major threat to India, but also the increasing differences within various castes prevalent in Hindu religion which is the largest community in India. Pages:142-143
Neelam (Department of English, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana) |
Pages:144-147 Deepak Raj (Department of English, G. S. S. S., Gudiakhera) Indian writing in English has its sharp awareness of the social context as its distinctive feature. The writers' pre-occupation with social problems and their concern for social change have become more pronounced and unmistakable in the post-independence period. The writers today feel that they have a responsibility towards the society they live in. They just cannot afford to be apathetic towards the burning problems around them. The main thematic pre-occupation of the Indian writing in English, is portrayal of wide spread social evils and tensions. It is an examination of the survival of the past traditions and their relevance in the present, exploration of the devastating culture of the educated middle class. The social, political and economic inequalities, communal hatred and gender discrimination are frequently taken up by the modern Indian playwrights in English. We find that the modern writers in Indian Writing in English are fully conscious of these dichotomies of modern life which have been generated by the process of industrialization and modernization in the contemporary world. Contemporary Indian drama offers us a wide spectrum of life where playwright like Mahesh Dattani has shown a special penchant for the study of man and his social environment. In his dramas man seems to be a child of his own milieu and as a prisoner of society around him. Hence man in relation to the social institutions like family and society seems to be the focal point of their plays. Pages:144-147
Deepak Raj (Department of English, G. S. S. S., Gudiakhera) |
Pages:148-149 Pooja Makkar (Department of English, JJT University, Rajasthan) Gone are the days when children used to give due respect to their elders and teachers. During ancient times, gurus were considered next to God and it was rightly said: Guru Gobind thou khade kake lago paayen Balihari Guru aapne jinhe Gobind diyo milayen Which means: both the guru and the God are standing together, whom to bow first, guru is considered the superior as he is the one who leads to God. But with the changing trends, there is a change in the behavior of the children. They have become more aggressive, impatient and manipulative. Traits like honesty, mercy, pity, etc. are long lost. It is commonly seen that they fight at petty issues like; complaining to the teachers, not giving assignment for H.W, not allowing them to cheat in the papers etc. Aping western culture has a great influence on their mind and now they no longer prefer the old traditions prevalent in India. No doubt, they are continuously being taught, to behave properly in and outside the class but disputes among them have become a common sight .They don't even feel any hesitation using abusive words among themselves. Sharing and helping others have just become a common line good to be read in the books, but their practice is a farfetched cry. What is the reason that children have lost their values? Where is the gap? If someone tries to reason them, they just ignore or start giving arguments saying that it's the generation gap. But is it really so?? Of course Not! There is something wrong in the system which requires due consideration. Today, everyone is concerned about getting 95% & 98% but no one cares to improve themselves as a human being. Who is to be blamed; parents, students or teachers? This questions needs to be mused deeply in everyone's conscience. Children are excelling themselves in every field but they are not provided with moral lessons which would also empower them spiritually. A 2year old child can use the smart phone properly, they are ahead in technology. As they grow they can compare sizes, prices and do what earlier the children of their age group were not able to do. There is no question about their intelligence but on this journey of self- discovery, aren't we leaving some traits which are essential for being a good human being? What's the necessity of our child? Can we call them happy, funny, confident and loved in the true sense? If not, why? If yes, then to what extent? Pages:148-149
Pooja Makkar (Department of English, JJT University, Rajasthan) |
Pages:150-152 Maman Singh (Department of English, Govt. Post Graduate College, Hisar, Haryana) The term 'Dalit' was first used by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in his publication Bahishkrit Bharat. In Marathi, Dalit literally means depressed or ground down. The term 'feminism' is an ideology which denotes female. It was first used in the later part of the 19th century. Actually feminism is the ideology of women's liberation as it opposes women's subjugation in family and society. It means the adage which advocates for women's complete equality with men in all spheres of life - political, social, economic, legal, familial, cultural and academic etc. The feminist movement is an organised effort to raise the voice of women and for achieving equality and rights for women. Moreover feminism is committed to the struggle for equality for women's rights and emphasises the value of women as they are. In India strong wave of feminism started in 1960s and 1970s. Since independence of India, Indian women writers have made much progress in every field including the field of writing and much of them have acquired prestigious position in this field. An emergence of female writers during the post-colonial period marks the new birth of an area which promises a new deal for the Indian women writers. The writings of Indian female writers are different from that of Indian male writers' like- R.K. Narayan, M.R. Anand, Raja Rao, Khuswant Singh and many others. It has been generally noticed that male writers write with heavy themes like war, heroism, chivalry, patriotism, action, revenge, murder, affairs of state, espionage, and sexual encounter etc. while on the other hand female writers write about women, their emotions, suffering, social condition problems, inequality, injustice, male-female relationship and women's place in the society etc. These main theme and the key issues are the things which differ females from male writers and their works reflect all these. The thematic concern of women writers leads to the emergence of the Indian women in the fast changing social milieu. They raised their voice and banner of revolt against injustice and exploitation of women in the patriarchal set up. K.K. Ruthveen remarks: Pages:150-152
Maman Singh (Department of English, Govt. Post Graduate College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:153-155 Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) Indian writing in English is a relatively-recent phenomena, as far as literature goes. Though one can trace such writers in India to a century back, Indian writing in English has come into force only in the last couple of decades or so. Some of these writers have achieved worldwide fame, some national, and others perhaps have to be content with a more constricted circle. The very definition of the adjective Indian here is hazy. Many of these writers neither live in India, nor are Indian citizens. To get around this haziness, I will cast my net as wide as possible and include all those writers who are related to India be it by origin, or the subject of their writingswhether they admit it or not, whether they like it or not! Pages:153-155
Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:156-158 नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) प्रेमचंद को किसान जीवन का महान रचनाकार माना जाता है। किसान जीवन की समस्याओं के प्रति जो गहराई और गम्भीरता उनकी रचनाओं मंे दिखती है वह उनकी राष्ट्रीय हित चिन्ता के कारण है। प्रेमचन्द अत्यन्त विरल कोटि की साहित्यिक प्रतिभा थे। वे सच्चे अर्थों में साहित्यकार थे जिन्होंने वर्तमान के यथार्थ के पार जाकर आगत को अपनी दृष्टि से देखा था। इसी बिन्दु पर उनकी कहानियाँ और उपन्यास आज के लिए भी पूर्ण सार्थक और संगत है। प्रेमचन्द द्वारा रचित ‘गोदान’ कृषक जीवन का अमर महाकाव्य है। ‘गोदान’ कृषक जीवन और ग्रामीण समाज को पूरे विस्तार में मापता और गहराई में जाँचता है। अपने पात्रों की हर दुखती रग पर उंगली रख प्रेमचन्द उसका दर्द पूरी संवेदना मंे चित्रित करते हैं। वस्तुतः ‘गोदान’ में छोटे किसान की गरीबी का तो त्रासद चित्रण है ही, किसान की किसान से मजदूरी की ओर चले जाने की एक दुर्वह पीड़ा है, जिसे होरी जीवन भर ढोता है। Pages:156-158
नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) |
Pages:159-161
नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा)
आधुनिक अर्थ में कबीर को समाज सुधारक या समाज-द्रष्टा नहीं कह सकते। उनकी चेतना मूलतः आध्यात्मिक थी। वे समाज- रचना के लिए किसी प्रकार के सुधारवादी आंदोलन के पुरस्कर्ता न होकर मानव आत्मा की मुक्ति के लिए आध्यात्मिक संघर्ष करने वाले साधक थे। उनका सारा संघर्ष आसक्ति एवं तृष्णा के विरुद्ध था। वे ‘मन‘ को जीतने के लिए सन्तों और भक्तों को प्रेरित करते रहते थे। वे जब संसार में अनादि काल से व्याप्त दुःख के मूल कारण पर विचार करते थे तो उन्हें लगता था कि आसक्तियों पर जय प्राप्त न कर सकने के कारण ही सारा संसार दुःखी है। उन्होंने कहा है कि क्या गृही, क्या वैरागी सभी दुःखी हैं। ‘जोगी’, ‘जंगम’, ‘तपसी’, ‘अवधू’ सभी दुःखी हैं सभी ‘आसा’, ‘त्रिसना’ से ग्रस्त हैं। राजा हो या रंग दुःख की परिधि से बाहर कोई नहीं है। मनुष्यों की कौन कहे ‘ब्रह्मा’, ‘विष्णु’ और ‘महेश’ भी जिन्होंने सृष्टि के उद्भव और विकास का क्रम चलाया है-दुःखी हैं। आचार्य शुकदेव संसार के दुःख का अनुमान करके ही गर्भ से ही विरक्त होकर तपश्चर्या में लीन हो गये थे। इस संसार में मन को जीतने वाले संत ही सुखी हैं। Pages:159-161
नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) |
Page: 162-165
Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana)
Anita Desai's works are not the same as those of other Indian woman authors in English. Nayantara Sehgal, Kamala Markandaya and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala are chiefly concerned with legislative issues, East-West experiences and social topics. Desai is worried about the mystic existence of her characters. For, it is "the profundity which is intriguing digging further and more profound in a character or a scene " (Jain, 61). She has endeavoured to see minutely the issue of her female characters. She speaks to the welcome 'inventive arrival of the female sensibility.' Critics find in her, proof of a take-off from current methods of anecdotal composition and of a sincere exertion to break new grounds" (Bellippa, 10). Page: 162-165
Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:1-3 Khosro Mahmoudi (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) Writers, scholars, and screenwriters have managed to write many stories in the form of comic stripe or illustrated stories inspired by mythological elements. Besides, directors use such stories to make fictional and fantastic stories. In his book, Literary Adoption for Children and Teenagers' Cinema, Akbarlu writes “Mythology is the source of all literary narratives and it involves the employment of eternal themes which correspond to the creativity. Do the themes such as disposition to perpetuity, justice, anger, rightness, order, love … become old and mundane? There is a secret behind the endlessness of Shahnameh and other old texts which cannot be revealed except one is linked to such a secret. Shahnameh as literary work containing old traditions of the deep-rooted Iranian nation has not been investigated seriously and systematically (Akbarlu, 2005; 297). Pages:1-3
Khosro Mahmoudi (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) |
