Volumes / Issues
Showing 1 – 100 of 389 results Showing all 389 results Showing the single result No results found
Filters Sort results
Reset Apply
Page: 40-42 Poonam Lawat and Nayana Phogat (Department of English, School of Social Sciences & Humanities, OM Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 40-42 Poonam Lawat and Nayana Phogat (Department of English, School of Social Sciences & Humanities…
Page: 43-47 Shripad Rajendra Medhe1 and Dnyanoba B. Mundhe2 (School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded (India)1 and Dept. of English, Sharda Mahavidyalaya, Parbhani (Former Director Students' Development, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded)2)
Page: 43-47 Shripad Rajendra Medhe1 and Dnyanoba B. Mundhe2 (School of Language Literature and Culture Studies…
Page: 48-50 G. Parashurama Murthy (Department of English, Maharani's Science College for Women (Autonomous), Karnataka)
Page: 48-50 G. Parashurama Murthy (Department of English, Maharani's Science College for Women (Autonomous), Karnataka) The research…
Page: 51-52 Renu Bala (Guru Teg Bahadur Public School (Bardwal), Dhri, Sangrur, Punjab)
Page: 51-52 Renu Bala (Guru Teg Bahadur Public School (Bardwal), Dhri, Sangrur, Punjab) This paper dives deep…
Page: 53-55 Kajal (Independent Scholar, English, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 53-55 Kajal (Independent Scholar, English, Hisar, Haryana) The Victorian period (1837-1901) was marked by rapid industrial…
Page: 56-58 Alaknanda Matade and Rekha Patil (Dr. D.Y. Patil ACS Women's, College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra)
Page: 56-58 Alaknanda Matade and Rekha Patil (Dr. D.Y. Patil ACS Women's, College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra) In…
Page: 59-60 Kajal (Independent Scholar, English, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 59-60 Kajal (Independent Scholar, English, Hisar, Haryana) This study undertakes a critical examination of R.K. Narayan's…
Page: 01-03 देवेन्द्र सिंह (हिंदी, राजकीय कन्या महाविद्यालय, डाटा, हिसार, हरियाणा) भारतीय साहित्य की परंपरा की ओर दृष्टि डालने पर यह स्पष्ट होता है कि साहित्यिक रचनाओं में स्त्री-पुरूष दोनों का अंतर्भाव है। स्त्री, पुरूष के समान ही अनादि काल से लिखती आ रही है। मध्यकाल में कबीर के समान ही कश्मीर की भक्त कवियत्री ‘लल्लेश्वरी’ ने समाज के पाखंड और दोहरी नीतियों का विरोध किया। कृष्ण भक्त ‘मीरा’ ने भी राजकुल की मर्यादा से हटकर सन्यास लेकर भक्तिपरक गीत लिखे। आधुनिक युग में महादेवी वर्मा ने ‘अतीत के चलचित्र’, ‘स्मृति की रेखाएँ’ तथा श्रृंखला की कड़ियाँ’ में भारतीय पुरूष प्रधान मानसिकता से पीड़ित नारी का चित्रण किया है।
Page: 01-03 देवेन्द्र सिंह (हिंदी, राजकीय कन्या महाविद्यालय, डाटा, हिसार, हरियाणा)
Page: 04-06 सुषमा (हिंदी विभाग, राजकीय महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) भक्तिकाल के बाद अगर किसी लोकप्रिय काल का नाम ले तो वो छायावाद है क्योंकि कितनी विचारों और तर्कों तथा गहनता तथा विविधता भक्ति काल में दिखाई पडता है उतनी ही छायावाद में भी छायावाद में चार महत्वपूर्ण कवि आते है। जिन्हे हम छायावाद का आधार स्तम्भ भी कह सकते हैं। जिनमें जयशंकर प्रसाद, सुमित्रानंदन पंत, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला तथा महादेवी वर्मा का नाम आता हैं। पंत, प्रसाद तथा महादेवी वर्मा में छायावाद की रोमांचियता दिखाई देती है, किन्तु निराला के काव्य में व्यक्तिगत संघर्शों के अनुभव उनके लेखन में एक नई लोक या सामाजिक चेतना का आविर्भाव करते है। निराला के काव्य व्यक्तिगत संघर्शों से सामाजिक संघर्ष की ओर अग्रसर होता हैं। क्योंकि उनके जीवन में पीडा तथा बेदना तथा तकलीफों का समागम रहा है उन्होनें छोटी उम्र में अपने माता-पिता को खो दिया था माता-पिता के बिना किसी बच्चे का बचपन, कितनी मुसीबतों से कटता है इसका अनुभव उन्हें था। इसके बाद उनकी पत्नी बाद में अल्पायु में ही बेटी के निधन से वे बिलकुल टूट जाते है तथा इसी पीडा और संघर्ष को हम उनके पहले व्यक्तिगत रूप में बाद में लोक चेतना के रूप में बदलता देखते है। इसका सबसे सुन्दर उदाहरण हैं राम सी शक्ति पूजा कविता में किसी प्रकार राम का व्यक्तिगत संघर्ष सामाजिक संघर्ष का रूप धारण कर लेता है।
Page: 04-06 सुषमा (हिंदी विभाग, राजकीय महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा)
Page: 07-08 देवेन्द्र सिंह (हिंदी, राजकीय कन्या महाविद्यालय, डाटा, हिसार, हरियाणा) प्राचीन काल में हमारे समाज में नारी का महत्व नर से कही बढ़कर होता था। किसी समय तो नारी का स्थान नर से इतना बढ़ गया था कि पिता के नाम के स्थान पर माता का ही नाम प्रधान होकर परिचय का सूत्र बन गया था। धर्मदृष्टा मनु ने नारी को श्रद्धामयी और पूजनीय मानते हुए महत्व प्रदर्शित किया- जहाँ नारी की पूजा प्रतिष्ठा होती है, वहां देवता रमण करते है।
Page: 07-08 देवेन्द्र सिंह (हिंदी, राजकीय कन्या महाविद्यालय, डाटा, हिसार, हरियाणा)
Page: 09-12 Dayananda Sagar G. S. (Department of English, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Mandya, Karnataka) Folk literature, Orature or Oral literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung as opposed to that which is written. There is no standard definition, as anthropologists have used varying descriptions for oral literature or folk literature. A broad conceptualization refers to it as literature characterized by oral transmission and the absence of any fixed form. It includes the stories, legends, and history passed through generations in a spoken form. The term folk drama indicates non-commercial and tradition based rural theater. Folk drama is a composite art form of dance, music and dialogue with deep roots in local identity and native culture. Instead of a written script, folk drama depends on the performer's memory and innovative capacity. Here music gets preference over dialogue. Simply it can be said that drama created for folk life and orally transmitted from generation to generation is generally termed as folk drama. History of dance, drama and music reveal that these are as old as human civilization. In the initial period of human civilization, before man had begun to speak, they used various gestures (dance, for instance) as a medium of their expression of inner feelings. With the passage of time, they began to use some alarming sounds to convey fear, trumpeting their success in war with animals and fellow beings, and by crying to express their sad thoughts. Their feeling of joy and exhilaration found expression in song and dance. People harmoniously blended bodily expressions and those refined forms of sound, which became the art of folk. The primitive society was agrarian society. They celebrated various socio religious festivals for a productive life and for expressing the gratitude to supernatural forces to god or to gods.
Page: 09-12 Dayananda Sagar G. S. (Department of English, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Mandya, Karnataka)
Page: 13-16 Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana) Identity and freedom are crucial for living. Anita Desai does not give an idealized or remembered version of some social happenings only rather she writes from her own experiences and emotions about the relegated position of women. Her presentation of female characters struggling to balance out in cities or in different cultures makes them a true representative of women who present the contrast between the advanced and progressing socio-cultural scenario. The reading of her creative works is beneficial in comprehending the concept of new emerging woman pushing her limits and striving for freedom from feminine point of view in its emerging trends. The study discusses about an important social institution of marriage and underlines the changing response for this from the side of female counterpart and somewhere anticipates time for necessary modifications. Her creative sensibility is significant to find out the presentation of a woman as she is and as she is presented by the society.
Page: 13-16 Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 129-134 Rajashree Ranjita1, Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty2, Alex Hankey3 and H R Nagendra4 (Division of Yoga and Life Science1, Division of Yoga and Humanities2, Division of Yoga and Physical Science3, Chancellor4, and SVYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru) In Ayurveda, Kasa is explained as an independent Vyadhi and a symptom of various debilitating diseases with its separate types, signs, symptoms, pathogenesis, and treatment. It involves most of the presentations of respiratory tract diseases where aggravated Kapha obstructs the free flow of Prana Vayu in Pranavaha Srotas, Kantha and Uras (Sharma and Dash 4:158). Ayurvedic texts have described Kapha as the major cause in production of Kasa which creates Margavarodha (blockage of respiratory passage) (Murthy 1:176). Kasa is classified into five categories as follows: Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Kshayaja and Kshataja (Murthy 2:33-34). Among these five types of Kasa, Kaphaja Kasa has become more prevalent in these days because of the exposure to dust, smoke, fumes, both active and passive smoking, industrial gases, air pollution, and occupational hazards, cold places, drinking cold water (Sharma 361-367). Kaphaja Kasa comprises of two words “Kapha” and “Kasa”. According to Shabda Kalpa Druma by Radhakant Deva the word “Kapha” is derived from the root “Ke”, meaning “Shirasi Kena Jalena va Palathi”, that which is produced in the Shiras (head) and nourished by Jala (water). Acharya Charaka has defined Kasa as “Shushko va sa Kapho va api Kasanat Kasah” because it involves the movement of Vayu giving rise to coughing which may be dry or with phlegm vide the root “Kas” which implies to move or to afflict (Sharma and Dash 4:158).
Page: 129-134 Rajashree Ranjita1, Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty2, Alex Hankey3 and H R Nagendra4 (Division of Yoga and…
Page: 135-137 Vikas Yadav (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi) What is the meaning of life? Why we have been put on earth? Why do we live? What do we live for? What to live by? Everybody asks this question to himself, in some phase of his life. The problem of meaning is not something new; it has been discussed & debated by philosophers for centuries. Furthermore, empirical research in last few decades has shown that our perceptual system is designed in such a way that we provide coherent pattern to the incoming stimuli. Most of this research from the gestalt school of thought, whose prominent scholars like Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer & Kurt Koffka, spawned a number of researches on perception & motivation. The work of these psychologists have brought into several interesting insights into the perceptual organization of human beings. For instance, when human subjects are provided with random dots, they feel a need to organize these dots into coherent pattern. And if they are unable to fit any stimulus or situation into a coherent pattern they feel tense, annoyed & dissatisfied. This problem continues until the subjects can find a way to fit the present situation in some larger, recognizable pattern.
Page: 135-137 Vikas Yadav (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Page: 138-141 Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) When we go through the novel, A Married Woman, we find that it traces the life of a married women Astha from her early adulthood through her middle years. It is the story of her life as she marries, explores the nuances of marital bliss, and plateaus in her relationship with her husband. She goes on to become a painter than a social activist. After that comes a turning point where she is attracted to a woman. Astha's life goes through such interesting stages, none of which however, evoke any interest in the heroine of the piece. It is strange that issues that evoke feelings are not good enough for the reader to get carried away and identify with Astha. There seems to be a total lack of impact. Is this a book about two women? About a relationship between two women? We wonder. we are led to think so. But no. This is not about that. The novel is about much more than this relationship. Astha's life is about events and traumas far more important that this novel relationship.
Page: 138-141 Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 142-143 Neelam (Department of English, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana)
There is the time proof proverb that;
“United we stand, divided we fall.”
Our country has for long been a nation of strong cultural and social values. But the irony is that now when she (it) has become one of the most powerful nations of this world. Some of her (its) narrow-minded people have grown tendency of considering their religion superior to other religions. Not only the conflicts among different religions is a major threat to India, but also the increasing differences within various castes prevalent in Hindu religion which is the largest community in India.
Page: 142-143 Neelam (Department of English, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana)