Pages:4-6 Raunak Rathee (Department of English and Foreign Languages, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Haryana) Ilanko Adigal's Silappatikaram tells the tale of a 'wife' turned goddess. What is interesting is that in a men's world a women can be a protagonist but only on the terms of men. It was a man who made her wife and it was a man who turned her to goddess. Deification of Kannagi is problematic because this apotheosis does not elevate her position but drops her down from basic humanity. One can analyze how beautifully Adigal has wrapped the filth of hypocrisy with golden shimmery cover of 'goodness'. The difficulty in accepting Kannagi as Pattini is that how can a woman who cannot stand for herself becomes a goddess? Adigal achieves a decency which leads to the incarceration of Kannagi's body to 'the private realm' of a virtuous woman. Here is a “Goddess” whose identity belongs to her husband, who is brought to picture when her husband dies and is worshipped because she avenged her adulterous husband's death. Interesting is the fact that Adigal in Book of Vanci celebrates the heroism of king Cenkuttuvan on the name of deification of Kannagi. Pages:4-6
Raunak Rathee (Department of English and Foreign Languages, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:7-8 Manisha Khasa (Department of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Rohtak, Haryana) Shakespeare's technicality in most of his tragedies in writing evolves from a deeper understanding of the complexity of human nature. ristotle in his “Poetics” also defines tragedy as incorporating “incidents arousing pity and fear wherewith to accomplish the Catharsis of such emotions.” Shakespearean tragedy translates moral vision into dramatic form. “It is a way of knowing.” For instance, Macbeth is a tyrant, yet he is a tragic hero, herein lies Shakespeare's technical genius. Shakespeare's words move according to his character Macbeth, a “murderous tyrant”; who says Pages:7-8
Manisha Khasa (Department of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:9-10 Mohd Akram (English Teacher at Govt Middle School, Pharwahi, Maler Kotla, Punjab) Arthur Miller is a renowned dramatist of America . he belongs to the expressionistic school of drama which explores through outer symbols and impressions the inner state of mind . he is one of the five well known dramatists of America who believes that a serious playwright must explore social problems of the age and find their responsibility towards society. He a popular playwright whose plays express democratic idealism, poetic expression and “an ancient people's capacity for understanding the anguish of the soul. He asks everybody to inculcate in himself the qualities of truth courage, responsibility and faith which constitute the core of his personality. His major plays are “ All my sons (1947) , Death of a salesman (1949) , The crucible (1953) , A view from the Bridge (1955) etc. In his plays miller delineates what he calls the “tragic victory “ where the protagonist walks to his doom with his eyes open as in “ All my sons and Death of a salesman or chooses deliberately to die at the hands of others. Pages:9-10
Mohd Akram (English Teacher at Govt Middle School, Pharwahi, Maler Kotla, Punjab) |
Pages:11-12 Manisha Khasa (Department of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Rohtak, Haryana) Like Aristophane's “Peace and Lysistra”, Mother Courage and her children is an anti-war play. It is an excruciating tragedy. Aristotle defines tragedy as, incorporating, - “incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish the catharsis of such emotions.” According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be a man of exalted rank like Oedipus, Macbeth etc. but Mother Courage is not so, she is from, Brecht's Marxist standpoint specifically representative of the petite boureoise. But her sufferings depicted in the play and finally her spirit of endurance are exceptional. Pages:11-12
Manisha Khasa (Department of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:13-15 Jyoti Sheoran and Monika Dhillon (Department of English, CRS University, Jind, Haryana) Bruce King rightly describes postcolonial nations as the new centres of consciousness in late twentieth century literature, in which writing has been shaped in important ways by the politics of nationalism as well as the themes of the long period of cultural assertion and opposition that was part of the context of political independence (Dharwadker 21). All over India the fifties and sixties were times of political unrest and social upheaval. Theatre activists were becoming disillusioned with the British conventional theatre. After independence, street theatre got a shot in the arm as India decided to follow a democratic form of government where freedom of speech and public expression were guaranteed by the fundamental rights of the constitution. The Indian People's Theatre Association activists found theatre a potent weapon for contacting the people and voicing their opinions. Pages:13-15
Jyoti Sheoran and Monika Dhillon (Department of English, CRS University, Jind, Haryana) |
Pages:20-22 Raunak Rathee (Department of English and Foreign Languages, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana) Literature is a consolidation of imagination and reality. It tries to portray the reality of human life and existence. It tries to find solutions of universal questions related with human being. Literature correlates the human experiences with one another by using the device of myth. Myth personifies the various human experiences. Myths are collective and communal by nature. They bind the tribe or a nation together in common psychological and spiritual activities. As dreams reflect the unconscious desires and anxieties of individual, myths are the symbolic projections of people's hope, values, fears and aspirations. Mark Schorer states in William Blake: The Politics of Vision, “Myth is fundamental, the dramatic representation of our deepest instinctual life, of a primary awareness of man in the universe, capable of many configurations upon which all particular opinions and attitudes depend” (qtd. in Guerin 183). Pages:20-22
Raunak Rathee (Department of English and Foreign Languages, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:23-25 Marzieh Esmaeeli and Khosro Mahmoudi (Department of Persian language and literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) Abdollah Parchami was born in Istahban on April 7th, 1942 .Although his father, Haj Mohamamd Hossein Parchami, was illiterate, he had memorized a considerable number of blessings and most Hafez poems and he used to say poems spontaneously. (Parchami, 2003:13) Abdollah had to quit elementary school in three periods due to climate changes such as drought, lack of rain, and locust invasion. After obtaining sixth -grade certificate , he started to make living as tailor and he was employed in former military force after finishing obligatory military service .Then he got married and had two children .Although his life condition was too hard with low salary , he seriously decided to continue his education and most of his commanders opposed him .Nevertheless he got his diploma .Despite many difficulties he made it to enter former military academy and graduated after passing difficult exams with military grade .(Same ,16)During serving as military man ,he confronted different types of events .He said 10 books of poetries concerning various subjects and fields .These books have not yet been published due lack of affordability .His poems were in the form of sonnet , elegiac poem, couplet , humor and jokes , advice , everyday subject ,and natural and emotional needs and his poets describe emotions in that he is always busy saying poems about everyday life subjects , his own life, and people`s lives .He is writing continuously and spontaneously and he is saying poems even during sleeping in that he normally forgets his poems after waking up ,or he does not have time to write .It seems that he is made up of poems and his dream is to have them published (same, 18) Pages:23-25
Marzieh Esmaeeli and Khosro Mahmoudi (Department of Persian language and literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad… |
Pages:26-28 Pallavi Arya (Department of English, F. C. College, Hisar, Haryana) Writing way back in 1921,Virginia Woolf, describing Bennett, Wells, and Galsworthy as materialists, had regretted their inability for not capturing the soul of their characters. She said: “Whether we call it life or spirit, truth or reality, this, the essential thing, has moved off, or on, and refuses to be contained any longer in such ill-fitting vestments as we provide “(11). Later, in 1960, David Daiches agreed with Woolf and invoked “inward vision” (7) as the thing to work for in the novel. However, he also argued that the English novel, right since its beginning, had functioned as a “public instrument” (1). Daiches had written his comprehensive book on English masters of the twentieth century in 1960.One year later, in 1961, Auden said:”To look for a lost collar button is not a true quest, to go in quest means to look for something of which one has as yet no experience; one can imagine what it will be like but whether one's picture is true or false will be known only when one has found it”(81). Pages:26-28
Pallavi Arya (Department of English, F. C. College, Hisar, Haryana) |
A Glossary of Taerms, Tools, Weapons and Military Topics in Shahnameh: The Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi Pages:53-54 Azin Saeedikia and Sadegh Fallahi (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) Grandmaster unmatched, Hakim Abulghasem Mansurebn Hasan Ferdowsi Tusi, The great epic poem of Iran and one of the most famous poets in Persian literature scholar and stars shining in the sky And honorable mention is due to the greatness of the Iranian nation's dignity, like other big story of the ancient world With various legends and traditions is mixed. His poems, Shahnameh, one of the finest works of world literature has long been recognized in the world is worth it. Great reputation owes more to the story of the epic Shahnameh is that the release of many of its elements even in the farthest corners of the world. Discussion epic battle between the heroes is to achieve the aspirations, wishes and ideas are working. Certainly the most amazing social phenomenon and can say the creator of history. History is full of wars, murders and looting and defeats and victories for a nation Reputation and honor have been epic, and the shame and humiliation and defeat for the other people, and people based on their abilities and talents, have created software battle plan for the war have suffered, and possibilities to defend, attack and overall fight enemies have discovered. In the language of every nation, the words and concepts of war and battle and facilities there are numerous total cases in each community and nation, involves a cultural heritage that It can be "warlike and their belongings," he called. Old world, based on the facilities and scientific progress, to fight, and accessories that have a different perspective of today. Iran, one of the great and powerful nation old that has always been in the field of warfare owner name and reputation, Fortunately in our country's history and the great legacy of human rights often been used to defend the homeland and in the Shahnameh crystallized. Sheds Shahnameh, in a sense, human attitude of warfare in ancient Persia. Iran, one of the great and powerful nation old that has always been in the field of warfare owner name and reputation, In the ancient epic battles of weapons, military equipment and various tools used bow, arrow, spear, sword and spear to his hat and so on. . . Has happened many times in combat and combat-understand manner. Hardware wise Gray describes've been in trouble. Combat weapons in Iran epic texts speak of them comes, such as Mongoose do not know properly. The difference between armor and armor and different characteristics of the two Iranian defense weapons do not know. Even the combat which specialized utility which flank, don `t. Similarly, specific terms of the vocabulary of war, have special meanings that are unaware of it. On the other hand whatever is related to the battle takes place in different categories that separation helps to better understand the Shahnameh. Some combat elements, in the realm of words and concepts are or some elements of type weapons; and others of the term. Pages:53-54
Azin Saeedikia and Sadegh Fallahi (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad… |
Pages:55-57 Sonia (Department of English, Hindu College, Sonepat, Haryana) Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine is very well acclaimed and celebrated novel among feminists who applaud Jasmine as the representative of new spirit of women in diasporic space. The present attempt is to revisit Jasmine through an altogether different or contrastive lens by putting her in a gender fluid or transgender position. Before going deep in to this discussion, it would be pertinent to clear my stance on transgenderism as it is always mistaken as the synonyms of transsexual. To put simply, gender is a psychological and social term whereas sex is physical and biological. Pages:55-57
Sonia (Department of English, Hindu College, Sonepat, Haryana) |
Pages:58-60 Sushila (Department of English, Baba Mastnath University, Ashtal Bohar, Rohtak, Haryana) In almost all countries of the world, society has been male dominated. Although women form almost half of total population but they are not been given due respect and place in male - dominated society. They have been taken as powerless and second sex. They are ill-treated not only by their husbands, in-laws but by other relatives. They face domestic violence in their day-to-day life. These issues have attracted the attention of women writers. These writers write about women, their emotions, suffering, social condition problems, inequality, injustice, male-female relationship and women's place in the society. These main theme and the key issues are the things which differ females from male writers and their works reflect all these. The thematic concern of women writers leads to the emergence of the Indian women in the fast changing social milieu. They raised their voice and banner of revolt against injustice and exploitation of women in the patriarchal set up. Pages:58-60
Sushila (Department of English, Baba Mastnath University, Ashtal Bohar, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:61-62 किशनाराम बिश्नोई (अध्यक्ष, गुरु जम्भेश्वर धार्मिक अध्ययन संस्थान, गुरु जम्भेश्वर विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) विश्व के सभी धर्मों में यज्ञ का वर्णन प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से अवश्य हुआ है। परन्तु हिन्दू धर्म में यज्ञ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ धर्म के रूप में स्वीकार किया गया है। हिन्दू धर्म एवं दर्शन के गं्रथों में यज्ञ के विषय सबसे ज्यादा बताने वाली श्रीमद्भगवद् गीता है। गीता के अनेक श्लोकों में यज्ञ की सर्वश्रेष्ठ परिभाषा श्रीकृष्ण ने दी है। गीता में अनेक प्रकार के यज्ञों का वर्णन है। किन्तु गीता में यह बताया गया है कि सब यज्ञों में ज्ञान यज्ञ सर्वश्रेष्ठ है। अन्य यज्ञों में व्यमय यज्ञ कहा है। यदि हम किसी निर्धन की सहायता करना चाहें तो उसके लिए धन की अपेक्षा रहती है। किन्तु ज्ञानयज्ञ के लिए किसी द्रव्य की अपेक्षा नहीं है। ज्ञान के लिए केवल विवेक आवश्यक है। गीता के अनुसार ज्ञान होने पर समस्त कर्म समाप्त हो जाते हैं। कर्म को छोड़ना श्रीकृष्ण को अभीष्ट नहीं है। अतः यहाँ कर्म के समाप्त होने का अर्थ होगा कि ज्ञानी का लक्ष्य कर्म नहीं होता अपितु अन्तःकरण की शुह् िहोता है। सत्य की प्राप्ति में तीन बाधक तŸव हैं - मल, विक्षेप और आवरण। कर्म के मल, उपासना से विक्षेप और ज्ञान से आवरण दूर होता है। अतः कर्म, भक्ति और ज्ञान तीनों का अपना महŸव है। ज्ञानी के लिए कर्म का महŸव इसलिए नहीं है कि कर्म द्वारा अभीष्ट पदार्थ प्राप्त हो जाते हैं अपितु कर्म का महŸव इसलिए है कि उसमें अन्तःकरण का मल नष्ट हो जाता है। इस प्रकार ज्ञानी अज्ञानी कर्म दोनों ही करते हैं, किन्तु अज्ञानी की दृष्टि पदार्थ पर रहती है और ज्ञानी की दृष्टि चिŸा शुह् िपर रहती है। पदार्थ पर दृष्टि हट जाना ही कर्म का समाप्त हो जाना है। यह तभी होता है जब ज्ञान हो जाए- Pages:61-62
किशनाराम बिश्नोई (अध्यक्ष, गुरु जम्भेश्वर धार्मिक अध्ययन संस्थान, गुरु जम्भेश्वर विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) |
Pages:63-65 पिंकी शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, चै. बंसीलाल महाविद्यालय, लोहारू, भिवानी, हरियाणा) यज्ञ वेद कालीन संस्कृति की समन्वय-भावना को उजागर करता है। वेद भारतीय संस्कृति, सभ्यता एवं आध्यात्मिकता के मूल हैं। इनमें मानव-परिमार्जन का गुण निहित है। वेद वर्णित विविध विषयों में यज्ञ भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विषय है। यज्ञ एक ऐसा कर्म है, जिसके द्वारा समाज के आर्थिक, सामाजिक और धार्मिक पक्ष को प्रदर्शित किया जा सकता है। यज्ञ आध्यात्मिक जीवन के आधार शिला माने गए हैं। वस्तुतः यज्ञ वेद कालीन समाज की एकता और धार्मिक प्रवृत्तियों के द्योतक हैं। ये वेद परक संस्कृति के स्तम्भ कहे गए हैं, क्योंकि यज्ञों में समस्त देवों की शक्तियाँ एवं समग्र मानवता का स्वरूप विद्यमान है। Pages:63-65
पिंकी शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, चै. बंसीलाल महाविद्यालय, लोहारू, भिवानी, हरियाणा) |
Pages:66-68 सोनू (हिन्दी विभाग, चै. बंसीलाल महाविद्यालय, लोहारू, भिवानी, हरियाणा) हिन्दी साहित्य के विस्तृत काव्य विस्तार में कवियों और महाकवियों की मनोभूमि पर विरह भावों की सृष्टि का अति गहन और अन्यतम भाव रूपाकार विद्यमान है। विरह काव्य अपने आदि रूप से आधुनिक रूप तक काव्य का तीव्रतम अनुभूति पक्ष बना हुआ है। हिन्दी साहित्य में विरह की विविध अभिव्यंजनाओं से सम्पृृक्त कला दृष्टि, साहित्य जगत् का सर्वश्रेष्ठ और अप्रतिम काव्य सौष्ठव है। प्राचीन कालीन काव्य धारा से सतत् उद्दीप्त भाव ‘विरह’ आधुनिक भाव बोध की उच्च पीठिका तक अपने विशद रूप में विवेचन और विश्लेषण की पर्याप्त शोध दृष्टि पदान करता है। सूरदास, जायसी, मीरा और घनानन्द की अद्भुत विरह अभिव्यक्ति ने काव्य कला को समृद्ध और संशिलष्ट बनाने में एक व्यापक पृष्ठभूमि का निर्माण किया। आधुनिक काव्य-दृष्टि की प्रसंग भूमि पर हरिऔध जी, मैथिलीशरण गुप्त, जयशंकर प्रसाद और महादेवी वर्मा की बहुआयामी विरह सरणियाँ हिन्दी काव्य की एकनिष्ठ समर्पित भाव धारा को सहज और अग्रणी बना जाती हैं। Pages:66-68
सोनू (हिन्दी विभाग, चै. बंसीलाल महाविद्यालय, लोहारू, भिवानी, हरियाणा) |
Pages:69-70 किशनाराम बिश्नोई व नितेश कुमार (अध्यक्ष, गुरु जम्भेश्वर धार्मिक अध्ययन संस्थान, गुरु जम्भेश्वर विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण अर्जुन को प्रयोजन युक्त कर्म करने की प्रेरणा देते हुए कहते हैं कि युद्ध से विमुख होना क्षत्रिय के लक्ष्ण नहीं है। अर्जुन पाप के बंधन के भय से युद्ध नहीं करना चाहता। श्रीकृष्ण उसे अनेक युक्तियों से कर्म-विज्ञान समझाते हैं। यज्ञ के लिए कर्म किया तो बंधन का कारण नहीं बनता। अब श्रीकृष्ण अर्जुन के सम्मुख एक तीसरा विकल्प रखते हैं कि लोक संग्रह के भाव से किया गया कर्म भी बंधन का कारण नहीं बनता। मनुष्य एक सामाजिक प्राणी है। उसे अपने अस्तित्व के लिए दूसरों पर निर्भर रहना होता है। पैदा होते ही यदि माता बच्चे को न संभाले तो बच्चा जीवित ही नहीं रह सकता। बड़ा हो जाने पर भी मनुष्य दूसरों पर बहुत बड़ी मात्रा में निर्भर है। गेहूँ पैदा किसान करता है, बेचता व्यापारी है, आटा पीस कर एक तीसरा व्यक्ति देता है और रोटी बनाकर घर की महिला देती है, तब जाकर कहीं भोजन मिलता है। इसके अतिरिक्त अर्थोपार्जन करे बिना भी मुझे भोजन नहीं मिल सकता। पास में पैसा ही नहीं है तो बाजार में उपलब्ध होने पर भी मैं अनाज क्रय कैसे करूंगा। अर्थोपार्जन की प्रक्रिया में उस व्यक्ति का मुझ पर उपकार है जिसने मुझे नौकरी दे रखी है। व्यापार करता हूँ तो ग्राहक के उपकार से ही मेरा व्यापार चलता है। अभिप्राय यह है कि बिना दूसरों के सहयोग के मेरा अस्तित्व ही संभव नहीं है। ऐसी स्थिति में क्या यह उचित होगा कि मैं दूसरों का सहयोग ले तो लूं किन्तु उन्हें सहयोग दूं नहीं?बिना कर्म किये दूसरों का सहयोग करना कैसे संभव है?दूसरों का सहयोग करना ही लोकसंग्रह का उपाय है, जिसके लिए कर्म करना आवश्यक है। अतः गीता में कहा कि लोकसंग्रह की दृष्टि से भी कर्म करना ही चाहिये। अर्जुन विवेकपूर्ण चिंतन करके कहता है कि साधारण मनुष्य कर्म कर ही रहे हैं और उनके कर्म से समाज चल ही रहा है और यदि एक मनुष्य कर्म छोड़ भी देगा तो समाज को क्या अन्तर पड़ जाएगा?इस पर श्रीकृष्ण कहते हैं कि यदि वह अपने को श्रेष्ठ मानता है तब तो उसका दायित्व और भी बढ़ जाता है क्योंकि जो श्रेष्ठ पुरुष करते हैं सामान्य मनुष्य उसी का अनुकरण किया करते हैं। अर्जुन जैसा विशिष्ट व्यक्ति कर्म छोड़ देगा तो सभी कहंेगे कि हमें कर्म करने की क्या आवश्यकता है। श्रीकृष्ण स्वंय अपना उदाहरण देकर कहते हैं कि उन्हें कुछ भी प्राप्त नहीं करना है, वे कृत कृत्य हो चुके हैं, फिर भी वे कर्म कर रहे हैं क्योंकि यदि वे कर्म छोड़ देंगे तो सभी मनुष्य उनका अनुकरण करते हुए वैसा ही करेंगे। परिणाम यह होगा कि समाज छिन्न-भिन्न हो जायेगा। इसका उŸारदायित्व भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण पर आ जायेगा। Pages:69-70
किशनाराम बिश्नोई व नितेश कुमार (अध्यक्ष, गुरु जम्भेश्वर धार्मिक अध्ययन संस्थान, गुरु जम्भेश्वर विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार… |
Pages:90-92 Neeraj Rani (Department of English, Govt Sr. Sec. School, Kheri Damkan, Sonepat, Haryana) "Postcolonial” refers to writing/culture of nations/peoples/ cultures who were once colonized by European power. Postcolonial theory is an attempt to uncover the colonial ideologies implicit in European texts about the Other (native, non-European). It explores strategies of resistance and a “counter discourse” in native texts against colonialism. The term “postcolonial literature” now replaces the traditional category of “Common wealth literature” or “Third World Literature”. Homi Bhabha defines postcolonial as “that form of social criticism that bears witness to those unequal and uneven processes of representation by which the historical experience of the once-colonized Third World comes to be framed in the West. Meenakshi Mukherjee, Harish Trivedi, Aijaz Ahmed are some of the authors who take up post-colonial studies from different angles. Pages:90-92
Neeraj Rani (Department of English, Govt Sr. Sec. School, Kheri Damkan, Sonepat, Haryana) |
Pages:93-94 Neelima Redhu (Extension lecturer, Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) Arthur Gelb's remark sparked my renewed interest in the life and writings of Eugene O'Neill, the man who revolutionized theater in the United States and the only U.S. playwright to win the Nobel Prize. Gelb, formerly a theater critic for the New York Times, and his wife co-authored the most substantial recent biography of the playwright, O'Neill: Life with Monte Cristo (Applause Books, 2000). This biography makes clear that Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina, played a role in the life, creative quality, and development of O'Neill as strong as the complicated relationship with his dominating actor father, James. This story of O'Neill starts on a sidewalk in Montevideo, close to the main port of Uruguay which was built by the French in 1901, outside an old fashioned office window that bore the name Williams. In a high display window was a sailing ship, a tall ship with ragged, sand-yellow sails, looking as if it had been hit by a southern wind. Williams, shipping agents in the River Plate countries since the nineteenth century, still have offices in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. It was aboard one of the ships they handled that Eugene O'Neill left Argentina in 1911. Pages:93-94
Neelima Redhu (Extension lecturer, Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:95-97 Uma (Dayal Singh College, New Delhi) Bharati Mukherjee, caught between two different worlds, seeks synthesis, conciliation, compromise and sense of living together, absorbing different influences. Mindsets and traditions in a human reality. Being herself a sensitive, articulate woman, Bharati Mukherjee reasonably invites the label a 'feminist' in her portrayal man-woman relationship and it would in the fitness of things to appraise her novels and short-stories from this point of view in particular. Bharati Mukherjee is regarded as a feminist novelist. Feminism may be defined: Pages:95-97
Uma (Dayal Singh College, New Delhi) |
Pages:98-99 Neeraj Rani (Department of English, Govt Sr. Sec. School, Kheri Damkan, Sonepat, Haryana) More than on hundred and fifty years have gone by, but going through the poetry of Keats, fills the gap of generations. We read his poetry and never feel that it was written into a distant and so remote a past. Much of what his poetry has to offer bears a semblance of our times. What happens in the world of Keats's poetry, can also be seen happening around us in the world of today. It is as a result of this sense of oneness with Keats's world, a sense imposed upon us by his poetry, that Keats continues to have a tremendous appeal to the readers of late twentieth century. Pages:98-99
Neeraj Rani (Department of English, Govt Sr. Sec. School, Kheri Damkan, Sonepat, Haryana) |