Page: 144-147 Deepak Raj (Department of English, G. S. S. S., Gudiakhera) Indian writing in English has its sharp awareness of the social context as its distinctive feature. The writers' pre-occupation with social problems and their concern for social change have become more pronounced and unmistakable in the post-independence period. The writers today feel that they have a responsibility towards the society they live in. They just cannot afford to be apathetic towards the burning problems around them. The main thematic pre-occupation of the Indian writing in English, is portrayal of wide spread social evils and tensions. It is an examination of the survival of the past traditions and their relevance in the present, exploration of the devastating culture of the educated middle class. The social, political and economic inequalities, communal hatred and gender discrimination are frequently taken up by the modern Indian playwrights in English. We find that the modern writers in Indian Writing in English are fully conscious of these dichotomies of modern life which have been generated by the process of industrialization and modernization in the contemporary world. Contemporary Indian drama offers us a wide spectrum of life where playwright like Mahesh Dattani has shown a special penchant for the study of man and his social environment. In his dramas man seems to be a child of his own milieu and as a prisoner of society around him. Hence man in relation to the social institutions like family and society seems to be the focal point of their plays.
Page: 144-147 Deepak Raj (Department of English, G. S. S. S., Gudiakhera)
Page: 148-149 Pooja Makkar (Department of English, JJT University, Rajasthan)
Gone are the days when children used to give due respect to their elders and teachers. During ancient times, gurus were considered next to God and it was rightly said:
Guru Gobind thou khade kake lago paayen
Balihari Guru aapne jinhe Gobind diyo milayen
Which means: both the guru and the God are standing together, whom to bow first, guru is considered the superior as he is the one who leads to God.
But with the changing trends, there is a change in the behavior of the children. They have become more aggressive, impatient and manipulative. Traits like honesty, mercy, pity, etc. are long lost. It is commonly seen that they fight at petty issues like; complaining to the teachers, not giving assignment for H.W, not allowing them to cheat in the papers etc. Aping western culture has a great influence on their mind and now they no longer prefer the old traditions prevalent in India. No doubt, they are continuously being taught, to behave properly in and outside the class but disputes among them have become a common sight .They don't even feel any hesitation using abusive words among themselves. Sharing and helping others have just become a common line good to be read in the books, but their practice is a farfetched cry. What is the reason that children have lost their values? Where is the gap? If someone tries to reason them, they just ignore or start giving arguments saying that it's the generation gap. But is it really so?? Of course Not! There is something wrong in the system which requires due consideration. Today, everyone is concerned about getting 95% & 98% but no one cares to improve themselves as a human being. Who is to be blamed; parents, students or teachers? This questions needs to be mused deeply in everyone's conscience. Children are excelling themselves in every field but they are not provided with moral lessons which would also empower them spiritually. A 2year old child can use the smart phone properly, they are ahead in technology. As they grow they can compare sizes, prices and do what earlier the children of their age group were not able to do. There is no question about their intelligence but on this journey of self- discovery, aren't we leaving some traits which are essential for being a good human being? What's the necessity of our child? Can we call them happy, funny, confident and loved in the true sense? If not, why? If yes, then to what extent?
Page: 148-149 Pooja Makkar (Department of English, JJT University, Rajasthan)
Page: 150-152 Maman Singh (Department of English, Govt. Post Graduate College, Hisar, Haryana) The term 'Dalit' was first used by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in his publication Bahishkrit Bharat. In Marathi, Dalit literally means depressed or ground down. The term 'feminism' is an ideology which denotes female. It was first used in the later part of the 19th century. Actually feminism is the ideology of women's liberation as it opposes women's subjugation in family and society. It means the adage which advocates for women's complete equality with men in all spheres of life - political, social, economic, legal, familial, cultural and academic etc. The feminist movement is an organised effort to raise the voice of women and for achieving equality and rights for women. Moreover feminism is committed to the struggle for equality for women's rights and emphasises the value of women as they are. In India strong wave of feminism started in 1960s and 1970s. Since independence of India, Indian women writers have made much progress in every field including the field of writing and much of them have acquired prestigious position in this field. An emergence of female writers during the post-colonial period marks the new birth of an area which promises a new deal for the Indian women writers. The writings of Indian female writers are different from that of Indian male writers' like- R.K. Narayan, M.R. Anand, Raja Rao, Khuswant Singh and many others. It has been generally noticed that male writers write with heavy themes like war, heroism, chivalry, patriotism, action, revenge, murder, affairs of state, espionage, and sexual encounter etc. while on the other hand female writers write about women, their emotions, suffering, social condition problems, inequality, injustice, male-female relationship and women's place in the society etc. These main theme and the key issues are the things which differ females from male writers and their works reflect all these. The thematic concern of women writers leads to the emergence of the Indian women in the fast changing social milieu. They raised their voice and banner of revolt against injustice and exploitation of women in the patriarchal set up. K.K. Ruthveen remarks:
Page: 150-152 Maman Singh (Department of English, Govt. Post Graduate College, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 153-155 Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana) Indian writing in English is a relatively-recent phenomena, as far as literature goes. Though one can trace such writers in India to a century back, Indian writing in English has come into force only in the last couple of decades or so. Some of these writers have achieved worldwide fame, some national, and others perhaps have to be content with a more constricted circle. The very definition of the adjective Indian here is hazy. Many of these writers neither live in India, nor are Indian citizens. To get around this haziness, I will cast my net as wide as possible and include all those writers who are related to India be it by origin, or the subject of their writingswhether they admit it or not, whether they like it or not!
Page: 153-155 Ajay Kumar (Department of English, Govt. College, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 156-158 नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) प्रेमचंद को किसान जीवन का महान रचनाकार माना जाता है। किसान जीवन की समस्याओं के प्रति जो गहराई और गम्भीरता उनकी रचनाओं मंे दिखती है वह उनकी राष्ट्रीय हित चिन्ता के कारण है। प्रेमचन्द अत्यन्त विरल कोटि की साहित्यिक प्रतिभा थे। वे सच्चे अर्थों में साहित्यकार थे जिन्होंने वर्तमान के यथार्थ के पार जाकर आगत को अपनी दृष्टि से देखा था। इसी बिन्दु पर उनकी कहानियाँ और उपन्यास आज के लिए भी पूर्ण सार्थक और संगत है। प्रेमचन्द द्वारा रचित ‘गोदान’ कृषक जीवन का अमर महाकाव्य है। ‘गोदान’ कृषक जीवन और ग्रामीण समाज को पूरे विस्तार में मापता और गहराई में जाँचता है। अपने पात्रों की हर दुखती रग पर उंगली रख प्रेमचन्द उसका दर्द पूरी संवेदना मंे चित्रित करते हैं। वस्तुतः ‘गोदान’ में छोटे किसान की गरीबी का तो त्रासद चित्रण है ही, किसान की किसान से मजदूरी की ओर चले जाने की एक दुर्वह पीड़ा है, जिसे होरी जीवन भर ढोता है।
Page: 156-158 नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा)
Page: 159-161 नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा) आधुनिक अर्थ में कबीर को समाज सुधारक या समाज-द्रष्टा नहीं कह सकते। उनकी चेतना मूलतः आध्यात्मिक थी। वे समाज- रचना के लिए किसी प्रकार के सुधारवादी आंदोलन के पुरस्कर्ता न होकर मानव आत्मा की मुक्ति के लिए आध्यात्मिक संघर्ष करने वाले साधक थे। उनका सारा संघर्ष आसक्ति एवं तृष्णा के विरुद्ध था। वे ‘मन‘ को जीतने के लिए सन्तों और भक्तों को प्रेरित करते रहते थे। वे जब संसार में अनादि काल से व्याप्त दुःख के मूल कारण पर विचार करते थे तो उन्हें लगता था कि आसक्तियों पर जय प्राप्त न कर सकने के कारण ही सारा संसार दुःखी है। उन्होंने कहा है कि क्या गृही, क्या वैरागी सभी दुःखी हैं। ‘जोगी’, ‘जंगम’, ‘तपसी’, ‘अवधू’ सभी दुःखी हैं सभी ‘आसा’, ‘त्रिसना’ से ग्रस्त हैं। राजा हो या रंग दुःख की परिधि से बाहर कोई नहीं है। मनुष्यों की कौन कहे ‘ब्रह्मा’, ‘विष्णु’ और ‘महेश’ भी जिन्होंने सृष्टि के उद्भव और विकास का क्रम चलाया है-दुःखी हैं। आचार्य शुकदेव संसार के दुःख का अनुमान करके ही गर्भ से ही विरक्त होकर तपश्चर्या में लीन हो गये थे। इस संसार में मन को जीतने वाले संत ही सुखी हैं।
Page: 159-161 नीलम कुमारी (हिन्दी विभाग, फतहचन्द महिला महाविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा)
Page: 01-04 Himadri Roy (School of Gender and Development Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, Delhi)
Page: 01-04 Himadri Roy (School of Gender and Development Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New…
Page: 05-06 Saroj Bishnoi and Sneha Sharma (Department of English, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 05-06 Saroj Bishnoi and Sneha Sharma (Department of English, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana) Girish…
Page: 07-11 Pratap Kumar Dash (Department of English Rajendra University, Balangir, Odisha)
Page: 07-11 Pratap Kumar Dash (Department of English Rajendra University, Balangir, Odisha) Literary writings have focused on…
Page: 12-14 Saroj Bishnoi and Sneha Sharma (Department of English, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 12-14 Saroj Bishnoi and Sneha Sharma (Department of English, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana) Girish…
Page: 15-18 Chhaya Mangesh Kashid (Waghire College of Art, Commerce and Science Saswad, Pune, Maharashtra)
Page: 15-18 Chhaya Mangesh Kashid (Waghire College of Art, Commerce and Science Saswad, Pune, Maharashtra) This paper…
Page: 19-21 Naitik Saini (Independent Researcher, Bangalore, Karnataka)
Page: 19-21 Naitik Saini (Independent Researcher, Bangalore, Karnataka) Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) was a renowned Indian philosopher, speaker…
Page: 22-24 Tushar Kumar (Independent Studies, Gurugram, Haryana)
Page: 22-24 Tushar Kumar (Independent Studies, Gurugram, Haryana) Osho, a controversial spiritual teacher and philosopher, advocated for…
Page: 25-28 Pratima Chavan (Department of English, Dr. D.Y. Patil Arts, Commerce & Science College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra)
Page: 25-28 Pratima Chavan (Department of English, Dr. D.Y. Patil Arts, Commerce & Science College, Pimpri…
Page: 29-39 वर्षा मीणा एवम् संतोष मीणा (वनस्थली विद्यापीठ, निवाई, टोंक, राजस्थान)
Page: 29-39 वर्षा मीणा एवम् संतोष मीणा (वनस्थली विद्यापीठ, निवाई, टोंक, राजस्थान) यह शोध मीणा जनजाति क…
Page: 01-03 Areebah Chaudhary1 and Nayanika Singh2 (Grade 12, Carmel Convent School, Sector 9, Chandigarh1 and Ex-Assistant Professor, Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi State Institute of Public Administration, Sector-26, Chandigarh, Government of Punjab2)
Page: 01-03 Areebah Chaudhary1 and Nayanika Singh2 (Grade 12, Carmel Convent School, Sector 9, Chandigarh1 and…
Page: 04-06 Maithili Janye1, Mohamed Natheem2, Khushi3, Sayali Kurhade4, Shiwani Kumari5, and Kuldeep Kumar6 (Clinical Research- Fortis Hospitals Limited, Mumbai1, Trainee Research Scholar- Fortis CSR Foundation & Fortis Hospitals Limited, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore1, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana3, Fortis Hospitals Limited, Mumbai4, Fortis Hospitals Limited, Cunningham Road, Bangalore5 (Clinical Research Division) Fortis Healthcare Limited6)
Page: 04-06 Maithili Janye1, Mohamed Natheem2, Khushi3, Sayali Kurhade4, Shiwani Kumari5, and Kuldeep Kumar6 (Clinical Research-…
Page: 7-9 Naitik Saini (Independent Study, Bangalore, Karnataka)
Page: 7-9 Naitik Saini (Independent Study, Bangalore, Karnataka) Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing many sectors, including the…
Page: 10-12 Gunjan Saini (Independent Study, Panchkula, Haryana)
Page: 10-12 Gunjan Saini (Independent Study, Panchkula, Haryana) The 20th century marked a revolutionary period in Indian…
Page: 01-03
Abdul Salaam Rahimi and Asifa Karim (Department of Persian literature, Education Faculty, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan)