Pages:100-104 Veena Sharma (Department English & Communication Skills in Govt. Polytechnic College, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh) Gender discrimination and women's exploitation have been serious issues in Australian society that is largely patriarchal. Men in this country see their manhood as the chief source of pride and identity and women are dismissed to marginal positions. Like other prolific playwrights, Louis Nowra, an Irish-Australian playwright in his plays exposes how gender is culturally constituted in favour of men and how women suffer due to cultural manipulation of gender roles. The image of the female protagonists in his plays subverts the stereotypes of the woman as a helpless, clinging creature who needs to be protected by a powerful man. They are rather portrayed as headstrong and outgoing fighters and survivors giving message to women of the world. Pages:100-104
Veena Sharma (Department English & Communication Skills in Govt. Polytechnic College, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh) |
Pages:105-107 Neelima Redhu (Extension Lecturer, Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) Tennessee Williams is considered one of America's major playwrights. While his reputation is national and international, he is also very clearly a Southern writer. Born in Columbus, Mississippi, into a family related to some prominent Tennesseans, as well as the Georgia poet Sidney Lanier and raised in St. Louis, Williams had a distinctly Southern home life. It was to this experience that he turned when he first began to write plays, and nearly all of his major dramas are set in the South and portray the problems of Southern families and individuals. Like his fellow Mississippian William Faulkner, Williams has raised these regional figures to a level of wider relevance by addressing tragic conflicts of universal significance and application. Whether in the stage or screen version, most critics have agreed that the appeal of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof resides in its powerful, dominating, realistic characters Big Daddy, Maggie, and Brick. Pages:105-107
Neelima Redhu (Extension Lecturer, Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:108-109 Neeraj Rani (Department of English, Govt Sr. Sec. School, Kheri Damkan, Sonepat) His essay self reliance contains the essence of Emerson's philosophy. He begins by pointing out that to believe, One's own thought, to believe that what is true for one in one's private heart, is true for all men that is genius." Emerson opines that if a person expresses his inner convictions he will realise that it is of universal importance. As human beings are made of same stuff. They are mixture of emotions. Emotions in humanity make them comfortable to sail in one boat. Pages:108-109
Neeraj Rani (Department of English, Govt Sr. Sec. School, Kheri Damkan, Sonepat) |
Pages:110-112 सुदर्शन राठी (हिन्दी विभाग, महाराजा अग्रसेन काॅलेज फाॅर वुमन, झज्जर, हरियाणा) हिन्दी साहित्य के इतिहास में सन 1900 से 1920 तक का समय द्विवेदी युग या नवजागरण कीे संज्ञा से अभिहित किया जाता है। यह युग हर क्षेत्र मे एक क्रांति के साथ उपस्थित हुआ है। भारतीय जनजीवन में एक राष्ट्रीय भावना संचारित हुई। यह राष्ट्रीय भावना सुधारवादी प्रवृति पर आश्रित थी। इस काल में भारतीयों में राजनैतिक , आर्थिक, सामाजिक, धार्मिक और साहित्यिक क्षेत्र में एक नवीन चेतना का संचार हुआ। यह नवचेतना संस्कृति में उत्थान, राजनीति में स्वशासन और स्वतंत्रता, अर्थनीति में स्वावलम्बन और समृद्धि, राजनीति में उन्नति और प्रगति, साहित्य कला में विभिन्न गद्य विधाओं के विकास एवं सूत्रपात के रूप में दृष्टिगोचर होती हैै। इस प्रकार सुधारवादी चेतना की खुशबू इस युग केे कोने-कोने में छिटक रही हैं। Pages:110-112
सुदर्शन राठी (हिन्दी विभाग, महाराजा अग्रसेन काॅलेज फाॅर वुमन, झज्जर, हरियाणा) |
Pages:113-118 नीलम रानी (इंडिपेंडेंट स्काॅलर हिन्दी, हिसार, हरियाणा) संसार का चाहे कोई भी समाज हो, सर्वत्र नारी का स्थान महत्त्वपूर्ण माना गया है। यह बात अलग है कि संसार के हर समाज में नारी प्रायः हर युग में दमित, शोषित और उपेक्षित भी रही है तो समय-समय पर कुछ नारियों ने अपने चरित्र तथा पौरुष द्वारा समाज में एक नई क्रांति उत्पन्न की है। सामाजिक संरचना में परिवाररूपी संस्था का अपना महत्त्व है, जिसकी परिकल्पना विवाह के बिना नहीं की जा सकती और विवाह जो नर-नारी के गठबंधन से सम्पन्न होता है, नारी के अभाव में संभव नहीं है। अतः सामाजिक दृष्टि से नारी का महत्त्व स्वयं सिद्ध है। किसी भी समाज की श्रेष्ठता या अश्रेष्ठता उस समाज में नारी की स्थिति पर निर्भर करती हैं वस्तुतः नारी ही समाज की उन्नति-अवनति की द्योतक है। यही कारण है कि गाँधी जी जैसे युग पुरुष ने भी उसके महत्त्व को समझा और समाज में इस उपेक्षित वर्ग को समानाधिकार एवं सम्मान दिलाने का स्तुत्य प्रयास किया। उनका कहना था-”नारी को अबला कहना, उसके प्रति, यह पुरुष का अन्याय है। यदि अंहिसा हमारे मूल्यांकन की कसौटी है तो निश्चय ही भविष्य का निर्माण स्त्रियों के हाथ में है।“1 Pages:113-118
नीलम रानी (इंडिपेंडेंट स्काॅलर हिन्दी, हिसार, हरियाणा) |
Pages:119-120 सुदर्शन राठी (हिन्दी विभाग, महाराजा अग्रसेन काॅलेज फाॅर वुमन, झज्जर, हरियाणा) संत नितानन्द का समय अठारहवीं शताब्दी रहा हैं। अठारहवीं शताब्दी के पूर्वार्द्ध से ही मुगल साम्राज्य अवनति की ओर जा रहा था। ओरंगजेब की मृत्यु के पश्चात आने वाले 52 वर्षो में आठ सम्राट दिल्ली सिंहासन पर बैठे। सामाजिक व्यवस्था के केन्द्र में बादशाह विराजमान था, उसके बाद मनसबदार तथा दुसरे कर्मचारी। सबसे नीचे श्रमजीवी और कृषक थे। सर्वसाधारण की दशा इतनी भयावह थी कि दूसरों को वस़़्त्र पहनाने वाले, सख्त परिश्रम करने वालें जुलाहें स्वयं वस्त्रहीन रहते थे। दूसरों की भूख मिटाने वाले किसान स्वयं भूखे रहते थे। नितानन्द जी का युग घोर अंधविश्वासों ओर सामाजिक विषमताओं का युग था। जनसाधारण हर जगह शोषण का शिकार था। समाज में नैतिकता का पतन हो चुका था और अंधविश्वास, रूढ़ियों और बाहयअंडबरों का बोलबाला था। ‘‘जैसे अबोध बालक-बालिका गुड़ियां-गुड्डों से अपना मन बहलाते रहते हैं, उसी प्रकार नितानन्द के समय का समाज देवता, द्वित, भवानी की उपासना में अपने कष्टो का परिहार करने की योजना बना रहा था। वास्तव में सत् भक्ति या सत् धर्म विलीन हो गया था। जीवन तम और कृत्रिमता से आवृत हो गया था।’’1 Pages:119-120
सुदर्शन राठी (हिन्दी विभाग, महाराजा अग्रसेन काॅलेज फाॅर वुमन, झज्जर, हरियाणा) |
Pages:01-06 Manasee Mishra (Research Scholar, (English), Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha) Prajna Pani (Department of English, School of Management, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha2) The paper aims at offering an analysis of the literature related to theories and concepts of self-efficacy, a central component of social cognitive theory, in the area of communication by focusing on the various factors affecting learners' self-efficacy: attitude, motivation, behaviour, anxiety, self-belief, intention, pedagogy, involvement and teacher efficacy. Self-efficacy questions in English as Second Language (ESL) are often representative of each of the four language domains: speaking, reading, writing, and listening. The relationship between self-efficacy and language learning has been studied by many researchers. Rahimi and Abedini (2009) studied Iranian students' self-efficacy and their listening skills and found a positive correlation. Magogwe and Pages:01-06
Manasee Mishra (Research Scholar, (English), Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha)
Prajna Pani (Department of… |
Pages:1-6 Manasee Mishra1, Prajna Pani2 (Research Scholar, (English), Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha1Department of English, School of Management, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha2) The paper aims at offering an analysis of the literature related to theories and concepts of self-efficacy, a central component of social cognitive theory, in the area of communication by focusing on the various factors affecting learners' self-efficacy: attitude, motivation, behaviour, anxiety, self-belief, intention, pedagogy, involvement and teacher efficacy. Self-efficacy questions in English as Second Language (ESL) are often representative of each of the four language domains: speaking, reading, writing, and listening. The relationship between self-efficacy and language learning has been studied by many researchers. Rahimi and Abedini (2009) studied Iranian students' self-efficacy and their listening skills and found a positive correlation. Magogwe and Oliver (2007) also reported a positive relation between self -efficacy and language learning strategies. As Cotteral (1999) mentioned self -efficacy is learners' self-assurance in their general ability in accomplishing a specific language goals. Liem et al. (2008) examined self-efficacy, task value and achievement goals in English language ability with a group of secondary school students. Wong (2005) found that many language learners in ESL context also suffer from low self-efficacy. According to him, numerous ESL students have poor learning strategies and low self-efficacy which will diminish their motivation and consequently their language proficiency. Lack of learning strategies also hinder their problem solving ability and low self - efficacy impede their involvement in learning tasks. There have been numerous studies in the field of English language teaching dealing with the psychological aspects of learning, such as: motivation, anxiety and self-beliefs. Various researchers have shown that both motivation (Clement et al., 1994; Dörnyei, 2001; Ehrman, 1996; Gardner & McIntyre, 1993; Schmidt et al., 1996) and anxiety (Horwitz et al., 1986; MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989) are key factors in second language acquisition and affectivity. These studies inquire how and why students approach different tasks in different ways. A clear understanding of self-efficacy beliefs is important for students and teachers as well. Academic studies (Zimmerman et al., 1992) have shown self-efficacy to be the greatest predictor of achievement, and this is supported by research in language teaching (Mills, 2004; Aliegro, 2006). Intentions are indicators of how hard people are willing to try and how much effort they are willing to put forth to perform a behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). Anxiety, one of the most prominent and pervasive emotions is another affective factor. According to Arnold (2000) language anxiety ranks high among factors influencing language learning, regardless of whether the setting is informal (learning language “on the streets”) or formal (in the classroom). Students with anxiety attending the class will feel nervous and afraid to cooperate with teachers and then they cannot concentrate on the learning points and waste their energy or they just want to flee the learning task. Pages:1-6
Manasee Mishra1, Prajna Pani2 (Research Scholar, (English), Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha1Department of… |
Pages:7-9 Mitra Kashefi and Mohammadreza Taghieh (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Eghlid Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eghlid, Iran) Persian Language and Literature can be found in fresh terms, each of which has a long history. Some of these words during peak times and during the incident ascending or descending order. The passage of time in the development of abandoned and some transferred to the next period. So do not talk about the evolution of the Persian language poet, is recruited by the elegance of those words. Lovers and discerning scholars, each time discovering the secrets of those words were so many unsolved problems along the way to discover literary and mystical, how many people have suffered for many years to have the words and the roots are Persian language and literature lovers. In Persian, instead of exploring some of this terminology is empty and when one of them was on our And to understand the words of a poet or a writer unable to stay, the value of history in these terms, is revealed to us. In this context, the mysterious and mystical works are important. Islamic mystical treasures are the fruit of Iranian literature. Understanding these cultural heritage and literary taste of the votes fair and Sofia, who claimed to love God and humanity, Realizing the Tavern and discover the secrets except coded language words, it is not possible to dive in the deep timeless because this thesis is beyond the scope and power, It's been tried, a little drop of this endless sea selected for the study paid particular word, ill that word to be recognized and thereby determine the general and broad. To what extent has coded language Tavern and more importantly, changing concepts and this is also true about the word failure mystical texts and researcher in this study has different meanings and social applications of the mystics. Although in terms of culture, Sofia, to review these terms generally have, but this study was to term the mass failure among the mystical coded vocabulary, word is striking, and select the deal. Etymological root of its entry into the tavern and Persian literature, there are six different opinions. Zoriasatain and somehow, that it ruins the word is singular and original Persian. "Some know who built the ruins of the Persian language." "It also made the ruins of the Persian language “ (Nahvi, 1989; following words Tavern). Another look, pull together the means and the singular use of the word "failure" is. Rajai Al-Bukhari quotes from Qazvin and Forouzanfar writes: "This singular and plural ruins and using the Arabic word is plural in meaning and in the works of many poets also obvious connection between the ruins and clubs" (Bukhari, 1987-195). For example, in the following couplet attribute Senate has failed to take Pages:7-9
Mitra Kashefi and Mohammadreza Taghieh (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Eghlid Branch, Islamic Azad… |
Pages:10-11 Masoomeh Toghraei1, Sadegh Fallahi2 and Mohammad Javad Nematollahi3 (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran1,2 and Department of Mathematics, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran3) Mysticism and Sufism as a branch of human knowledge in all periods of history to discuss and criticize the science and literature were Since the purpose of all mystics and seekers of sufferings and hardships of the journey, Get to the truth and divine revelation and realized it would not be possible except through intuition and insight, Cargo ports and filed mystics and mysticism came to teaching excellence so that they can publish your thoughts and declare to the world. This they raise to the definitions and terminology in the realm of mystical mysticism that in the meantime to the fields of intellectual, religious, Religious, cultural, mystical Sufis, effective and influential in the development of these words and expressions have been mentioned. In terms that the Sufis often have to work in your Word, Indicate how each of their states and officials, and although they sometimes appear what was different And expressed with different words and phrases, in fact, taken a single purpose and that is to attain truth and divine revelation. "The story is a story of peace and Absal Ramsey and allegorical, philosophical and mystical roots and the first Greek philosopher and physician and famous translator HunaynIbnIshagh (died 260 or 363 AD). This story has been translated from Greek into Arabic. HunainibnIshaq Ebadi 194-260 AD, Arab translators working with Christian religion, chairman of the House of Wisdom Mamoun Abbas. He was fluent in Greek, after a two-year stay in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) versions of nearly two hundred and sixty books and pamphlets large and small Greek Including Salaman and Absal story with them from Byzantium to Baghdad and the rest of the list that he is, The numerous texts including a trunk forty treatises of Galinos's works Namely the Greek Galen (129-200M) The text was translated from Greek to Arabic "(Amin, 2004-23). After HunainibnIshaq, Abu Ali Sina ninth book in the style of "references" Hello and Absalmystics officials describe the story as mystery and enigma noted. Sheikh wrote about it: "Aref degree in worldly life and that their special status and they cannot be found otherwise. If you hear the story of peace and Absal, and someone told you that story, note greetings, proverbs Absal for you and your proverbs degree in mysticism. If the mystics are, so if you can solve the mystery and express "(IbnSina, 1996-440). Pages:10-11
Masoomeh Toghraei1, Sadegh Fallahi2 and Mohammad Javad Nematollahi3 (Department of Persian Language and Literature, Arsanjan… |
Pages:14-16 Ritu Bhal (Research Scholar-ABS, Amity University, Jaipur, Rajasthan) Shakespearean plays are compulsory reading for high school English students and a course or two for college students who study writing or literature. The plays have been performed in almost every language, on stage and screen and at popular festivals around the world. Four hundred years have passed since William Shakespeare penned his last play. Yet his prose, plots and characters are as alive today as they were when the plays were originally staged during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. According to Paul Corrigan, we sorely underestimate the potential influence of the Great Bard in our daily routine professions. Pages:14-16
Ritu Bhal (Research Scholar-ABS, Amity University, Jaipur, Rajasthan) |
Pages:17-18 Mohd Akram (English Teacher Government High School Pharwahi, Malerkotla Punjab) Eugene O'Neill has been universally acknowledged as the creator of the serious American drama. He ranks with the greatest European dramatists of the 20th century. He was regarded as the American Shakespeare. He revealed man battling with harsh environments and with his own inner passions. He was a ceaseless experimenter. He began as a realist and became an expressionist and than turned into a symbolist. He got 'Nobel Prize' for literature. The present play “The Iceman cometh” is one of the admirable plays from the pen of O' Neill. It deals with one of the most crucial problems of man's flight from reality into the realm of illusion. The play “The Iceman cometh” depicts the theme of reality v/s illusion and the man must cling to his illusions or perish. It has been rightly remarked that all the derelicts that assemble in Harry Hope's saloon are bereft of any hope. They live largely by illusions. The most important thing is that we live in this manner. Duddy Nichols puts it: Pages:17-18
Mohd Akram (English Teacher Government High School Pharwahi, Malerkotla Punjab) |
Pages:19-22 Deepak Raj (Department of English, GSSS Odhan, Sirsa, Haryana) Many writers have endeavoured to define and analyze the status of women in Indian Society. Sensitive people feel deeply concerned about her position when it starts deteriorating. Woman as a victim of oppression and exploitation thus attracts social reformers, sociologists and men of literature in their quest for a harmonious outlook towards her status and role. At present, the oppression and exploitation of women have increased manifold. With the help of education and medical science, its sweep is astounding. Crime against women is rising at an alarming rate year after year. Women are forced to bear the burnt of violence as well as go through the ignominious outrage done to her body. Problems relating to incompatible marriages, child marriage, divorce, rapes, abortion laws and questions related to inheritance or widowhood, are some of the issues which are focussed in literature. These are still the issues which need satisfactory solution. Pages:19-22
Deepak Raj (Department of English, GSSS Odhan, Sirsa, Haryana) |
Pages:23-25 Mahender Singh (Department of English, Govt. College, Bhiwani, Haryana) Poetry is a medium through which the poets express their emotion and thought with a musical tone by words. In the words of Wordsworth, poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected into tranquility. Poetry treats of two kinds of subject matter - that which is supplied by the external objects, such as deeds, events and the things we see around us and that which is supplied by the poet's own thoughts and feelings. The former gives rise to objective poetry, the latter to subjective. In the first, it is about what he has seen or heard; in the latter he brings to bear his own reflections upon what he has seen or heard. The same subject may be treated either way. If the poet views it from without, confining himself that is to say, merely to its externals, his treatment is objective; if he views it from within, giving expression, that is to say, to the thoughts and feelings it arouses in his mind, his treatment is subjective. Simply, it can be said in yet another fashion, i.e., objective poetry is impersonal and subjective poetry personal. In the former, the focus of attention is something that is outward - a praiseworthy act, a thrilling occurrence, a beautiful sight; in the latter, it is the poet himself; whatever the subject may be, his mind is centered round his own thoughts and feelings. Pages:23-25
Mahender Singh (Department of English, Govt. College, Bhiwani, Haryana) |
Pages:26-29 Harshita Sharma (Independent Researcher (History), Merrut, Uttar Pradesh) Over the last twenty years has clearly shown that though traditional linguistics has no role to play in the renewal of language teaching methodology. The fact that linguistic research is incomplete and does not put forward panaceas for language teaching does not mean that it has nothing to contribute. Helbig makes the point that : At least the following is clear today : theory and linguistic description alone will not themselves lead to the development of practical realizations in language teaching but they do constitute an indispensable preamble to an efficient and optimal development of these practical (Arndt, 1971). Pages:26-29
Harshita Sharma (Independent Researcher (History), Merrut, Uttar Pradesh) |
Pages:30-32 Archana Rani (Department of English cum Deputy, Director, O/o Director, Higher Education, Haryana , Shiksha Sadan Sector 5, Panchkula, Haryana) In almost all countries of the world, society has been male dominated. Women have not been given due respect and place in male dominated society. They have been taken as powerless and second sex. They are ill-treated not only by their husbands, in-laws but by other relatives. They face domestic violence in their day-to-day life. These issues have attracted the attention of women writers. These writers write about women, their emotions, suffering, social condition problems, inequality, injustice, male-female relationship and women's place in the society. These main theme and the key issues are the things which differ females from male writers and their works reflect all these. The thematic concern of women writers leads to the emergence of the Indian women in the fast changing social milieu. They raised their voice and banner of revolt against injustice and exploitation of women in the patriarchal set up. Pages:30-32
Archana Rani (Department of English cum Deputy, Director, O/o Director, Higher Education, Haryana , Shiksha… |
Pages:33-34 Reetu Khurana (Sardana) (Department of English, D. N. College, Hisar, Haryana) In his early fiction, Kipling was more concerned with the life of an Anglo-Indian in his struggle on the hot land of India. He projected the image of India from the view point of an Anglo-Indian having as sense of superiority of face as well as his doings. He was also concerned with the plight of an Anglo-Indian in the face of torturous heat and other difficulties, natural, physical and psychological. In the early fiction he was also careful about the prestige of an Anglo-Indian in India, of course among the native dwellers on the one hand and on the other among the people of British community. Kipling wanted to prove the greatness of English efforts in modernizing the uncivilized regions of the world a thing which was understood by him as while man's burden. Pages:33-34
Reetu Khurana (Sardana) (Department of English, D. N. College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:35-37 सुनीता कादयान आर्या (सी.आर. काॅलेज आॅफ एजुकेशन, हिसार, हरियाणा) आर्यो का आगमन भारत में विवादास्पद विषय हैं। सामान्यतः यह माना जाता हैं कि 2000 से 15000 ई. पूर्व भारत के उत्तर पश्चिमी सीमांत प्रदेशों में आर्यो के साथ सुविकसित भाषा भी भारत में आई। स्थानीय जातियों की भाषा का भी उन पर प्रभाव पड़ा, इस काल क्रम में भाषा में अनेक परिवर्तन हुए अतः भारत में प्रमुख रूप से दो भाषाएं बोली जाती हैं - आर्य परिवार और द्रविड़, परिवार की भाषाएं। उत्तर भारत की भाषाएं आर्य परिवार की तथा दक्षिण भारत की भाषाएं द्रविड़ परिवार की। विकासक्रम के विचार से भारतीय आर्य भाषा के तीन विभाग किए जाते हैं - Pages:35-37