Abdulrahman jami son of Nazameddin Ahmed Dashti was born on 23th Shahban817 AHwhich is equal to 1414 ACat KharjordJam, Kharjord is located at TorbatJam in Iran, centuries back all these places were named as Khorasan from Herat to Balkh and Samarqand to Bukhara.
Page: 01-03 Abdul Salaam Rahimi and Asifa Karim (Department of Persian literature, Education Faculty, Herat…
Page: 04-08
Fazal Ahmad Fazel (Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Herat University, Herat, Afghanista)

A child is the purest flower in Islam. Thus, this act can harm the feeling of humanity. Today's child abuse is one of the most regretful world news. That causes the terrible heart of a human. Children do not know about their rights, and they cannot protect themselves in family and society. This difficulty in society put terrible traditions into the future of the child. The traditions that cannot be compensated. Child abuse in every kind and every country is called crime and has its rules. This subject by the attention of young persons in our country is important and should be basic paces.
Page: 04-08 Fazal Ahmad Fazel (Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Herat…
Page: 09-12
Nayanika Singh and Gunjan Gupta (Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi State Institute of Public Administration, Sector 26, Chandigarh, Govt. of Punjab,1 and D.R.A Bhavan Vidyalaya, Chandigarh2)

“The collective unconscious consists of the sum of the instincts and their correlates, the archetypes. Just as everybody possesses instincts, so he also possesses a stock of archetypal images” (Jung, 1948).
Page: 09-12 Nayanika Singh and Gunjan Gupta (Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi State Institute of…
Page: 13-16
Mohammad Saddiq Haqiq and Enayatullah Sedeqyar (Faculty of Islamic studies, Herat University, Herat Afghanistan)

There is no doubt that a perfect Muslim is a person who other Muslims are safe from the harassment of his tongue and his hand, as long as the true believer is the one who people trust him on their blood and property; So those who have not benefited this sublime and supreme human dignity as people are harassed by their language and hand; and their lives, property and reputation are not safe; Surely such people will oppress both themselves and the Islamic community and not only do they not have a good name in the world, they will be humiliated, humbled and discredited by the people and in the hereafter, they must see the punishment of their oppressors and their oppressors, no doubt on a day that neither benefits mankind nor the offspring and their dependents, unless the one who has come to the presence of his Lord with a gentle and faithful heart.
Page: 13-16 Mohammad Saddiq Haqiq and Enayatullah Sedeqyar (Faculty of Islamic studies, Herat University, Herat…
Page: 17-19
Neetu Sangwan (Department of English, Hindu Girls College, Sonipat, Haryana)

Almost every literary genius has chosen family as a literary theme as family is considered as the most requisite social institution that brings solace and contention in the life of every individual in spite of adverse conditions. With the passage of time, technology and urbanization brings change not only in physical appearance of this modern and the postmodern society but also brings drastic transition in conventional ideas and concepts of the denizens of this patriarchal society.
Page: 17-19 Neetu Sangwan (Department of English, Hindu Girls College, Sonipat, Haryana)
Page: 20-24
Suparna Sharma (BRCM Law College, Behal)

The purpose of punishment1 or sentence is well explained by Manu, the supreme law of Hinduism. “Punishment rules all mankind; punishment alone keeps them; punishment arises while their gods are asleep; the prudent regarded the punishment as a punishment”.2 Friedman states in his book 'the law on social change'; and as it should be a decisive decision for public awareness.3
Page: 20-24 Suparna Sharma (BRCM Law College, Behal)
Page: 25-26
Anuradha (Independent Scholar English, Sirsa, Haryana)

In this novel, Shashi Deshpande talks about the prolonged silence not only of the protagonist Jaya but also of every middle-class educated woman in India. Shashi Deshpande's success lies in her representation of real-life experience. She focuses on modern educated and career-oriented middle-class women who are sensitive to the changing times and situations. Her women characters suffer in silence for the sake of social and moral security. Moreover, here in the novel the writer wants to convey that it is not only the patriarchal system wholly which is solely responsible for the worsening condition of women but even women share the responsibility. Women suffer everything in silence, without protesting, which has caused their subjugation. Shashi Deshpande has vigorously tried to paint the humiliating and suffocating environment where women feel fettered. She has protested against several types of exploitation of women. In the present novel, silence has been used as a metaphor. Silence is a patriarchal symbol. A girl is socialized to be silent, as being eloquent and loud are not the traits that society deems fit for them. Consequently, they keep on being silent and bear everything with this weapon but gradually this very silence eats away the very vitals of their existence.
Page: 25-26 Anuradha (Independent Scholar English, Sirsa, Haryana)
Page: 27-29 Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana) The talk about gender discrimination is quite common and has achieved a special focus in a number of conferences and seminars. Ironically enough it is still an open-ended topic even after so much discussion. Related with all these, certain terms have emerged such as women empowerment and women liberalization. What all this whole gamut of terminology means? To how much extent these discussions or such concepts are relevant? How all such things began? To what extent these will go? Is there any practical aspect of all this or is this merely theoretical? These and many other such questions are there which are considerable and need a timely answer.
Page: 27-29 Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana)
Page: 30-32 Gunjan Saini (Independent Scholar, Panchkula, Haryana)
Page: 33-36 Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana) Anita Desai believes firmly in the impeccable dignity and in the inviolable sanctity of the self. In her novels she highlights the fact that without this sense of dignity and sanctity of the self, existential awakening of the self remains vulnerable and the inner space can once again become contaminated. She is an explorer par excellence of the interior human experience. Desai portrays the monotony of quotidian dreams of the individual, the probable impossibility of knowing one's own self and the paradoxical nature of human existence. Desai herself feels that all her writing is an effort to discover and then to underline and finally to convey the true significance of things.
Page: 33-36 Nitika Rani (Department of English, Government College, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages:555-559
M. Manisekhar (Department of HRM, A.U. Campus, Kakinada) S. Minor Babu (Department of Psychology, Andhra University, AP)

Mental, emotional and behavioral disorders may occur during childhood and adolescence. All can have a serious impact on a child's overall health. Some disorders are more common than others, and conditions range from mild to severe. In this context, the present study attempted to analyse the mental health status of school children in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh. The sample of the present study covered 9th and 10th classes belonging to low SES urban and rural schools situated in Visakhapatnam city and Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh. At the end, the study gave interesting results of differences in mental health status between low SES rural and urban adolescent students of 9th and 10th classes.
Pages:555-559 M. Manisekhar (Department of HRM, A.U. Campus, Kakinada) S. Minor Babu (Department of Psychology, Andhra University…
Pages:1-3
Sunitti Kalra (Research Scholar, Department of English, Singhania University, Rajasthan)

Indian women novelists in English have been presenting woman as the center of concern in their novels. A woman's search for identity is a recurrent theme in their fiction. Kamala Markandaya is one of the finest and most distinguished Indian novelists in English of the post colonial era who is internationally recognized for her masterpiece 'Nectar in a Sieve' published in 1954. She has achieved a world-wide distinction by winning Asian Prize for her literary achievement in 1974. Endowed with strong Indian sensibility, she depicts women's issues and problems very deeply in her novels. A woman's quest for identity and redefining her self finds reflection in her novels and constitutes a significant motif of the female characters in her fiction. Her deep instinctive insight into women's problems and dilemmas helps her in drawing a realistic portrait of a contemporary woman. She explores and interprets the emotional reactions and spiritual responses of women and their predicament with sympathetic understanding.
Pages:1-3 Sunitti Kalra (Research Scholar, Department of English, Singhania University, Rajasthan)
Pages:4-5
Mahesh Kumar and Rakesh Pathak (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Arun Joshi represents the younger generation of Indo English novelists. The writings of Joshi turn inward rather than outward in their analysis of persons, places and things. There is an indubitably existential approach manifest in them. A few of the famous and popular novels written by Joshi are The Foreigner, The Strange Case of Billy Biswas, The Apprentice, and The Last Labyrinth. His main concerns in them appear to be : hypocrisy, bribery, falsehood, drunkenness, womanizing, unjust distribution of money and the problem of adjustment in a culturally degraded and dehumanized society. The protagonists in his novels, who are all males, are bitten deep down in their hearts and look completely disconsolate and dispirited in an unwholesome world around them. In The Foreigner, we have Sindi Oberoi, who belongs to no place and to none, reminding us of Yank in O'Neil's play The Hairy Ape.
Pages:4-5 Mahesh Kumar and Rakesh Pathak (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:8-9
Preeti (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Hayavadana is one of the most popular and famous plays of Girish Karnad. Hayavadana, a mythological play, has won the playwright much fame and name in India and abroad. In addition to thematic richness, Hayavadana is also a bold experiment in dramatic-technique. It holds an illuminating lesson for all practitioners of Indian drama. The entire play is cast in the form of ancient Sanskrit folk-drama. But this folk drama is adopted for popular presentation.
Pages:8-9 Preeti (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:10
Menoti (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Khuwshwant Singh is the most controversial, yet the most readable writer that we have today. He is a versatile genius who championed almost all the fields of writing novels, journalism, history, short stories and even jokes, which fetch him a good royalty. His brilliant craftsmanship and narrative techniques are reflected in Train to Pakistan, I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale, Delhi- A Novel and the Company of Women. When his novel The Company of Women was attacked for its sexuality Khushwant Singh emphatically opined: “I think that explains the success of my last novel - The Company of Women. It was really a memoir of my own fantasies in old age. People pretend to be very shocked and yet for the eighth week it has been on top of the bestseller list. So there are dual standards. They like to condemn me for writing it for they consider it pornography. Yet they try it, and the sales keep going up.”
Pages:10 Menoti (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:11-12
Deepshikha Duhan (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Mulk Raj Anand is one of the few prolific Indian writers in English who have earned a good name as major novelists. The most recurrent theme in his novels that strikes the reader is his treatment of the oppressed and suppressed classes of society. His subject is man. He proclaims, “If you ask me why I write so many novels, I say it is because I love!”1 Anand considers literature and art as the instruments of humanism and in his opinion the novel is “the most human of European forms of creative literature.”2 He says, “… my media was the whole of my varied experience the theme of my work became the whole man and the whole gamut of human relationships rather than only a single part of it.”3
Pages:11-12 Deepshikha Duhan (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:13-14
Manjeet (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Raja Rao's first novel Kanthapura shows him in complete mastery of the various aspects of the novel as a form of art. Never again since this masterpiece of Indo-Anglian fiction on the theme of Indian struggle for freedom has been able to recapture the perfect harmony of plot, character, dialogue and narrative on one hand, and fantasy and the realism on the other.
Pages:13-14 Manjeet (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:15-18
Anju Nain1 and Ravi Bhushan Sharma2 (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan1, BPS Mahila Vishwavidalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat2)