सुनीता कादयान आर्या (सी.आर. काॅलेज आॅफ एजुकेशन, हिसार, हरियाणा) |
Pages:38-41 अंजनी पाठक व पूनम वर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, डाॅ. सी. वी. रामन् विश्वविद्यालय, कोटा, बिलासपुर, छत्तीसगढ़) ‘‘कोई भी साहित्यकार समाज से असंपृक्त रहकर रचनाधर्म में प्रवृत्त नही हो सकता। जिस परिवेश में वह पलता है कृतिकार के कृतित्व के पीछे उसका व्यक्तित्व होता है जिसे उसके सर्जन का आन्तरिक स्त्रोत कहा जा सकता है, सर्जन व्यक्तित्व की आन्तरिक गहराइयों से उभरता है और रुप ग्रहण करता है। कथा लेखिका मन्नू भण्डारी का सर्जक व्यक्तित्व भी अपने परिवेश की टकराहट से बना हुआ है। बाल मनोविज्ञान के अन्र्तगत आपका बंटी मन्नू जी की सर्वश्रेष्ठ रचना कहीं जाए तो अतिश्योक्ति नही होगी। Pages:38-41
अंजनी पाठक व पूनम वर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, डाॅ. सी. वी. रामन् विश्वविद्यालय, कोटा, बिलासपुर, छत्तीसगढ़) |
Pages:42-44 मुन्नी (गुरू जम्भेश्वर धार्मिक अध्ययन संस्थान गुरू जम्भेश्वर विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार) पर्यावरण शब्द ‘परि’ उपसर्ग के साथ ‘आवरण’ शब्द के संयोग से बना है। परि का अर्थ है ... चारो ओर, इर्द-गिर्द या परिधि आदि। पर्यावरण के अंतर्गत वह सब कुछ आता है जो पृथ्वी पर और उसके चारो और दृश्य एवं अदृश्य रूप में विद्यमान है। हमारे चारो और का आवरण अर्थात हमारा भौतिक एवं सामाजिक परिवेश जिससे समस्त जैविक एवं अजैविक घटक प्रभावित होते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में कहा जाए तो पर्यावरण का निर्माण उन सभी जैविक एवं अजैविक घटकों से हुआ है जो इस पृथ्वी और इसके चारो और उपलब्ध है पर्यावरण के अन्तर्गत आते हैं। पर्यावरण प्रकृति की भांति एक व्यापक शब्द है। जीवन से जुड़ा हुआ यह शब्द मनुष्य के भौतिक सामाजिक, आर्थिक और सांस्कतिक विकास का अपना विपुल प्रभाव रखता है। पर्यावरण का संकट प्राणी के जीवन का संकट है इसके संतुलित विकास पर मनुष्य की उन्नति आधारित है। इसलिए इसकी परिभाषा इस प्रकार की जा सकती है कि हमारे चारों और व्याप्त परिवेश ही पर्यावरण है। इस परिवेश में जल स्त्रोत, पोखर, चारगाह, पर्वत, कन्दराएं, पशु, पक्षी, धरती, वायु, वृक्ष, लताएं आदि सभी सम्मिलित किये जाते हैं। जिससे मनुष्य का जीवन प्रभावित होता है। पर्यावरण एक ऐसा विशिष्ट वातावरण है जिससे मनुष्य गतिशील होता है। जिसमें वह श्वास लेता है तथा स्वस्थ रहकर अपने भविष्य का निर्माण करता है। विज्ञान ने मनुष्य को कई सुविधाऐं भी दी है। इन समस्याओं का मुख्य कारण रहा है - अविवेकपूर्ण, असंतुलित औद्योगिक विकास इस अंधाधुंध औद्योगिक विकास का दुष्परिणाम यह हुआ है कि हमारा समूचा परिवेश जीवन-घातक तत्वों से भर गया है। आज न तो सांस लेने के लिए शुद्ध वायु ही रह गई है। Pages:42-44
मुन्नी (गुरू जम्भेश्वर धार्मिक अध्ययन संस्थान गुरू जम्भेश्वर विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार) |
Pages:45-46 सुनीता कादयान आर्या (सी. आर. काॅलेज आॅफ एजुकेशन, हिसार, हरियाणा) रहस्य शब्द ‘रह’ धातु में असुन् प्रत्यय लगने से ‘रहस्’ तथा यत् प्रत्यय जुड़ने से रहस्य बना हैं। व्युत्पति लय अर्थ के अन्तर्गत इस का अर्थ प्रतीयमान सत्ता से सम्बन्धित हैं। अमर कोष में ‘रहस’ शब्द का अर्थ एकान्त, निर्जन गुप्त, गुहा्र आदि बताया गया हैं। उसी से सम्बन्धित वस्तु को रहस्य की संज्ञा दी जाती हैं। उसी से सम्बन्धित वस्तु को रहस्य की संज्ञा दी जाती हैं। विश्व की इसी अव्यक्त की जिज्ञासा से रहस्यवाद सम्बन्धित हैं। “जब मानव आत्मा उस अव्यक्त सत्ता तक पहुंचने का प्रयास करती हुई विभिन्न प्रकार की अनुभूतियों को प्राप्त करती है और उन्हें भाषा के माध्यम से अभिव्यक्त करती है तो इस प्रकार के भाव समूह को साहित्यिक शब्दावली में रहस्यवाद कहते हैं। Pages:45-46
सुनीता कादयान आर्या (सी. आर. काॅलेज आॅफ एजुकेशन, हिसार, हरियाणा) |
Pages:47-49 नेहा बिश्नोई (शिक्षा विद्यालय, केन्द्रीय महाविद्यालय, महेन्द्रगढ़, हरियाणा) मनुष्य जीवन के प्रारम्भ से लेकर अंत तक की कल्पना का गाथा का संपूर्ण सार श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता में बताया गया है। जन्म से पहले, माँ के गर्भ से ही मनुष्य ज्ञान ग्रहण करने की अवस्था में होता हैं वह माँ के गर्भ में पलते हुए भी अच्छी व बुरी भावनाओं को महसूस कर सकता है। जीवन की यात्रा में अच्छे व बुरे हर प्रकार के अनुभवों से मनुष्य को गुजरना होता है। नैतिकता का पाठ पढ़ते हुए उसे यह जीवन यात्रा पूरी करने में किसी प्रकार की समस्या से जूझना पड़े तो भी वह आसानी से उसका हल निकाल लेता है। श्री मद्भगवद् गीता में भगवान श्री कृष्ण ने अर्जुन को यह उपदेश दिया है कि ‘कर्म करते चलो, फल की चिंता मत करो।’ नैतिक मूल्य ही मनुष्य के पूर्ण विकास का सिद्धान्त है। नैतिक मूल्यों के बिना मनुष्य, समाज का भला नहीं हो सकता। और श्री मद्भगवद्गीता में यही पाठ पढ़ाया गया हैं। श्री मद्भगवद्गीता में बताया गया है कि शिक्षा का उद्देश्य केवल मनुष्य के आर्थिक स्तर को ऊँचा उठाना ही नहीं बल्कि सामाजिक, आध्यात्मिक, नैतिक तथा भावनात्मक मूल्यों को मजबूत बनाना भी है। आज समाज में बहुत सी अनैतिक घटनाएं घट रही है। अध्यापक तथा विद्यार्थी के संबंध भी अपना विश्वास खोते जा रहे हैं। गुरू शिष्य परम्परा खत्म होती जा रही है। मनुष्य के अपने समाज में ही मानवीय मूल्य खत्म होते जा रहे हैं। इसलिए आज के सामाजिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में शिक्षा के स्तर को देखते हुए पुरानी शिक्षा प्रणाली, गुरू-शिष्य परम्परा, गुरुकुल शिक्षा प्रणाली को फिर से शुरू किया जाना चाहिए। प्राचीन शिक्षा प्रणाली का उद्देश्य ‘जीवन की पूर्णता के लिए तैयारी’ था। मानवीय मूल्यों का पतन हो रहा है। आधुनिकीकरण, औद्योगिकीकरण, शहरीकरण, निजीकरण, भौगोलिकीकरण तथा पाश्चात्य सभ्यता के कारण भारत देश में भारतीय शिक्षा प्रणाली में नीतिगत मूल्यों का पतन हो गया है। इस शिक्षा प्रणाली में दुनिया में विकास की गति को तेज तो कर दिया है, लेकिन इस विकास ने ही हमें नैतिक मूल्यों, मानवीय मूल्यों से अलग कर दिया है। आजकल की भाग दौड़ भरी जिन्दगी में मनुष्य के पास अपने परिवारजनों के पास बैठने, बुजुर्गो की ज्ञान भरी बातें सुनने व समझने का समय ही नहीं है। सभी में पैसा कमाने की होड़ मची है। कुछ प्रश्न आज भी अनसुलझे हैं चाहे विज्ञान ने कितनी भी तरक्की करली है जैसे मनुष्य कौन हैं? कहां से आया हैं? मृत्यु के पश्चात् मनुष्य जीवन की कल्पना संभव है। Pages:47-49
नेहा बिश्नोई (शिक्षा विद्यालय, केन्द्रीय महाविद्यालय, महेन्द्रगढ़, हरियाणा) |
Pages:1-4 Vijaya Khatri (Department of English, JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan) Social realism has much relevance in today's world when we all are living a hasty, superficial life, lacking spirit and vivaciousness. We are all allured towards materialism and are fascinated by falsehood and ostentation. We dream of a fanciful conceptual life making a determined refusal to face reality. At this stage, we need to be disillusioned and take ourselves out of our self-created virtual world so that we can boldly face the realities of the actual world and can efficiently solve the day-to-day problems and contribute to social reformation. Realism is conceived as a laboratory in which the ills of society, flaws of the political system, familial problems, and the nature of relationships could be objectively presented for judgment by impartial observers. Social Realism deals with the actual facts and conditions of contemporary life, instead of making excursions into the realms of the fancy and romance. It debates the real modern problems, and induces discussions on the contentious social and political issues to bring about positive social change rather than to merely charm the reader. Pages:1-4
Vijaya Khatri (Department of English, JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan) |
Pages:5-8 Manju Devi (Research Scholar, Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Dharwar) भारत प्राचीन काल से ही ऋषि मुनियों का देश रहा है। भगवान ने अनेक बार स्वयं अवतार लेकर इस भूमि को पवित्र किया है। राम, कृष्ण, पुष, महावीर, राजा राम मोहन राय, आदि के रूप में इस धरती का परम कल्याण रहा है। अनेक महान आध्यात्मिक गुरू तथा उच्च कोटि के संत और समाज सुधारक इस देश में हुए। एक सच्चा दार्शनिक वही कहलाता है जो ज्ञानी होता है और यह ज्ञान शिक्षा द्वारा ही प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को सुधार की दिशा में परिवर्तित करने वाले विचारों को शिक्षा कहा जाता है। कुछ विद्वानों ने समग्र जीवन को शिक्षा और शिक्षा को जीवन माना है। व्यक्ति जीवन में सद्विचारों को दर्शन द्वारा ही प्राप्त कर सकता है और दर्शन में जीवन जगत से संबंधित समस्याओं का अध्ययन किया जाता है। स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती एक ऐसे ही संघर्षशील, समाज सुधारक, विचारक, असाधारण वाग्मी एवं संस्कृत के प्रकांड विद्वान थे। उन्होंने 19वीं शती में पौराणिक हिन्दू धर्म में व्याप्त जर्जर रूढ़ियों, सड़ी-गली मान्यताओं एवं मूर्तिपूजा आदि का खंडन किया और वैदिक धर्म की स्थापना की। ‘‘यदि स्वामी जी न होते तो भारत में आज हिन्दुओं का नामोनिशान भी नहीं होता। हां, अन्य प्रभारतीय धर्मों का प्रभुत्व उसी प्रकार हो जाता जिस प्रकार उत्तरी अफ्रीका से लेकर इंडोनेशिया तक पश्चिमी एशियाई धर्मों का प्रभुत्व है। वहाँ प्राचीन संस्कृतियाँ समूल नष्ट हो चुकी हैं।’’ Pages:5-8
Manju Devi (Research Scholar, Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Dharwar) |
Pages:9-11 संजीत कौर (पी.जी.टी, संस्कृत, हरियाणा) प्रदेश शब्द का उल्लेख महाभारत में अनेक स्थानों पर मिलता है। महाभारतीयकालीन प्रादेशिक संकल्पना के आधार पर एक प्रदेश मंे अनेक राज्य हो सकते हैं। प्राकृतिक प्रदेश मानवीय क्रियाकलापों के सम्मिलित योग की छाप से वह भौगोलिक प्रदेश कहलाता है। प्रदेश का यही रूप महाभारत में उल्लेखित है। कोई भी प्रदेश जो वर्तमान में हमारे समक्ष जिस रूप में स्थित है व उसका अपना ऐतिहासिक एवं भौगोलिक स्वरूप होता है। उदाहरण स्वरूप गंगा-जमुना दोआब का वर्तमान स्वरूप, जो वैदिक, रामायण और महाभारत से भिन्न है। वर्तमान में यह एक कृषि क्षेत्र है, परन्तु महाभारत-काल में यह कृषि के साथ-साथ एक वन प्रदेश भी था। महाभारत में आये जनपदों का दिशानुसार निर्धारण प´्चदिक् प्रदेशों के रूप में हुआ है। महाभारत के सभापर्व के अनुसार इन्द्रप्रस्थ में होने वाले राजसूर्य-यज्ञ को निमित्त मानकर युधिष्ठिर ने अपने चारों भाइयों, चारों दिशाओं के जनपदीय राज्यों को विजय करने हेतु सेना सहित भेजा था Pages:9-11
संजीत कौर (पी.जी.टी, संस्कृत, हरियाणा) |
Pages:12-14 आशा कृष्णाजी कुलकर्णी (मुकबधीर विद्यालय, सातारा, महाराष्ट्र) उपरोक्त विषय के बारे में प्रस्तुत लेख माला के उपरोक्त दो पुष्प है। विकलांगो के बारे मे मैने आपने जीवन भर के अनुभव से जो देखा और सिखा उवा सार इस लेख माला में दिया जा रहा है। दृष्टि बाधीतता और अंधत्व सबसे कठीण और पराधीनता के बारे मे दृष्टि न होने के कारण सबसे दुर्बलम घटक है। क्योंकि 80ः ज्ञान दृष्टि या नत्र से मिलता है। और दृष्टि बाधित विकलांगो को नेत्र या दृष्टि का कोई लाभ नही मिलता। फिर भी अपने परिश्रम जिज्ञासा और स्वाभिमान के कारण दृष्टि बाधित विकलांगो ने जीवन की जो उंचाई हासील कि गई है वह काबिले तारिफ है। इसलिए दृष्टि बाधित विकलांगो के बारे में मैने पहले लिखना उचित समझा ह। उसके बाद मतिमंद, इसके बाद अस्थिव्यंग, और आखरी में मुकबधीर विकलांगो के बारे मे उनकी समस्या और उपायों के बारे मे मै क्रमशः लिखने वाली हुँ। Pages:12-14
आशा कृष्णाजी कुलकर्णी (मुकबधीर विद्यालय, सातारा, महाराष्ट्र) |
Pages:15-18 विजय प्रधान एवं शिखा शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, वनस्थली विद्यापीठ, वनस्थली, राजस्थान) राजेन्द्र यादव नयी कहानी के हस्ताक्षर कहलाते हुए नई कहानी के प्रमुख सुत्रधारों में विशिष्ट स्थान रखते है। यादव जी ने हालांकि स्वतन्त्रता मिलने के दो-चार वर्ष पहले कहानी लिखना आरम्भ किया और साहित्य सृजन को अपने धर्म-कर्म के रूप में अपनाया। साहित्य के साठोत्तरी काल में सम्पूर्ण सर्वांगीण लेखन की पुष्टता में प्रतिष्ठित हुए। यादव जी ने साहित्य के सन्दर्भ में जिन रचनात्मक अनुभूतियों की उपेक्षा को अनुभव किया वे ही इनकी भिन्न-भिन्न कलाकृतियों में सृजन क्रिया का अंग बनकर आई है। आपने साहित्य के आन्तरिक-बाह्य परिवेश को जानने के बाद ही, बौद्धिक धरातल पर परखने के बाद ही व्यक्त किये हैं। स्वतन्त्रता के बाद 1960 के चरण को साठोत्तर युग समय के अन्तर्गत साहित्य के वर्गीकरण में रखा गया है। इस समय भारतीय जन-मानस पर पाश्चात्य सभ्यता और संस्कृति यहाँ के जीवन पर आरोपित की गयी। तत्कालीन समय की विषमता में -स्वार्थ, अविश्वास, मोहभंग, कुढ़न, सेवा-हीनता और रिश्वतखोरी व्याप्त होने लगी थी। इस विषमता की पृष्ठभूमि पर हिन्दी-उपन्यास का नवीन उत्थान हुआ। हिन्दी उपन्यास की विकास-यात्रा में राजेन्द्र यादव मुख्य रूप से स्वातंत्र्योत्तर हिन्दी उपन्यास का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। साहित्य में विकास के सभी स्तर की प्रवृत्तियों की जड़े बहुत गहरी और फैली हुई रहती हैं। वस्तुतः आने वाले समय की कोई भी प्रवृत्ति अतीत से प्रेरणा पाकर ही उद्दत होती है साथ ही ना मिलने वाली प्रवृत्तियों के कारण की पृष्ठभूमि भी वही तैयार हो जाती है। साठोत्तर युग में देश की विषम परिस्थितियों के संवेदनशील और भविष्य के सुनहरे सपने देखने वाले उपन्यासकारों की जो नई पीढ़ी उभरी, वह क्षोभ और आक्रोश से भरी हुई थी। उनके सारे सपने चूर-चूर हो चुके थे क्योंकि तत्कालीन वातावरण में बदलाव-सुधार के नारे-वादे दुहाई अर्थहीन लगी। इस समय सामाजिक और वैयक्तिक चेतना के संतुलित संयोजन से जनमानस में समाजकल्याण की भावना का संचार करना आजादी के बाद के उपन्यासकारों का कत्र्तव्य बन गया। ‘‘राजेन्द्र यादव भी उपन्यासकार के इस विशेष कत्र्तव्य के प्रति विशेष जागरूक थें। अपने जीवन दर्शन और दृष्टिकोण में परिवर्तन लाना और अपनी कृति को ही परिवर्तित करके प्रकाशित करना इसका प्रमाण है। नाश में से ही निर्माण को मानने वाले’’ यादव जी क्रान्तिकारी अवश्य हैं, साथ-साथ समझौतावादी भी नजर आते हैं। उनका कहना है, ‘‘उनके समकालीन आर्थिक, सामाजिक और राजनैतिक व्यवस्थाओं ने व्यक्ति के आदर्शवादी सपनों को नष्ट कर उसे समझौतावादी बनने के लिए बाध्य किया है।’’ समाजवादी और व्यक्तिवादी रचना-धर्मिता के बीच का मध्यवर्ती रास्ता अपनाते हुए यादव जी ने नए रचनाकारों को भी अछूते पहलुओं को अनावृत करने की प्रेरणा देते हुए साहित्य विकास में सहयोग किया इसी कारण नये प्रयोगों में रूचि रखने वाले रचनाकार राजेन्द्र यादव से हिन्दी साहित्य ने नये आयामों की आशा रखी थी। Pages:15-18