Since the women started taking part in all spheres of human activities either it is social, economic or political, the ratio of gender discrimination has started falling as today's woman does not considers herself as a frail but they have understood that this discrimination has not been framed by the God but it is male dominated society that has imposed on them and compelled them to be submissive to grid their own axe. Now this campaign of women to break their silence is rapidly enhancing on national and international levels as they are interfering and making their presence essential in the arena of each and every field of work. Today's woman is an emerging woman who is more dynamic and energetic coming in the front with full preparation for searching their identity. That is why all the social improvers, performers and detractors have sharpened their pen to pen woman's predicament and dilemma. Indeed, numbers of feminist writers are growing day by day awakening the woman towards her individuality, her icon and her aspires and ideas in the society. Anita Desai is also one among them who started out the work for the welfare of middle class woman. Desai officially launched her career as a novelist in 1963 with the British publication of Cry, the Peacock.
Pages:15-18 Anju Nain1 and Ravi Bhushan Sharma2 (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan1…
Pages:19-20
Manjeet (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Raja Rao has been hailed as a great novelist all over the world. In spite of his meager output he stands in the front rank of Indian-English novelists. He is perhaps the most brilliant and certainly the most interesting writer of modern India. Raja Rao's fame rests on his three novels-'Kanthapura', 'The Serpent and the Rope' and 'The Cat and Shakespeare'.' 'The Serpent and the Rope” is the fruit of Raja Rao's maturity, and he was at once hailed as a pioneer in the field of metaphysical fiction. All the wisdom of the Indian scriptures the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Gita has been summed up and presented in the form of this story. 'The Serpent and the Rope' has been recognized as a “Modern India Mahapurana (Major Epic Legend) in Miniature”1 It is a novel which combines in it a proper artistic balance Indian identity and Western technique of fiction. Prof. M.K. Naik regards the novel as the tragic story of a “marriage of minds” which drifts into “a spiritual autobiography.2
Pages:19-20 Manjeet (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:21-23
Sunitti Kalra (Research Scholar, Department of English, Singhania University, Rajasthan)

Kamala Markandaya was genuinely concerned with the problems of rural India before independence. Among many ailments, hunger and degradation were the most torturing and disgusting .They were the greatest social concerns of India before freedom. In her various novels, she had dealt with several problems concerning various aspects of India like social, political, national and international in the form of the East-West Confrontation. References to human degradation could be found in almost all her novels .Her tragic vision found its best expression in her novels which she filled with her social concerns. She did it for the sake of human amelioration and betterment.”Kamala Markandaya's novels are generated by the tragic vision that finds in contemporary life a fruitful seed bed for conflict.”1
Pages:21-23 Sunitti Kalra (Research Scholar, Department of English, Singhania University, Rajasthan)
Pages:24-26
Neeru Bala (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

The beginning of Indian literature in English is traced to the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, by which time English education was more or less firmly established in the three major centers of British power in India. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social reformist from Bengal who fought for widow remarriage and voting rights for women, was the pioneer of Indian writing in English. Roy insisted that for India to be included among the world's nations, education in English was essential. He therefore, campaigned for introduction of scientific education in India through the English medium.
Pages:24-26 Neeru Bala (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:27-28
Suman Yadav1 and Virender Yadav2 (Department of English, Singhania Universty Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan2)

T.S.Eliot's The Waste Land is a vivid description of the cultural and moral degeneration of the world. Here everything is in a state of chaos and confusion. Today's wastelanders have no cultural values to sustain them. Ethical values have lost their charm once and for all. These lines prove it clearly: "The good want power, but to weep barren tears, the powerful goodness wants: worse need for them. The wise want love; and those who love want wisdom; and all best things are thus confused to ill."1
Pages:27-28 Suman Yadav1 and Virender Yadav2 (Department of English, Singhania Universty Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan2)
Pages:29-30
Renu Dahiya1 and Prem Prakash Khatri2 (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

The book, Heat and Dust by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala displays people with differing views of India in two time periods. Some accepting the culture and some not. Acceptance and personal choice is a reoccurring theme in the book and plays a significant role in Olivia's and the narrator's experiences in India. In the novel, levels of society are apparent. This is shown in the manner in which the English behave towards the Indian servants in 'Heat and Dust'. (P 27 '...Olivia saw that one of the slovenly servants had come in, wearing slovenly shoes... and of course it was a mark of disrespect for a servant.....
Pages:29-30 Renu Dahiya1 and Prem Prakash Khatri2 (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:31-32
Vibha Dulla and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Jane Austen has been called the “prose Shakespeare,” and Sir Walter Scott; one of age's greatest writers, once lamented that her “exquisite touch, which renders ordinary common place things and characters interesting, from the truth of the expression and the sentiment, is refused to me.” Sir Walter Scott believed that Miss Austen is one of the greatest novelists of all time. Some critics have even claimed that she is the first great novelist. Miss Austen's importance on literature, through her novels is equivalent to Shakespeare. There are Austen societies and circles, and the Regency Period of her novels has become the preferred setting for several historical romances (Felder 46). They are mostly overheated and sentimental imitations of her work. She set precedence for romance. She gave every woman an idea of what true love means. Miss Austen did this in an unexaggerated but still compassionate way (Sherry 89). Jane Austen had an ironic humour to all of her works that made her an original.
Pages:31-32 Vibha Dulla and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:33-37
Vanita Kohli and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami was an Indian author whose works of fiction include a series of books about people and their interactions in an imagined town in India called Malgudi. He is one of three leading figures of early Indian Literature in English, along with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. He is credited with bringing Indian literature in English to the rest of the world, and is regarded as one of India's greatest English language novelists.
Pages:33-37 Vanita Kohli and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:38-40
Anita Juneja and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

It was no accident that Auden returned to Christianity shortly after Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, thus beginning World War II in Europe. The attack and Auden's thoughts on it furnished the subject of one of his most famous poems, “September 1, 1939.” (Many years later Brodsky wrote a long essay on it, and after our own tragedy on 9/11/2001 one New Yorker recalled that the poem, along with another slightly earlier one, “Musée des Beaux Arts,” “sprang to renewed life……….as the embodiments of our mood, posted on Web sites and subway walls.”1) Before coming to the United States in early 1939, Auden's varying leftist political convictions included a belief in the natural goodness of humans and the power of reason to bring about a better world. But the mounting attack of Hitler and his followers shook that belief. Auden himself later recalled how a few months after the invasion he went to a theater in a German-American district of Manhattan and saw a German newsreel showing the attack. He was shocked when “quite ordinary, supposedly harmless Germans in the audience…….. [began] “shouting 'Kill the Poles.'”2 This experience fuelled his already gnawing doubts about the sufficiency of the liberal philosophy that had sustained him earlier in the 1930s. In an article that appeared in January 1941, he wrote, “But the whole trend of liberal thought has been to undermine faith in the absolute: in its laudable, and often successful, efforts to expose and remove particular irrationalities and injustices, it has tried to make reason the judge of whether a pact should or should not be kept.”3
Pages:38-40 Anita Juneja and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:41-44
Sudhir Khattar and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Robert Frost holds a strange and almost separate position in American letters. "Though his career fully spans the modern period and though it is impossible to speak of him as anything other than a modern poet," writes James M. Cox, "it is difficult to place him in the main tradition of modern poetry." In a sense, Frost stands at the crossroads of nineteenth-century American poetry and modernism, for in his verse may be found the culmination of many nineteenth-century tendencies and conventions as well as parallels to the works of his twentieth-century contemporaries. Taking his symbols from the public domain, Frost developed, as many critics note, an original, modern idiom and a sense of directness and economy that reflect the imagism of Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. On the other hand, as Leonard Unger and William Van O'Connor point out in Poems for Study, "Frost's poetry, unlike that of such contemporaries as Eliot, Stevens, and the later Yeats, shows no marked departure from the poetic practices of the nineteenth century." Although he avoids traditional verse forms and only uses rhyme erratically, Frost is not an innovator and his technique is never experimental.
Pages:41-44 Sudhir Khattar and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:45-47
Kamlesh and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Since when was genius found respectable? It passes in its place, indeed-which means The seventh floor back, or else the hospital Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1856)1 (Book VI, lines 275-7)1 IN 1856, two extraordinary words were published, Elizabeth Barrett Browning long narrative poem Aurora Leigh, and Thomas De Quincy's revised and greatly enlarged Confessions. Both were considered to be autobiographical, both were written by users of opium, and both were phenomenally successful. Which word has been the more influential is difficult to assess, for they are as different in subject and approach as the works of Sterne and Sartre which were paired' earlier in this series of essays. Until recently, the shadow cast by Thomas De Quincy's would have been judged the longer, even if the greatest evidence of genius in his word could be said to reside in the inspired choice of title: Confessions of an English Opium Eater. Now though, the reading of Aurora Leigh with a late twentieth century mind leads to the conviction that it deserves to be seen as much the more important word of the two.
Pages:45-47 Kamlesh and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:48-49
Suman Yadav and Virender Yadav (Department of English, Singhania Universty Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)

As a Poet, Thomas Stearns does not confine himself to an ivory tower. He cannot turn his face away from the grim realities of this rootless world. The world, in which we are living, is full of hatred, deceit, jealousy and cunningness. This all is taking place because of the absence of any positive faith. All our values whether it be moral, mental, spiritual, social, cultural, physical, intellectual, or religious have been ignored by the modern people
Pages:48-49 Suman Yadav and Virender Yadav (Department of English, Singhania Universty Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:50-51
Shiveratan Godara and Sandhya Saxena (Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan)

character, a timid, middle-aged man. Prufrock is talking or thinking to himself. The epigraph, a dramatic speech taken from Dante's "Inferno," provides a key to Prufrock's nature. Like Dante's character Prufrock is in "hell," in this case a hell of his own feelings. He is both the "you and I" of line one, pacing the city's grimy streets on his lonely walk. He observes the foggy evening settling down on him. Growing more and more hesitant he postpones the moment of his decision by telling himself "And indeed there will be time."
Pages:50-51 Shiveratan Godara and Sandhya Saxena (Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan)
Pages:52-53
Kailash Saini1 and Shammi Nagpal2 (Dravidian University Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh1 Department of English, Dayanand College, Hisar2)

A woman is a companion of man, gifted with equal mental capacities. She has the right to participate in every minutest detail in the activities of man, and she has an equal right to freedom and liberty with him. - Mahatma Gandhi Woman have been subjugated since ages. They have been treated like commodities. From the very beginning of this universe, women have been discriminated simply because they were women. It was expected that they should remain docile in this patriarchal set up. The plight of women has been portrayed by various writers in different era. The French Philosopher Simon de Beauvoir in her book “The Second Sex” says:
Pages:52-53 Kailash Saini1 and Shammi Nagpal2 (Dravidian University Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh1 Department of English, Dayanand College…
Pages:54-55
Kapil Rani1 and Neelam Goyal 2 (Department of English, Dravidian University Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh1, Indian Association of Health, Research & Welfare, Hisar2)

Virginia Wolf is one of the most prominent literary figurers of twentieth century and is widely admired for her technical innovations in the novel, most notably her development of stream-of-consciousness narrative. She is best known for developing the 'stream of consciousness' method of writing in which the reader follows the characters' internal thoughts as the story unfolds. Virginia Woolf published roughly 300 notices, reviews, and critical essays (this does not include biographical essays) in a wide variety of magazines, newspapers, and journals. Woolf's first review, of William Dean Howells's The Son of Royal Langbrith, was published in the women's supplement to the Guardian, a clerical weekly, 14 December 1904, under editor Margaret Lyttleton. The Guardian would be a steady source of income until 1909. Shortly after this debut she placed a review in Academy and Literature, but she would only write four essays for them in her lifetime.
Pages:54-55 Kapil Rani1 and Neelam Goyal 2 (Department of English, Dravidian University Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh1, Indian…
Pages:56-57
Reetu Sardana (Department of English, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana)

When the English East India Company extended its area of influence in the interior parts of land, the English people saw Indians in all manners, coarse habits and halfnaked appearances. The presence of beggars, Sadhus, Sanyasies, Nagas, Fakirs and Phakkars in such large numbers amazed the English eyes and most of them concluded that India was nothing but a land of beggars and Fakirs. When a few palaces of Nawabs and princes were captured by the English East India Company, they did realize the presence of wealth in India. As they advanced towards the interior parts of land, they captured more and more palaces, Forts and royal Courts. They were pleased to find gold and jewels under their command but still they were amazed to look at the scene of India where large number of people were living in semi-civilized form.
Pages:56-57 Reetu Sardana (Department of English, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages:58-59
Satyavati and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Vikram Seth, Born on 20 June 1952 is an Indian Poet, ovelist, travel writer, librettist, children's writer and biographer. Writing Poetry: All You Who Sleep Tonight, poems, 1990 Seth is now best known for his novels, though he has characterised himself as a poet first and novelist second. He has published five volumes of poetry. His first, mappings (1980), was originally privately published; it attracted little attention and indeed Philip Larkin, to whom he sent it for comment, referred to it rather scornfully among his intimates, though he offered Seth encouragement. Whether or not Seth's poetry is expressly influenced by Larkin, it contains similar elements: a highly colloquial vocabulary and syntax with enjambment and rhyme; closely structured form but without rigidity.
Pages:58-59 Satyavati and Prem Prakash Khatri (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:60-62
J. N. Sharma (Department of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Mahrishi Dayanand University, Rohtak)

Set in the eleventh-century Scotland, Macbeth is a tragic play that explores the nature of evil through five elements- setting, plot, conflict, characterization, and theme. G. Wilson Knight describes Macbeth as Shakespeare's “most profound and mature vision of evil.” The learned critic feels that the nature of evil in Macbeth is elusive and the fear it evokes is that of nightmare. Therefore, the experience of evil is something at once insubstantial and unreal to the understanding. He also argues that in the play we are left with an over-powering knowledge of suffocating, conquering evil, and fixed by a nameless terror.
Pages:60-62 J. N. Sharma (Department of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Mahrishi Dayanand University, Rohtak)
Pages:63-65
Neeru Bala (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Women writers in India are moving forward with their strong and sure strides, matching the pace of the world. They are bustling out in full bloom spreading their own individual fragrances. They are recognized for their originality, versatility and the indigenous flavors of the soil that they bring to their work. Indian women writers like Shashi Deshpande, Arundhati Roy, Anita Desai, Kamla Das, Namita Gokhle, Shobha De, R.P.Jhabwala, and Kamla Markandaya, just to name a few, who hold their own in the woman writer's world of initial rejection, dejection, familial bonds, domesticity and what not. It is amazing to note that these writers and many more have climbed the ladder of success the slow and painful way. Kamla Markandaya too started out just like any other starry eyed young writer-in-the-making.
Pages:63-65 Neeru Bala (Department of English, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:66-67
Ashish Sangwan (The theme of renuncoation in R.K. Narayanas fiction)

In the Vendor of Sweets, Jagan's resolve to leave home and start living in nature surroundings in the forest across the river has been treated ironically. The writer exposes the duplicity and sham behaviour of the protagonist in regard to his obsession with concepts like Brahmacharya, abnegation of greed for money and a penchant for the Gandhian way of living based upon simplicity and non-violence. Jagan's nagging double mindedness while going to his wife, Ambika after marriage makes one laugh in one's sleeve. He takes a mat and sleeps in the night away from his wife in the open with an excuse that he feels too suffocated inside the room due to heat. The following lines mockingly reveal his state of mind :
Pages:66-67 Ashish Sangwan (The theme of renuncoation in R.K. Narayanas fiction)
Pages:68-70
Reena yadav (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

मीरा के समष्टिरूप काव्य का मूल स्वर प्रेम है एवं उसके एकमात्र आलम्बन है श्रीकृष्ण। हे री मैं तो दरद दीवानी मेरी दरद न जाणै कोेय। घायल की गति जाणै की जिण लाई होय।। दरद की मारी बन-बन डोलूं बैद मिल्या नहीं कोय। मीरां की प्रभु पीर मिटै जब बैद सांवलिया होय।। मीरा की इस पंक्ति - ‘‘मेरो दरद न जाणे कोय’’ में तो मानो युग-युग की विरहिणी नारी की अकथ्य वेदना ही धनीभूत हो उठी है। मीरा के पद निश्छल प्रेम पीड़ा की ऐसी की रचनाएं हैं जिनमें कल्पना का कृत्रिम कला-विलास न होकर अनुभूति का सच्चा आवेग है। प्रेम की निर्धूम ज्वाला में जलते प्राणों के ये सिसकते उच्छवास हैं। प्रेमी के लिए प्रिय का यह विरह एक प्रकार का वरदान है। विरह की वर्तिका ही प्रेम की लौ को सतत प्रज्जवलित रखती है जिसके कारण एक क्षण के लिए भी प्रिय का विस्मरण नहीं होता। विरहिणी के लिए रात और दिन में कोई अन्तर नहीं है। रात को सारा संसार सुख की नींद में सोया रहता है, परन्तु इस प्रेम वियोगिनी की आंखों में नींद कहां? वह तो रात-रात भर जागकर आंसुओं की माला पिरोती है, नयनों के जलते दीपों से प्रियतम की नीराजना करती है। कैसी अनूठी है यह लगन।
Pages:68-70 Reena yadav (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:71-73
Neelam (Department of History, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

जीन्द नगर को पहले जयंतीपुरी के नाम से जाना जाता था। ऐसी मान्यता है कि इस नगर की खोज महाभारत काल में हुई। पुरानी कहावत के अनुसार पाण्डवों ने जयन्ती देवी के सम्मान में एक मन्दिर बनवाया। जयन्ती देवी का विजय की देवी माना गया। जिसमें सफलता के पूजा-प्रार्थना की उसके बाद कौरवों के साथ युद्ध शुरू किया। जिसका नाम जयन्तीपुरी था। जिसे बाद में जीन्द के नाम से जाना जाने लगा। जीन्दः- एक जनश्रुति के अनुसार जीन्द नगर का नाम जयन्तपुरी का अपभ्रंश हैं यहां नगर के बीच में जयन्ती देवी का मन्दिर भी है। नगर बहुत पहले एक तीर्थ का ही रूप था क्योंकि यहां की पांच कोस की परिधि में अनेको प्राचीन तीर्थ स्थान है। जीन्द में कुछ कोस पर रामह्रद तीर्थ स्थित है। इन सभी स्थलों पर हर मास कहीं न कहीं मेला या समारोह होता ही रहता है।
Pages:71-73 Neelam (Department of History, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:74-76
Subhas Chander (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

कवि हो या लेखक जब वह एक विचारक के वजूद में खड़ा होता है तब उसको सारी एक देशीय भाषायीर सीमाएं टूट जाती है। आम आदमी का दर्द उसका दर्द बन जाता है। धरती आकाश के बीच अपनी बनाई हुई सीमओं में रहने वाले लोग किसी भी देश, धर्म, भाषा बोलने वाले हो। उसके अपने निजी हो जाते है। सबका दर्द उसका अपना निजी दर्द बन जाता है। तब आंसुओं को लड़िया बनती है और जब आंसू थक जाते हैं तब वह लेखनी के औजार से पीड़ा को शब्द देने में लग जाता है। एक ऐसी ही विचारक, चिंतक नासिरा शर्मा है जो साहित्य के क्षेत्रा में ठोस जमीन पर खड़ी हुई है। मैने इस पर एक नई दृष्टि से विचार किया है।
Pages:74-76 Subhas Chander (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:77-78
Reena Yadav (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

मानवीय अनुभूतियों की सिद्धि की पराकाष्ठा ही उत्तम काव्य है। जीवन के प्रति अनुराग ही मानवीय अनुभूतियों की सिद्धि है और उस सिद्धि का आधार प्रेम-तत्व है। यही प्रेम-तत्व कबीर का ढाई आखर है। जिसके सहारे मनुष्य लौकिक सम्बन्धों के रूप में तथा उस निराकार को साकार रूप में परिवर्तित करके अलौकिक सम्बन्ध के रूप में जीवन को साकार रूप देता रहा है। इसी प्रेम के दर्शन से जीवन की अनेक दृष्टिमयी चेतना पर विस्फुटित हुई है, जिनसे मनुष्य आनन्द की अनुभूति करता है। जहां कहीं मानव हृदय का कोई कोना प्रेम से आपूरित नहीं हो सका है वहीं उसने तड़प-तड़प कर उस अभाव की अनुभूति की है और उसके विकल्प को तलाश भी किया है।
Pages:77-78 Reena Yadav (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:79-80
Subhas Chander (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