विजय प्रधान एवं शिखा शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, वनस्थली विद्यापीठ, वनस्थली, राजस्थान) |
Pages:19-21 आशा कृष्णाजी कुलकर्णी (मुकबधीर विद्यालय, सातारा, महाराष्ट्र) उपरोक्त विषय के बारे में प्रस्तुत लेख माला के उपरोक्त दो पुष्प है। विकलांगो के बारे मे मैने आपने जीवन भर के अनुभव से जो देखा और सिखा उवा सार इस लेख माला में दिया जा रहा है। दृष्टि बाधीतता और अंधत्व सबसे कठीण और पराधीनता के बारे मे दृष्टि न होने के कारण सबसे दुर्बलम घटक है। क्योंकि 80ः ज्ञान दृष्टि या नेत्र से मिलता है। और दृष्टि बाधित विकलांगो को नेत्र या दृष्टि का कोई लाभ नही मिलता। फिर भी अपने परिश्रम जिज्ञासा और स्वाभिमान के कारण दृष्टि बाधित विकलांगो ने जीवन की जो उंचाई हासील कि है वह काबिले तारिफ है। इसलिए दृष्टि बाधित विकलांगो के बारे में मैने पहले लिखना उचित समझा है। उसके बाद मतिमंद, इसके बाद अस्थिव्यंग, और आखरी मे मुकबधीर विकलांगो के बारे मे उनकी समस्या और उपायों के बारे मे मैं क्रमशः लिखने वाली हुँ। Pages:19-21
आशा कृष्णाजी कुलकर्णी (मुकबधीर विद्यालय, सातारा, महाराष्ट्र) |
Pages:22-23 संजीत कौर (पी.जी.टी, संस्कृत, हरियाणा) मानव का प्रकृति में कम से कम हस्तक्षेप तथा अधिक साहचर्य मानव कल्याण की आधारशिला है। धरती का अधिक दोहन, भले ही विकास के नाम पर हो, उसके प्राकृतिक स्वरूप को हानि पहुंचाता है। भूमि, वायु, जल व जंगलों के पास मानव कल्याण के स्त्रोत के रूप में विपुल शक्ति है। मानव प्रकृति से छेड़छाड़ करके विकार, विपत्ति, पीड़ा और विनाश को आमन्त्रित करता है। जीवन और प्रकृति में एक अटूट सम्बन्ध स्थापित करना और प्राकृतिक शक्तियों का आह्नान उसी प्रकार किया जाना चाहिए, जैसे भारत के प्राचीन लोगों ने सदियों पूर्व किया था। Pages:22-23
संजीत कौर (पी.जी.टी, संस्कृत, हरियाणा) |
Pages:24-27 विजय प्रधान एवं शिखा शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, वनस्थली विद्यापीठ, वनस्थली, राजस्थान) मेरा स्वयं का विचार है कि नारी गुणों का प्रभाव का मापदण्ड सभ्यता/संस्कृति को मापने का पैमाना का गुण रखता है। वास्तव में किसी समाज की प्रगति को उस समाज में शामिल महिलाओं के प्रगति से मापना चाहिए। पूर्व परम्परा और आधुनिक परम्परा में नारी के अस्तित्व का स्व द्वन्द्वइसलिए पनपा कि उपर-उपर से देखने पर ऐसा लगता है कि पूर्व परम्परा में औरतें ज्यादा सुरक्षित थीं और कम स्वतन्त्र। आधुनिकता में ज्यादा स्वतन्त्र बनी तो कम सुरक्षित हो गयी। नारी के अन्तद्र्वन्द्वको पुरा और आधुनिकता के बीच असंतुलन के द्वन्द्व के सन्दर्भ से साहित्य में बदलती नारी पात्रों की भूमिका को देखा है। नारी की सबसे बड़ी त्रासदी यही है कि वह अपनी भूमिका स्वयं कभी तय नहीं करती ना परम्परा में, ना ही आधुनिकता में। नारी की भूमिका सदैव ही अपनी जरूरतों को ध्यान में रखकर ताकतवर पुरूष या चली आ रही व्यवस्था में तय किया जाता रहा है। साहित्य में नारी विषय पर अनेकों विचार-वर्णन यत्र-तत्र बिखरे मिलेंगे परन्तु साहित्य के विशाल महासागर से केवल एक पुरूष रचनाकार तथा रचित रचनाओं में प्रस्तुत नारी पात्रों की भूमिका पर नजर डालेंगे तो उनके दृष्टिकोण से भी भूमिका के बदलाव का आंकलन अधिक स्पष्ट हो सकेगा। Pages:24-27
विजय प्रधान एवं शिखा शर्मा (हिन्दी विभाग, वनस्थली विद्यापीठ, वनस्थली, राजस्थान) |
Pages:28-29 Pallavi (Department of English, GJU S&T, Hisar, Haryana) Desai was born as Anita Mazumadar in Musoorie, a northern India hill station near Dehra Dun on June 24 1937. Born to a Bengali business man father and a mother that was from Germany and was the Toni Nime. She grew up during World War II and was no stranger to discrimination which is reflected in her writing. She was multilingual and she speaks German at home, as well, as Bengali, Urdu, Hindi and English at school and in the streets. Growing up she says she was surrounded by western culture which probably had tweaked her writing to get more pop. She began to write English at the age of seven and her first book published at the age of nine. Such as her book, “Clear Light of Day” which is her most autobiographical book about her town. Her characters are often developed escapists ways to deal with their world outside comfortable living or everyday boring lives. Later in her life Anita left India. Anita never tried, or ever got her work published in India because no publisher in India would be interested in a fiction writer from India. She states “I can't really write on it with the same intensity and familiarity that I once had”. She is glad she left later rather then sooner because she believes she has been drifting away from the culture ever since. At the age of 21 she married a business man named Ashvin Desai and they raised four children together. She believes she was noticed in England because of her western style of writing and their interest in India. She believes her feministic style of writing come from the changing times when she was growing up “The feminist movement in India is very new and a younger generation of readers in India tends to be rather impatient of my books and to think of them as books about completely helpless women, hopeless women.” (Dsesai) Anita wrote most of the time in a formal way except when she wrote her children books like in Clear light of day “No one feels the atmosphere more keely-or catches the nuances, all the insulations in the air- or notes those details that escape elders because their senses have atrophied, or calcified. She once said” I can state definitely that I did not choose English in a deliberate and conscious act and I'd say perhaps it was a language that chose me and I started writing stories in English at the age of seven, and have been doing so for thirty years. “They find it somewhat unreal that the women don't fight back, but they don't seem to realize how very new this movement is” (Desai). Pages:28-29
Pallavi (Department of English, GJU S&T, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:30-31 Pallavi (Department of English, GJU S&T, Hisar, Haryana) In her time she was known as the “female Rudyard Kipling,” but while Kipling's life and work are still discussed and read, Flora Steel's life and work have been largely forgotten. Imperialism, as Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and other commentators have described it, is a mapping of cultural and geographical territory employing an ideology of possession and control. Viewed historically, its modern dimensions are commonly seen as extending roughly from Columbus' “discovery” of the American to the nationalist liberatory politics of the pre and post-WWII nation-state configuration. In influence and sheer acquisitiveness, Britain is seen to have played the largest role. Whether decolonization has marked some sort of end to imperialism and the closely related phenomenon of colonialism, so that imperialism can be consigned to history from a “post-colonial” position, is open to debate. Nevertheless, it seems clear that “history” marks the present and that the impulse to imperialism has found different ways to produce the same effects. Geographical and cultural imperialism and colonialism may still be very much alive in the transitional corporatism described by Masao Miyoshi or in the maximizing, extractive, “separating, dominating and reactive” tendencies which continue to structure Western concepts and practices of knowledge production. Pages:30-31
Pallavi (Department of English, GJU S&T, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages:35-37 Narendra Kumar Jangir (Department of English, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan) This paper would be magnifying the aspects of dualities in the course of displacement being uprooted from the homeland and discovering the sense of acceptance in alien society. Therefore, terms like mobility and displacement are significantly deserve interrogation to dwell upon the characterization of dualities. The term mobility flung out from Latin word mobilitate meaning movement in accordance with “property and quality of what is on the move to obey the laws of movement” (Michaelis). Furthermore, the dictionary explanation of mobility is as straightly as, “easy movement from place to place or easy movement to a different job social class or place to leave” (Oxford English Dictionary, p 928). The basic nature of Mobility is its ubiquity that causes in the form essential movement in the normal life of a creature. Tim Cresswell states that mobility is elusive object with various significant aspects involved beyond the ordinary features of moving things around in the world. Beginning from stating body lying on the and blood circulating in the veins, to machines through which we statically moves from place to place and thus a new alien place determines one's status form native to immigrant. The ubiquitous movement in literary discourse assimilates societies through the bodies and conceptualization of location and cultures which are no more rooted at one geographical boundary on the map rather along with moving bodies, societies float towards wider space of hybrid and dynamic cultures. Human is the prominent source of the culture and with S/he traveling across locations also carries cultural aspects to spread around. For example, Greek hero Odysseus of the epic the Odyssey emphasizes on the move away from the home and indulges in most significant action of life of the hero i.e. war of Troy and the whole of the text centered on the journey itself. As Cresswell discusses mobility at another degree serves in opposition with fixity to bring the meaning from two visions categories, one sedentary and nomadic. In the former, “mobility is seen through the lens of place, rootedness, spatial order, and belonging. Mobility, in this formulation, is seen as morality and ideologically suspect, a by-product of a world arranged through place and spatial order.” (26) This perspective reflects the domain of migration and nation-state as people moving into a land from another place are foresighted suspiciously and a threat to the land for example Rohingya population breaking-in in India from east borders. Such notion of skepticism obviously formulates a sense of alienation towards the site as in gypsy-traveler and wandering Jews. Malkki argues that identities rooted in the “soil of home” are deeply metaphysical because in our human obsession in dividing the world into territories, we end up producing “sedentarist metaphysics”. Pages:35-37
Narendra Kumar Jangir (Department of English, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan) |
Pages:38-40 वंदना शर्मा (सहायक प्राध्यापक (हिन्दी) दिशा काॅलेज, रायपुर, छत्तीसगढ.) देवनागरी एक लिपि है जिसमें अनेक भारतीय भाषाएँ तथा कुछ विदेशी भाषाएँ लिखी जाती है। संस्कृत, पालि, हिन्दी, मराठी, कोंकणी, सिंधी, कश्मीरी, ड़ोगरी, नेपाली, गढ़वाली, बोड़ो, अंगिला, मगही, भोजपुरी, मैथिली, संथाली आदि भाषाएँ देवनागरी में लिखी जाती है। इसके अतिरिक्त कुछ स्थितियों में गुजराती, पंजाबी, मणिपुरी, रोमानी और ऊर्दू भाषाएँ भी देवनागरी में लिखी जाती है। अधिकतर भाषाओं की तरह देवनागरी भी बायें से दायें लिखी जाती है। प्रत्येक शब्द के ऊपर एक रेखा खिंची होती है। इसे शिरोरेखा कहते है। इसका विकास ब्राही लिपि से हुआ है। यह एक छन्यात्मक लिपि है जो प्रचलित लिपियों; रोमन, अरबी, चीनी आदि में सबसे अधिक वैज्ञानिक है। भारत की कई लिपियाँ देवनागरी से बहुत अधिक मिलती-जुलती है जैसे बंगला, गुजराती, गुरुमुखी आदि। कम्प्यूटर प्रोग्रामों की सहायता से भारतीय लिपियों को परस्पर परिवर्तन बहुत आसान हो गया है। भारतीय भाषाओं की किसी भी शब्द या ध्वनि को देवनागरी लिपि में ज्यों का त्यों लिखा जा सकता है और फिर लिखे पाठ को लगभग हू-ब-हू उच्चारण किया जा सकता है, जो कि रोमन लिपि और अन्य कई लिपियों में सम्भव नही है, जब तक कि उनका कोई खास मानकीकरण न किया जाये । इसमें कुल 52 अक्षर है जिसमें 14 स्वर और 38 व्यंजन है। अक्षरों की क्रम व्यवस्था भी बहुत ही वैज्ञानिक है। भारत तथा एशिया की अनेक लिपियों के संकेत देवनागरी से अलग है पर उच्चारण तथा वर्ण क्रम आदि देवनागरी के ही समान है क्योंकि वो सभी ब्राही लिपि से उत्पन्न हुई है। इसलिए इन लिपियों को परस्पर आसानी से लिप्यन्तरित किया जा सकता है। देवनागरी लेखन की दृष्टि से सरल, सौदर्य की दृष्टि से सुन्दर और वाचन की दृष्टि से सुपाठय है। Pages:38-40