नासिरा शर्मा की कहानियां जहां समाज को आईना दिखाने का कार्य करती है वहीं भाषाई आधर पर परिक्वता का परिचय देती है। भाषा के स्तर पर जब लोककथाओं के कदम आगे बढ़े तो कहानी दिखाई देने लगी और आध्ुनिक रूप में स्थापित होने के साथ ही भौगोलिक सीमाओं को तोड़कर चारों ओर अपने छीेटें बिखेरती नजर आने लगी। अपने तुलओं में धरती को छूती हुई, कहानी, खेत-खलयानों से गुजरती जागीदारों के शोषण, साहूकारों के अत्याचार, मजदूरों आसुओं का अहसास दिलाती, गांव-नगर, महानगरों में विचरण करती हुई, पारंगत आंगन में टीस कसक, कुण्ठा-शोषण आदि के धरातल पर सुख-दुख के हमसफर किरदारों की जीवंतता प्रदान करने लगी। कहानी में पुरूष को ही स्वीकार नहीं किया बल्कि नारी के भी विभिन्न रूप-स्वरूप को अपने कच्च का आधर बनाया। आज शिक्षित और आध्ुनिक नारी किन परिवर्तनों से गुजर रही है। उसका स्वभाव क्या है। उसकी मानसिकता किस रूप में करवट ले रही है?अनेक पहलुओं के दर्शन आज की कहानी में नजर आते हैं।
Pages:79-80 Subhas Chander (Department of Hindi, Singhania University Pacheri Beri, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:81-82
Bimla Lathar (Department of Hindi, C.R.M. Jat College, Hisar, Haryana)

सोने की चिड़िया कहलाने वाला भारत वर्ष सन्तों की जन्मभूमि और रचना भूमि रही है।यहाॅं समय-समय पर दानी, ऋषि, न्यायकारी और सन्त जैसी विभूतियाॅं जन्म लेती रही हैं जिनके कारण आज भी हमारा देश भारत वर्ष गौरवान्वित है। उन्हीं विभूतियों में से सन्तकाव्य धारा में हिन्दी के भक्ति काल में ज्ञानाश्रयी शाखा के सन्त कवि थे दादूदयाल। दादू का जन्म ;1544.1603 ई0द्ध अनुमानतः अहमदाबाद ;गुजरातद्ध में हुआ था। इनके जीवन वृतान्त का पता नहीं चलता। गृहस्थी त्यागकर इन्होंने 12 वर्षो तक कठिन तप किया। गुरू-कृपा से सिद्धि प्राप्त हुई तथा सकड़ों शिष्य हो गए। इनके 52 पट्टशिष्य थे, जिनमें गरीबदास, सुन्दरदास, रज्जब और बखना मुख्य हैं। दादू के नाम से दादू पंथ चल पड़ा। ये स्वभाव से साधारण और हृदय से अत्यधिक दयालु थे, इस कारण इनका नाम दादूदयाल पड़ गया। दादू हिन्दी, गुजराती, राजस्थानी आदि कई भाषाओं के ज्ञाता थे। इन्होंने सबद और साखी लिखी। इनकी रचना प्रेमभाव पूर्ण हैं। जात-पात के निराकरण, हिन्दू-मुसलमानों की एकता आदि विषयों पर इनके पद तर्क-प्रेरित न होकर हृदय-प्रेरित हैं।
Pages:81-82 Bimla Lathar (Department of Hindi, C.R.M. Jat College, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages:83-87
Mamta Rani (Singhania University, JhunJhunu)

अनुभूति और अभिव्यक्तिः सैद्धान्तिक विवेचन कविता के दो तत्व माने गए हैं - अनुभूति और अभिव्यक्ति। इन दोनों के संतुलित संयम से ही कविता का स्वरूप निर्मित होता है, कविता की संरचना सम्भव होती है। इस अध्याय के अन्तर्गत हम अनुभूति और अभिव्यक्ति के सैद्वानितक पक्ष का वर्णन करेंगे। सर्व प्रथम हम अनुभूति के अर्थ, परिभाशा व स्वरूप पर प्रकाश डालते हैं। (क) अनुभूतिः अर्थ, परिभाशा और स्वरूपः कविता के संदर्भ में संवेदना, भाव, भावना आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग प्रचुरता से किया जाता है ‘संवेदना‘ में ‘विद्‘ धातु है जिसका अर्थ है ‘बोध या प्रतीति या अनुभव‘। इसी प्रकार भाव, भावना,, अनुभव, अनुभूति, शब्द भू धातु से निर्मित है, जिसका अर्थ है ‘होना‘। प्रत्यक्ष बोध से मन मंे दुःख-सुख का प्रतीत होना ही इन सब शब्दों के अर्थों में सर्वसामान्य तत्त्व है। यदि बारीकी से होना ही इन सब शब्दों के अर्थों में सर्वसामान्य तत्व है। यदि बारीकी से विचार किया जाए और इन शब्दों के सूक्ष्म अन्तरों पर विशेश ध्यान दिया जाए ज्ञात होता है कि संवेदन में प्रत्यक्ष ऐन्द्रिय प्रतीति की तीव्रता तात्कालिकता की सीमा में निबद्वहैं इसकी अपेक्षा संवेदना अधिक व्यापक है। भाव और भावना अधिक गम्भीर शब्द है। इनमें ऐन्द्रिय संवेदना अधिक व्यापक है। भाव और भावना अधिक गम्भीर शब्द हैं। इनमें ऐन्द्रिय बोध के साथ ही विचार या चिन्तन का तत्त्व भी समाहित रहता है। प्रेम का भाव और देश-भक्ति की भावना कहने में अनुराग केवल तात्कालिक ऐन्द्रिय बोध तक सीमित नहीं है, वरन् इसके मूल में प्रेम-पात्र और देश के प्रति प्रेमी व्यक्ति और देश भक्त के मन में एक सुचिन्तित सकारण आकर्शण सकारण आकर्शण और आत्मीयता की प्रेरणा निहित रहती है। अनुभूति में ऐन्द्रिय बोध की तीव्रता के साथ ही विचार की मात्रा भी समुचित अनुपात में रहती है। अनुभूति की अपेक्षा अनुभव अधिक अर्मूत है। समान प्रकार की अनुभूतियों की श्रंृखला में से गुजर कर ही एक प्रौढ़ अनुभव प्राप्त होता है।
Pages:83-87 Mamta Rani (Singhania University, JhunJhunu)
Pages:88-91
Manju Lamba (Mahila Mahavidlaya, Jhojhu Kalan, Bhiwani)

किसी राश्ट्र की सभ्यता एवं संस्कृति के निर्माण तथा विकास में नारी का महŸवपूर्ण योगदान होता है। नारी को दया ममता, उदारता व त्याग की प्रतिमूर्ति कहा गया है। आधुनिक युग में नारी जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में पुरुश के साथ कंधे से कंधा मिलाकर चल रही है। आज की नारी किसी के साथ बांधी नहीं जाती अपितु वह स्वेच्छा से समान अधिकारों के साथ जीवन जीती है। आधुनिक समय में नारी शिक्षित होकर स्वावलम्बी बन अपने व्यक्तित्व को बनाने एवं संवारने में संलग्न है। प्राचीन ग्रन्थों में भी कहा गया है -
Pages:88-91 Manju Lamba (Mahila Mahavidlaya, Jhojhu Kalan, Bhiwani)
Pages:92-93
Neelam Rani (Makdana, Bhiwani, Haryana)

वेद सम्पूर्ण ज्ञान के आदि स्त्रोत हैं। जिन्हें ब्रह्मा की सन्तान होने का गौरव प्राप्त है। वेदों के ज्ञानभंडार में मानव जाति के उत्थान के लिए जीवन के प्रत्येक पक्ष से प्रभूत सामग्री उपलब्ध होती है। वेदों में जो कुछ ज्ञान उपलब्ध है उसे बीज रूप कह सकते हैं। वह मनुष्य की बुद्धि को सोचने-विचारने लायक बनाता है और साथ ही ऐसा सूझ-बूझ देता है कि मनुष्य अपनी भलाई के नियम, उस बीज में से ढंूढ़ लेता है। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्रा का विवेच्य विषय वेदों में वर्णित वाक्तत्त्व है जिसके विषय में प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्रा मंे विस्तार से बताया गया है - ‘ऋग्वेद’ के मण्डल 10, सूक्त 114, मन्त्रा 8, में कहा गया है- ‘‘यावद्ब्रह्म विष्ठितम तावती वाक्’’ अर्थात् जहाट्ट तक ब्रह्म व्याप्त है वहाट्ट तक वाणी का विस्तार है। यहाट्ट पर वाक् को ब्रह्मस्वरूप कहा गया है। जिस प्रकार ब्रह्म अनादि है, अनन्त है और मात्रारहित है उसी प्रकार वाक् भी अनादि, अनन्त और मात्रारहित है। वेद कहता है - ‘‘गोस्तु मात्रा न विद्यते’’।1 अर्थात् वाणी की मात्रा नहीं है। इसी बात को ‘भर्तुहरि’ ने ‘वाक्यपदीय’ में इस प्रकार कहा है -
Pages:92-93 Neelam Rani (Makdana, Bhiwani, Haryana)
Pages:94-96
Anju Sharma and R.K.Srivastava (Department of History, Singhania university, Pacheribari Distt Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)

There are a couple of museums at Bikaner. All these museums of Bikaner showcase a variety of valuable items. Some of the most well known museums at Bikaner are the Ganga Singh Museum, the Prachina Museum, the Sadul museum and the Rajasthan State Archives Museum. All the above Bikaner museums have their individual identities, which give each of them a special place in the list of all the tourist attractions of the district of Bikaner.
Pages:94-96 Anju Sharma and R.K.Srivastava (Department of History, Singhania university, Pacheribari Distt Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:97-98
Sheela Malik and Narender Kumar (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya and Pt. N. R. S.Govt College, Rohtak)

Canrad has projected the phenomenon of psychic decomposition in the presentation of his vision in Heart of Darkness. Conrad’s life and works are inseparable. Conrad’s “powerful personality” was “a personality at once simple and complex.” Heart of Darkness is a novel which clearly show the influence of psychology and psychiatry which were emerging as full fledged sciences at the time when this novel was written. Heart of Darkness embodies Marlow’s existential consciousness in searching for Kurtz. Its characterization of Kurtz and Marrow’s it reaches a philosophical level which reveals a truth about human existence like many of his heroes, he was lonely and was seeking independence. Henry James Marlow, is the narrator reminiscing about his adventures in the Congo as a boat captain, he also remember the terrible treatment of the native people by self-seeking company agent, Mr. Kurtz. The primitive culture of central Africa offers Kurtz a kind of release from the moral restraints of the civilized world as a result he has followed his own “ego-ideal” to realize himself. Douglas Brown observes in him a kind of “maniacal assertion of the self against traditional morality integrity in human dealing and low”1 Kurtz like Camus’s Clamence in The Fall claims that every things belong to him Marlow describes the attitude of Kurtz “my ivory, oh yes I heard him, my intended my ivory, my station, my rivers, my everything belonged to him.
Pages:97-98 Sheela Malik and Narender Kumar (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya and Pt. N. R. S.Govt College…
Pages:99-100
Santosh Mann and Sanjay Dhangi (Department of English, Singhania University, Rajasthan and Govt College, Mohindergarh, Haryana)

R.K. Narayan is indisputably one of the greatest Indian novelists writing in English. He is a pure artist, i.e., he believes in the dictum of art for art's sake. In his very first novel, Swami and Friends (1935) , we are introduced to a cheerful world of young school boys. His second novel, The Bachelor of Arts (1937), takes the readers to the college youth. It is the next novel, The Dark Room (1938), that shows the helpless condition of Indian women before independence. R.K. Narayan tries to give his readers the joy of a pure creative artist. As a pure artist, he interprets Indian life aesthetically with unprejudiced objectivity. Narayan's Malgudi is the chosen region which forms the background to the works of Narayan's novels as well as his short stories. It is an imaginary town, a typical South Indian town, which has been presented vividly and realistically in all the novels of Narayan. But this Malgudi becomes the microcosm of India by the expert treatment of Narayan.
Pages:99-100 Santosh Mann and Sanjay Dhangi (Department of English, Singhania University, Rajasthan and Govt College, Mohindergarh…
Pages:101-102
Asra Anjum (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)

This is a theory that has not been used in published research to examine the parents in Austen's novels. In fact, in the studies of Northanger Abbey and Sense and Sensibility, where the parents play little of an actual role within the novel, past critics have had little to say about the parents of the heroines. The critic who has come the closest is Bernard Paris, who examined character and conflict in Jane Austen's novels. In this paper, only the parenting style practiced with the heroine will be examined. The relationships between parents and the children, the way in which parents raise their children--in Austen's case, the daughters--generally has a major influence on the marriage choices that these daughters make.
Pages:101-102 Asra Anjum (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)
Pages:103-105
C. Narsimha (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)

The revolution, so frequently attempted in Italian comedy by men whose genius was unequal to the task, was reserved for Goldoni (1707- 1772) to accomplish. His life, written by himself, presents a picture of Italian manners in their gayest colors. He was a native of Venice, and from his early youth was constantly surrounded by theatrical people. At eight years of age he composed a comedy, and at fourteen he ran away from school with a company of strolling players. He afterwards prepared for the medical, then for the legal profession, and finally, at the age of twenty- seven, he was installed poet to a company of players. He now attempted to introduce the reforms that he had long meditated; he attained a purer style, and became a censor of the manners and a satirist of the follies of his country. His dialogue is extremely animated, earnest, and full of meaning; with a thorough knowledge of national manners, he possessed the rare faculty of representing them in the most life-like manner on the stage. The language used by the inferior characters of his comedies is the Venetian dialect. In his latter days Goldoni was rivaled by Carlo Gozzi (1722-1806), who parodied his pieces, and, it is thought, was the cause of his retirement, in the decline of life, to Paris. Gozzi introduced a new style of comedy, by reviving the familiar fictions of childhood; he selected and dramatized the most brilliant fairy tales, such as "Blue Beard," "The King of the Genii," etc., and gave them to the public with magnificent decorations and surprising machinery. If his comedies display little resemblance to nature, they at least preserve the kind of probability which is looked for in a fairy tale. Many years elapsed after Goldoni and Gozzi disappeared from the arena before there was any successor to rival their compositions. Among those who contributed to the perfection of Italian comedy may be mentioned Albergati (fl. 1774), Gherardo de' Rossi (1754-1827), and above all, Nota (d. 1847), who is preeminent among the new race of comic authors; although somewhat cold and didactic, he at least fulfils the important office of holding the mirror up to nature. He exhibits a faithful picture of Italian society, and applies the scourge of satire to its most prevalent faults and follies.[1]
Pages:103-105 C. Narsimha (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)
Pages:106-107
Asra Anjum (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)

Jane Austen's final novel Persuasion remains the most critically neglected text in her canon. At the time of its publication it was criticized for being “a much less fortunate performance than [her previous novels]” and viewed as little more than a substandard version of her practice of writing stories “devoid of invention...obviously all drawn from experience” (The Critical Heritage, 80, 84). For years, critics did not challenge these unimpressed opinions that served as the consensus on Austen's final and ultimate contribution to the world. A closer look at Persuasion, however, reveals it to be Austen's most revolutionary and socially interesting novel for the way that it portrays the role of the heroine in the world of 19 th century England. Persuasion is Austen's most radical novel because it accounts for and endorses a philosophy where action is based upon emotion, instinct and interest for one's own personal happiness. Additionally, in Persuasion, Austen engages in a language of allusion through the situations and characters that elicits her first novel, Pride and Prejudice. This evocation indicates that Austen intends for these two bookends of her career to be in direct dialogue with one another, and that Persuasion is a powerful revisioning of Pride and Prejudice.[1]
Pages:106-107 Asra Anjum (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)
Pages:108-109
C. Narsimha (Department of English, University, Shillong)

Here we discuss about history of the English that in 1622 he published his "Rape of the Bucket," a burlesque poem on the petty wars which were so common between the towns of Italy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The expedition undertaken by the Bolognese for its recovery forms the basis of the twelve mock-heroic cantos of Tassoni. To understand this poem requires a knowledge of the vulgarisms and idioms which are frequently introduced in it. About the same period, Bracciolini (1566-1645) produced another comic- heroic poem, entitled the "Ridicule of the Gods," in which the ancient deities are introduced as mingling with the peasants, and declaiming in the low, vulgar dialect, and making themselves most agreeably ridiculous. Somewhat later appeared one more example of the same species of epic, "The Malmantile," by Lippi (1606-1664). This poem is considered a pure model of the dialect of the Florentines, which is so graceful and harmonious even in its homeliness. The seventeenth century was remarkable for the prodigious number of its dramatic authors, but few of them equaled and none excelled those of the preceding age. The opera, or melodrama, which had arisen out of the pastoral, seemed to monopolize whatever talent was at the disposal of the stage, and branches formerly cultivated sank below mediocrity. Amid the crowd of theatrical corrupters, the name of Andreini (1564-1652) deserves peculiar mention, not from any claim to exemption from the general censure, but because his comedy of "Adam" is believed to have been the foundation of Milton's "Paradise Lost." Andreini was but one of the common throng of dramatic writers, and it has been fiercely contended by some, that it is impossible that the idea of so sublime a poem should have been taken from so ordinary a composition as his Adam. His piece was represented at Milan as early as 1613, and so has at least a claim of priority, Menzini (1646-1708) and Salvator Rosa (1615- 1675) were the representatives of the satire of this century; the former distinguished for the purity of his language and the harmony of his verse; the latter for his vivacity and sprightliness.
Pages:108-109 C. Narsimha (Department of English, University, Shillong)
Pages:110-112
Promila Kumari (T.G.T. in C.C.S., H.A.U., Campus School Hisar)

Muslim are the inalienable part of Indian culture, for they are residing in India for thousands of years. Though they are not the natural inhabitants of country yet there role and appearance in Indian politics cannot be overlooked. The role of Muslims during the freedom struggle has been the theme of several recent studies. Many of these deal with specific movements and institutions or cover certain regions over a period of time. Some of the scholars tend to emphasise the separatist trends among Muslims which in their judgement, result in the creation of a separate Muslim country namely Pakistan.
Pages:110-112 Promila Kumari (T.G.T. in C.C.S., H.A.U., Campus School Hisar)
Pages:113-114
Balbir Singh (Department of History, N.M. Govt. P.G. College, Hansi, Hisar, Haryana)

In the history of India during the Mughal Empire, taking advantage of the prevalent situation many powers for example Portusuese (1498), British (1600), Dutch (1602), Denish (1616) and French (1664) came to India and made efforts to establish supremacy. A long struggle ensued. Of them the Britisht, ultimately established supremacy that lasted upto 1947. But unlike the Mughals, the British remained alien both in thought and action. The policies and actions of the British created unrest among :11# Indian people, which burst as the revolt of 1857% Imperialist exploitation of the Indian people, inhuman land revenue policy, annexation of Awadh, act of 1856- general service enlistment act, Christianity, ruin of artisans, greased; cartridges, excessive taxation, political operation and racist policies, famines, defective judicial system, regaining of ancesktil estates and treasonable behaviour with the Mughal Emperor and Rani of Thansi generally caused the revolt of 1857.
Pages:113-114 Balbir Singh (Department of History, N.M. Govt. P.G. College, Hansi, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages:115-116
Promila Kumari (T.G.T. in C.C.S., H.A.U., Campus School, Hisar, Haryana)

The birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was the most important political development in the country during the later half of the Nineteenth century. For more than twenty years after that it completely dominated the political life of India, it is difficult to think of any or country in which a single political institution played such a dominant role for more than fifty years in the liberation of a country from British colonial rule. The birth of the Congress crystallized for the first time the new political forces in India which till then had been localized and scattered. It created a sense of common brotherhood based on common aims and grievances, bringing together people from Calcutta to Madras and from Lahore to Bombay. The Indian National congress had a national title and a national ideology. It was as the title indicated a body of all Indians. It had nothing to do with any religious, either or social group or community. It claimed to represent all Indians irrespective of caste, creed or religion and region. Its programme included the greater association in every branch of administration which later on came to be modified at the attainment by the people of India self-government or Swaraj.
Pages:115-116 Promila Kumari (T.G.T. in C.C.S., H.A.U., Campus School, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages:117-118
P. V. V. Satyanarayana Raju (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)

Literature is an art using which one can easily express human feelings, emotions, suffering and joys to the world without any physical presence. Medium of writing for expressing is universal and appeals to each and every community of readers across the world . Indo- Anglian literature has always been in lime-light for its ability to attract readers through its treasure of divine thoughts . Such a literature is highly influenced by Indian culture , history and socio- economic differentiation present in India. Mulk Raj Anand himself is a shining gem in the collection of various Indo-Anglian writers of India. As socially committed novelist Anand has produced a good deal of literature. He has written more than a dozen novels and about seventy short stories and a host of essays and articles on a number of subjects. His novels fall into two categories namely social and autobiographical novels. He focused his attention on the sufferings, misery and wretchedness of the poor as a result of the exploitation of the downtrodden class of the Indian society. Religious hypocrisy, feudal system, East-West encounter, the place of woman in the society, superstitions, poverty, hunger and exploitation are his common themes.
Pages:117-118 P. V. V. Satyanarayana Raju (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)
Pages:119-120
Archana Sehgal (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya)

“Hain aur bhi duniya mein sukhanwar bahut achche, kehte hain ki Ghalib ka hai andaaz-e-bayan aur”. In the era when four greatest poets of Urdu lived viz., Ghalib, Zauq, Momin and Zafar, Ghalib reigned supreme and it so remains till today. His class is that of Shakespeare or a Kalidas. One line of such laureate gets interpreted in infinite number of ways in various contexts and at different points of time. Like Eliot he was quite handsome and over bearing temperamentally. Around the age of 25, his poetic talent had finally developed. A great scholar and master of many great languages of all times, his literary canvass is of immeasurable range be it the groups, classes of people or philosophy, life styles of mind sets and thoughts steam, but there is one characteristic trait of ordinary mundaneness that never touched him. Philosophy and deep contemplation are pretty variegated in his writings: “Ishq mujh ko nahin vehshat hi sahi, Mere vehshat teri shohrat hi sahi” “Koi din gar zindgani aur hai, Apne ji mein hamne thani aur hai” “Ishq par zor nahin, hai ye woh aatish Ghalib, Jo lagaaye naa lage, aur bujhaye na bane” Following closely in the footsteps of Meer Taqi Mir, the innovative father of Urdu 'Ghazal', Ghalib took the glare to its dizzying heights with his profound approach to 'Love' which has caused more heart-breaks than fulfillment. Assad ullah's famous verse, 'Aashiqui sabr talab aur tamanna betaab, dil ka kya rang karoon khoon-e-jigar hone tak' deeply conveys the conflict between what love demands and how impatient is the longing for its realization the lover here knows full well that he is headed for disaster with his heart bleeding to no end. The use of poetic device of 'double entendre' renders this part of the composition highly rofound the lover expresses his inability to hold (rang) his heart full of love; of course, it turns red with blood all over.
Pages:119-120 Archana Sehgal (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya)
Pages:121-122
Sharmila (Department of English, CMJ University, Meghalaya)