वंदना शर्मा (सहायक प्राध्यापक (हिन्दी) दिशा काॅलेज, रायपुर, छत्तीसगढ.) |
Pages:41-43 Saloni Rathee (Department of English, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana) Saadat Hasan Manto was born at Papraudi near Samrala, in Ludhiana district of Punjab on May 11, 1912, to a barrister practicing in Amritsar and his second wife. He received his early education at Muslim High School in Amritsar, but remained a misfit throughout his school years. After failing twice in matriculation, he cleared it on the third attempt with poor grades. One of the subjects he flunked twice was Urdu, which is not surprising because niceties of the language were not for him. His interest was in common people and colloquial language. In 1931, he finally passed out of school and joined Hindu Sabha College in Amritsar. But his attempt to study there failed as did his subsequent effort to study at the Aligarh Muslim University. Back in Amritsar, he came in contact with Abdul Bari Alig, who introduced him to European literature and coaxed him to translate Hugo, followed by the likes of Chekhov, Gorky and Oscar Wilde. The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar inspired him to write his first short story “Tamasha”. In 1936 an assignment to edit a weekly Urdu film magazine Mussavar took him to Bombay, a city he loved immensely. He earned name and fame there but after the partition, the condition in the film industry took a serious turn. People began to look at each other with suspicion. It was a period of great turmoil. Fearing that he would be attacked any day, he yielded to the prodding of his wife and migrated from India to Pakistan almost in desperation, on January 08, 1948. As film industry was almost non-existent in Pakistan after the initial years of the partition, so he had to entirely depend upon creative writing for a living. It proved to be the most creative period of his life and he wrote more than one hundred fifty stories only in seven years there. Some of these stories like “Toba Tek Singh” and “Mozel” are considered the best of his literary creations. But he was sore over the fact that he was not accorded his rightful place in Pakistan as a writer. In a postscript to one of his collections he wrote: Pages:41-43
Saloni Rathee (Department of English, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Pages:44-46 सुनीता जांगिड़ (हिन्दी विभाग, राजस्थान यूनिवर्सटी, जयपुर, राजस्थान) साहित्य समाज का दर्पण है, युगीन साहित्य की गतिविधि तत्कालीन परिस्थितियों से परिचालित होती है। आचार्य रामचन्द्र शुक्ल ने साहित्य के इतिहास में कहा है कि ‘‘प्रत्येक देश का साहित्य वहाँ की जनता की चित्तवृतियों का संचित प्रतिबिम्ब होता है। रीतिकालीन कवियों का काव्य भी इस वृति से अछूता नहीं रहा। हिन्दी साहित्य के इतिहास में वि. सं. 1700 से 1900 तक की मध्यावधि में रचित काव्य रूपी वृक्ष दरबारी परिवेश के आश्रय में ही पल्लवित, पुष्पित और फलीभूत हुआ। इन कवियों का अधिकांश जीवन राजदरबार मे आश्रयदाता की छत्रछाया में व्यतीत हुआ। इसलिए निकट सम्बन्धियों के पारस्परिक व्यवहार को इन्होंने प्रत्यक्षतः अनुभव किया, जिसकी झलक इनकी रचनाओं में प्रतिबिम्बित हुई। 17वीं शताब्दी तक आते-आते भारतीय समाज की जातिव्यवस्था में काफी परिवर्तन हुआ। वेदविहित वर्ण और जाति व्यवस्था का अनुलंघनीय स्वरूप अस्वीकृत हो गया, समाज में वर्ग-वैषम्य शिखर पर था। समाज उच्च एवं निम्न वर्ग में विभक्त हो गया था; तत्कालीन परिवेश में सामन्तवाद का बोलबाला होने के कारण सामान्य जनता अभावग्रस्त अशिक्षित एवं अंधविश्वासी हो चली। समाज का निम्न वर्ग उत्पादन व सेवा कार्य करते हुए भी अपने उत्पादन का उपभोग नहीं कर पाता था। सुव्यवस्थित और कठोर कर-प्रणाली के कारण उत्पादन का अधिकांश भाग अभिजात वर्ग के अधीन था, साथ ही क्षेत्रीय जागीरदारी एवं जमीदारी का परम्परानुमोदित और हिन्दू व मुस्लिम समुदाय के पुरोहित वर्ग का भी हिस्सा बनता था। फलतः उत्पादन से जुडे़ निम्न समुदायों के पास इतना कम संसाधन शेष रहता था कि वे मुश्किल से अपना भरण-पोषण कर पाते थे। Pages:44-46
सुनीता जांगिड़ (हिन्दी विभाग, राजस्थान यूनिवर्सटी, जयपुर, राजस्थान) |
Pages:47-50 Neelam Rani (Independent Scholar, Gurugram, Haryana) Clear Light of Day begins with Tara's triennial visit to her home in old Delhi. To her sister Bim, living in a shabby, dusty house in old Delhi, Tara's visit turns out to be catalysis in her confrontation with her own life. That "the novel is carefully constructed, beautifully written, sensitive, funny, atmospheric was the verdict of the Times Literary SupplementZ'1 About the theme of this novel, Anita Desai says: My novel is set in Old Delhi and records the tremendous changes that a Hindu family goes through since 1947. Basically, my preoccupation ivas xoith recording the passage of time. I was trying to write a four dimensional piece on hoio a family's life moves backzvards andforwards in a period of time. My novel is about time as a destroyer, as a preserver, and about what the bondage of time does to people. I have tried to tunnel under the mundane surface ofdomesticity.2 Pages:47-50
Neelam Rani (Independent Scholar, Gurugram, Haryana) |
Pages:51-52 Sangita Gautam (Michael Madhusudan Memorial College, Durgapur, West Bengal) n term quails, i.e. what kind, sort, size, colour, etc. therefore, what is this or that life and what it may be. But the adjective quails, has its origin in the pronoun qui; hence, we might also formulate our question as: who has what sort of life? In Implicit psychology, western culture primarily equates the quality of life with good-health, a well-functioning family and then with the possession of material goods or money. According to the political elite in advanced countries, the quality of life is mainly ensured by economic-height of the GDP, symbolized mainly by costs of the shopping basket. But what about the sick, handicapped and elderly? The non-quality of their life was first noticed by medical experts in the early 30's of the 20th century. The psychologists also became interested in researches on the quality of life. Gradually, the phenomenon of quality of life became a subject of scrutiny by sociologists, environmentalists and political scientists 1. When the construct of quality of life (QOL) was introduced in the 1980's, the goal was to measure the impact of health problems on people's everyday life (Power, 2003). Since then, QOL has come to be used as an umbrella term that covers all aspects of human life for example, physical and mental health, psychological state (cognitive & emotional), social relations, economic condition, recreational possibilities and occupational life. QOL is an evaluative judgement based on objective and/or subjective indicators (Costanza et al., 2008; Oort et al., 2005). At the individual level, subjective well-being (SWB) is a potent indicator of the quality of one's life. It capitalizes on one's emotional state (e.g., happiness) and perception of different aspects of one's life, whether they meet the person's standards or expectations about their life. Pages:51-52
Sangita Gautam (Michael Madhusudan Memorial College, Durgapur, West Bengal) |
Pages:53-55 Aishwarya Puri (Department of English, University of Delhi, Delhi) The aim and objective of this paper is to bring into perspective the inherent contradiction that governs the predicament of Dalitsin the socio-political and legal context of Human Rights in India. Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, codified by the United Nations in 1948, recognizes the “dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women” with a universal standpoint,Dalits in India still have to carry the abominable status of being the “untouchables” despite of the practice having been declared an offence under Article 17 of the Indian Constitution. This evil is nourished and propagated in the very structure of the Hindu social system, which observes division and exclusion on the basis of caste and birth. Even though,in literature, the UDHR and the Indian Constitution adhere by the ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, their practical treatment seems a far-off dream in the face of Hindu social background. Furthermore, the concept of Liberty is problematized in the Indian context since its efficient application requires condition of“socio-economic equality”, which stands in stark contrast with the ground reality of the Dalits who suffer with exclusion and ostracism in the Hindu society. Pages:53-55
Aishwarya Puri (Department of English, University of Delhi, Delhi) |
Pages:56-62 Maysaa Husam Jaber (University of Baghdad, Jadiryia Campus, Baghdad, Iraq) We're living in a funny world, kid, a peculiar civilization. The police are playing crooks in it, and the crooks are doing police duty. The politicians are preachers, and the preachers are politicians. The tax collectors collect for themselves. The Bad People want us to have more dough, and the Good People are fighting to keep it from us (KIM, 105)1 This passage, from The Killer Inside Me, a 1952 crime novel by Jim Thompson about a killer cop who commits a series of crimes in cold blood, shows a dark world of crime and corruption in a small town in Texas. The Killer Inside Me, like many of Thompson's crime novels, paints images of extreme violence and brutality and portrays a divided reality in post-war America. The passage above also illustrates a change in the portrayal of the criminal from a gangster, a mobster or a thug as it is conventional in crime narratives to the introduction of the killer cop. Thompson's police officer is not a protector or a law enforcer; rather he is a criminal who breaks the law and even commits murder. This reversal of roles is the beginning of a new trend in post-war crime fiction that is characterized by demystifying the role of the police and destabilizing the law and societal institutions of power. Set against an atmosphere of Cold War paranoia and fears of the 1950s, Thompson's crime fiction addresses anxieties around the police and the policing of society. Pages:56-62
Maysaa Husam Jaber (University of Baghdad, Jadiryia Campus, Baghdad, Iraq) |
Pages:63-66 Neelam Rani (Independent Scholar, Gurugram, Haryana) Shobha De's novel Starry Nights is a novel which depicts different faces of women. Nisha Trivedi in her article, “Search for Identity in Starry Nights” describes: “The writers of the post-independence fiction have focused on contemporary problems. They have explored the vital areas of individual consciousness and have projected the fascinating images of cultural change, rather than transformation” (The Fiction of Shobha De, 180). De in this novel suggests that the only way a woman like Aasha Rani can reach the ladder of success is 'Sex'. Geeta Barua in her article, “Rise and fall of a star: A study of Starry Nights” comments: “The novel is also a faithful portrayal of the film world with all its perfidies, glamour, crimes, lies, and deceits and sexual exploitation. Since Shobha De the novelist has been long associated with the Bombay film world as a journalist she knows it first hand and has been able to portray it well” (The Fiction of Shobha De, 174). Though sex and glamour may be the means to seek success, it is admitted that many women strive hard in order to strengthen themselves as an artist. Unfortunately, the new woman is ready to sacrifice her 'physical self' in order to climb the ladder of success in the form of money and fame. But many women fail in their hasty attempts in this direction so that they end up as prostitutes in the red light area. When this novel has attempted to explore the hardcore reality lurking in the corporatehigh society, De has faced protest from the men who are unable to accrpt the truth. In her article, “Aesthetics and Morality: Emergence of the New woman” L. Sonia Ningthoujam depicts the response of the public to Shobha De's work and observes: Pages:63-66
Neelam Rani (Independent Scholar, Gurugram, Haryana) |