Shrishti se pehle sat nahin tha, Asat bhi nahin; Antariksh bhi nahin, Aakash bhi nahin thaa Chhipa thaa kya, kahaan kisne dhakaa thaa, Us pal to agam atal jal bhi kahaan thaa. Shrishti kaa kaun hai karta,Kartaa hai vaaha karta, Unche aakash mein rehta, Sadaa adhyaksh banaa rehta, Wohi sach much mein jaanta, Yaa nahin bhi jaanta, Hai kisi ko nahin pataa, nahin pataa Nahin hai pataa…. Nahin hai pataa….1 Discovery of India was written by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, when he was imprisoned for five months in the Ahmednagar fort during the Indian independence movement. He was jailed for his participation in the Quit India movement along with other Indian leaders, and he used this time to write down his thoughts and knowledge about India's history. The book was first publication in 1946, a year before India gained independence and provides a broad view of Indian history, philosophy and culture, as viewed from the eyes of a liberal Indian fighting for the independence of his country. This book was dedicated to the Prisoners of Ahmednagar jail, and became the basis of the 53-episode Indian television series Bharat Ek Khoj, first broadcast in 1988. Many scholars who have published elaborate studies in the field of Indian History have called the book as a classic. This book has been a challenge for Nehru and Indira Gandhi as well who was a teen aged girl at that time and had to shoulder the burden of reading the typescript and editing it before getting it published and one must praise the efforts put by her as there minor or no flaws in her job.
Pages:121-122 Sharmila (Department of English, CMJ University, Meghalaya)
Pages:123-127
Archana Sehgal (C M J University, Meghalaya)

A dedicated devotee of Donne, Dryden and Alexander Pope in practicing ratiocinative strain in his poetic thought, Eliot a prolific genius of the 20th century, endeavored hard to exclude 'pure emotion' of the Romantics from his writings. It is assumed that an all prevailing element of mystery in his poetry is due to the unhappy circumstances in his life. His first marriage to a mentally unstable lady, Vivienne Haighwood, in 1915 and an even more painful separation from her in 1933, is majorly responsible for the mystery in all his works written after his marriage. Also his conversion to Anglicanism in 1927 further added to the element of mystery in all his subsequent works. As if all this was enough, he married again in 1957 when he was 69 and became even more obscure. The epitome of mystery can be seen through his last great work 'The Four Quartets' as nowhere before. These four poems are about the spiritual renewal and the connections of personal and historical past and present.
Pages:123-127 Archana Sehgal (C M J University, Meghalaya)
Pages:128-131
Deepak Raj (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)

Many writers have endeavoured to define and analyze the status of women in Indian Society. Sensitive people feel deeply concerned about her position when it starts deteriorating. Woman as a victim of oppression and exploitation thus attracts social reformers, sociologists and men of literature in their quest for a harmonious outlook towards her status and role. At present, the oppression and exploitation of women have increased manifold. With the help of education and medical science, its sweep is astounding. Crime against women is rising at an alarming rate year after year. Women are forced to bear the burnt of violence as well as go through the ignominious outrage done to her body. Problems relating to incompatible marriages, child marriage, divorce, rapes, abortion laws and questions related to inheritance or widowhood, are some of the issues which are focussed in literature. These are still the issues which need satisfactory solution.
Pages:128-131 Deepak Raj (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)
Pages:132-135
Kamlesh (Singhania University, Pachari Bari, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)

Elizabeth Barrett Moulton Barrett was a Regency child born in 1806 to parents who profited from the Slave Trade to the West Indies, her father, Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, owning the slave plantation of Cinnamon Hill in Jamaica, her mother's family being Newcastle slave trade shipowners. Her father, Edward Barrett Moulton · Barrett, with his sister, Sir Thomas Lawrence's famous 'Pinkie' and whose real name was Sarah, had come to England from Jamaica, Sarah dying in 1795, very soon after her famous portrait was painted, from tuberculosis. With that slave wealth her father built Hope End in 1810, near Malvern, on the Welsh border, which he modeled on a Turkish seraglio (Turks also owned slaves) and which Elizabeth described as 'crowded with minarets and domes, crowned with metal spires and crescents'. He also stocked its library· with books and engaged for his oldest son, also an Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, a tutor from Ireland, Daniel McSwitney. He encour9-ged his first-born child, Elizabeth, to share in her brothers' lessons and to explore the library. But he let her know that only the first-born son would inherit the slave wealth, not the daughters, and he even named the last-born sons of his twelve children, Septimius and Octavius, to indicate their place in the succession. The oldest boy was known as 'Bro'. The older sister competed with her younger brother in Latin arid Greek, on her own studying French, Italian and Hebrew. She adored Byron and Greek and wrote The Battle of Marathon in their styles when she was eleven. Elizabeth, separated from Bro at his departure for Charterhouse, collapsed with tuberculosis. She nevertheless published poems in journals about Greece and Byron, and in 1826 published Essay on Mind, With Other Poems, the printing costs being paid for by a Jamaican family slave, Mary Trepsack. This volume prompted her friendships with Sir Uvedale Price and with blind Hugh Boyd, both Grecian scholars. Her letters on Greek metrics to Sir Uvedale Price, the classical scholar and friend of Wordsworth, were published under his name in 1827. She became Hugh Boyd's amanuensis and read Aeschylus, Sophocles and the Greek Fathers with him.
Pages:132-135 Kamlesh (Singhania University, Pachari Bari, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan)
Pages:136-139
Deepak Raj (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)

Indian writing in English has its sharp awareness of the social context as its distinctive feature. The writers' pre-occupation with social problems and their concern for social change have become more pronounced and unmistakable in the post-independence period. The writers today feel that they have a responsibility towards the society they live in. They just cannot afford to be apathetic towards the burning problems around them. The main thematic pre-occupation of the Indian writing in English, is portrayal of wide spread social evils and tensions. It is an examination of the survival of the past traditions and their relevance in the present, exploration of the devastating culture of the educated middle class. The social, political and economic inequalities, communal hatred and gender discrimination are frequently taken up by the modern Indian playwrights in English. We find that the modern writers in Indian Writing in English are fully conscious of these dichotomies of modern life which have been generated by the process of industrialization and modernization in the contemporary world. Contemporary Indian drama offers us a wide spectrum of life where playwright like Mahesh Dattani has shown a special penchant for the study of man and his social environment. In his dramas man seems to be a child of his own milieu and as a prisoner of society around him. Hence man in relation to the social institutions like family and society seems to be the focal point of their plays.
Pages:136-139 Deepak Raj (Department of English, CMJ University, Shillong)
Pages:140-141
प्रवीन कुमारी (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya)

साठोत्तरी कहानी में ‘सचेतन कहानी’ कहानी आन्दोलन अपनी एक विशिष्ट पहचान रखता है। सचेतन कहानी का आन्दोलन वस्तुतः ‘नई कहानी’ की प्रतिक््िरफया में प्रारंभ हुआ। नई कहानी ने मूल्यों की जिस अस्थिरता के बीच अपनी जीवन दृष्टि प्राप्त करनी चाही है, उनकी विश्रृंखलता, अव्यवस्था और भी बढ़ गई और मात्रा व्यक्ति की प्रमुखता के साथ स्थापित मानदंड भी डगमगाने लगे और ‘‘जिस सामाजिक बोध को लेकर नई कहानी का आन्दोलन सन् 1950 के आस-पास कहानी में उभरा था, वह सन् 1960 तक पहुँचकर वैयक्तिक कुंठा, संत्रास आदि के इर्द-गिर्द ही घूम-फिरकर रह गया और उसमें एक खास किस्म का ‘मैनेरिज्म’ पैदा हो गया।’’ कहानीकारों ने पाश्चात्य दृष्टिकोण की आधुनिकता का पर्याय है। व्यक्तिवादिता और रूग्ण मानसिकता की इन्हीं प्रवृत्तियों के विरू ( अत्यन्त स्वाभाविक प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में ही सचेतन कहानी का जन्म हुआ। ‘सचेतन कहानी’ को ‘नई कहानी’ में अन्तव्र्याप्त ‘अकहानीत्व’ का विरोध्ी माना गया है, परन्तु जब तक ‘अकहानी आन्दोलन’ स्थापित ही नहीं हुआ था, इसलिए इसके विरोध का लक्ष्य ‘नई कहानी’ को ही माना गया है।
Pages:140-141 प्रवीन कुमारी (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya)
Pages:142-144
Pooja Rani (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya)

‘नारी’ मनुष्य का पोषण करने वाली तथा समाज की संचालन शक्ति है। मानवता के आदर्श का निर्माण नारी के हाथों से ही सम्पन्न होता है। नारी क्षमा, दया, न्याय, करूणा तथा सहनशीलता की संजीव प्रतिमा बन देवी रूप में प्रतिष्ठित रही है परन्तु भारत के पुरूष प्रधान समाज ने अपनी अहमन्यता के कारण नारी केा व्यक्तित्वहीन करने का प्रयास किया। अपनी संचालन सूत्रिका में पुरूष ने नारी को पीछे धकेला परन्तु समय के बदलाव के साथ-साथ नारी फिर से जीवन की धुरी का स्थान लेने लगी। शिक्षा और प्रगति के पथ पर नारी पुरूष के पीछे नहीं अपितु उसके साथ चलने लगी। नारी हिन्दी उपन्यासों में विवेचन का मुख्य आधार रही है। नारी ने साहित्य को गति तथा साहित्यकार को प्रेरणा दी है। साहित्य में नारी ह्नदय की व्यथा, संवेदना तथा पीड़ा का सही रूप नारी ही चित्रित कर सकती है। क्योंकि संसार में रहते हुए वह स्वयं भी यथार्थ को भोगती है। इसी कारण उपन्यास में नारी स्वभाव का जितना अच्छा चित्रण एवं विकास स्वयं लेखिकाओं द्वारा सम्भव हुआ है, वैसा पुरूष लेखकों द्वारा नहीं हो सकता। आधुनिक उपन्यास लेखिकाओं के नारी चित्रण में ‘शिवानी’ अपना विशिष्ट स्थान रखती है। शिवानी के उपन्यासों में नारी जीवन के विभिन्न रूपों का बहुत ही स्वाभाविक एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक चित्रण किया गया है। नारी अपने जीवन में माँ, बेटी, बहन, पत्नी और प्रेमिका आदि विभिन्न रूपों में आकर अपने त्याग से मनुष्य के जीवन को पूर्ण बनाती है। नारी के प्रति शिवानी का दृष्टिकोण महादेवी वर्मा के मत से साम्य रखता है। महादेवी जी कहती है ‘‘पुरूष का जीवन संघर्ष से आरम्भ होता है और स्त्री का आत्म-सर्मपण से। जीवन के कठोर संघर्ष में जो पुरूष विजयी प्रमाणित हुआ, उसे स्त्री ने कोमल हाथों से जयमाल देकर स्निग्ध चितवन से अभिनन्दित करके और स्नेह प्रवण आत्म निवेदन से अपने निकट पराजित बना डाला।’’1
Pages:142-144 Pooja Rani (CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya)
124