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Pages: 293-298
Vinod Kumar (Deputy Librarian, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar)

With the advancement of technology, availability of equipments and the various benefits of e-journals over printed journalsUniversityand Institutes of higher learning are now subscribing electronic information resourcesto meet out the informational requirements of their patrons. There is need to evaluate the usage of these databases as universities or other government's funding agencies have to pay a big amount to the publishers for subscribing the databases of electronic journals. The present study is an attempt to appraise the usage of ASPP and POP databases subscribed from IEEE. Month-wise use of data for the years 2014 and 2015 have been compared with regard to articles and papers downloaded, number of pages viewed from the website, number to visits and number of keywords used for searching the desired information. The study reports that 8450 articles have been downloaded during the spell of two years and 7320 keywords have been used to search the information. Thefacilities available in the university for accessing the information and suggestions for improving the usage level have been discussed.
Pages: 299-300
Deepak Kumar Sharma (Department of Printing Technology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

Printing has been one of the major invention in the history of mankind. It has travelled a long way and we are living in a time wherein everything needs printing and everything is needed to be packed. Objective of this paper is to find out various new trends popular in printing. The various new trend such as advanced value addition programs, security printing are mentioned in this paper. The research papers and various apex body reports show the unlimited opportunities in printing sector. The advancements in printing have improved the product packages in different aspects.
Pages: 301-302
Gaurav Singla (Training Partner, Retailers Associations Skill Council Of India, Mumbai)

According to Planning Commission report,22 million skilled workers are required for industry, but only 4.3 million workforce are to ready get trained. So only 10% workers are available against the actual requirement of industry.To overcome this, Indian government has launched various skill development scehems, but faced various obstacles by skill development agencies. The mission of skill development has started in India since 2009 under UPA government. An entity was set up by the name of NSDC under ministry of finance. It was based on the model of public private partnership (PPP).Under this model,51 per cent holding of private sector and 49 per cent of the centre government. It started with a initial amount of Rs 10 crore to stimulate and support private sector action in skill development. Initially Nsdc includes 22 sector skill councils and 87 training partner with over 2500 training centers across India. The overall objective was to skill 500 million people by 2022.From 2009 to till, So many challenges has faced by system in implemention of skill development program. So, in order to achieve “Skill India” mission successfully, various actions should be taken for proper implementation to refine the execution of skill development program.
Pages: 303-304
Deepak Kumar Sharma (Department of Printing Technology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

Packaging is the means of safe delivery of the product to target customer. Packaging has become the need of hour todays and packaging is growing with an exponential rate today. And new innovative trends are coming forth in the field of packaging. This paper highlights the innovative trends such as becoming popular in the market. The shelf life of the product is increased to its maximum extent with the introduction of smart and intelligent packaging. Now the packaging industry is looking for green packaging based on bio degradable plastic with maximum simplicity of package which get more perceptual effect and better communication.
Pages: 1-5
Abhijit Mishra (Department of Psychology, Ramanujan College, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Girishwar Misra (Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi, Vishwavidyalaya, Wardha, Maharashtra)

The pattern of self-construal, and various self motives i.e. self-esteem, self-liking and competence, in relation to gender and collectivism among young adults (n=194) were investigated. The results indicated high collectivist participants evinced high interdependent self-construal and positive self-esteem. The high and low collectivists shared similar pattern on other measures. The female participants showed strong independent self construal, high positive self-esteem, self-liking and self-competence than the males. Collectivism operated as a more crucial variable among males than females. The results seem to indicate that the influence of gender reflected social class variations. Future work needs to focus on patterning of self construal, understanding of cross situational variations in self construal and collective self esteem.
Pages: 6-15
Umesh L. Bharte (Department of Applied Psychology, University of Mumbai, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai)
Arvind Kumar Mishra (Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi)

In view of the gaps identified in the existing literature, the present study specifically aimed at investigating the issues of self and identity, i.e., the ways in which different senses of identity impact upon whether students are willing to go for higher education abroad. It also tries to examine the role of related construct of psychological distance, i.e. the way different events are mentally represented, in shaping mobility preferences. Precisely, the goal was to examine the impact of space dimension of psychological distance and associated construals on framing mobility preferences of Indian students. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that spatial aspect of psychological distance and associated construal levels, activated through different identities-local versus global- would significantly affect mobility preferences (study 1). A covariate, specified in terms of perceived reputation of foreign qualification, was further introduced with a prediction that this variable would significantly influence the student mobility preference (study 2). Two experimental studies supported these basic predictions, highlighting a range of ways that differences in psychological distance are evident in relation to different identities affecting mobility preferences. Findings from these studies tend to support the claim that psychologically distant self (spatially) is construed at a higher level. These higher level self construals, in turn, frame the student mobility preferences. Specifically, the theoretical point being made is that for many Indian students a more abstract construal focuses their attention on the long term, in which long term career prospects become more salient which lead students to prefer going abroad. Second, perceived reputation of foreign qualification influences student mobility intentions independent of identities salient at a given point. The potential contribution of framing student mobility in identity terms to the development of source and destinations countries is also discussed.
Pages: 16-21
Satyananda Panda (Department of Psychology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim)

The family is the primary unit of the society to take care the material, physical and emotional needs of people. A good family environment leads to better well-being of the off-springs and endows them with better mental health. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between family environment and mental health of undergraduate university students. In this study, 60 participants (30 male and 30 female) of undergraduate university students were selected through disproportionate sampling procedure. The participants were assessed by using Family Environment Scale (FES) and Mental Health Battery (MHB) questionnaires. Data was analysed in terms of mean, standard deviation, t-test and coefficient of correlation. The statistical analysis revealed that there existed no significant relationship between any of the variables of family environment and mental health of undergraduate university students. Results indicated that there was significant gender difference among undergraduate university students on acceptance and caring as well as on intelligence. There also existed significant gender difference among them on the score of overall family environment. However, no significant gender difference was observed on other dimensions of mental health among undergraduate university students. Moderate to high degree mean scores of undergraduate university students can be observed on family environment subscales like cohesiveness, conflict, acceptance and caring; and also on adjustment dimension of mental health. The findings of the study will help to understand the role of family environment to enable the undergraduate university students to cope with the challenges that arise in these critical transitional periods. The study will suggest suitable measures to strengthen the mental health of undergraduate university students.
Pages: 22-26
Shilpi Aggarwal and Punam Midha (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Gender is an important schema that guides the way we see ourselves and the world at large. Gender concepts are learned from one's particular society. Such concepts not only shape one's behavior but also psychological characteristics such as emotional and cognitive states (hope, self-esteem and self-efficacy). The present study is an attempt to explore the gender differences in the levels of cognitive states, quality of life and the predicting power of cognitive states in quality of life of youth. A purposive sample of 300 students consisting both males (n=110) and females (n=190) aged 18-22 years was drawn from various colleges of Rewari and Gurgaon districts of Haryana. Descriptive and inferential statistics reveal almost similarity in the levels of cognitive states as well as overall quality of life in both sexes. However, gender differences are observed to some extent in various domains of quality of life. Further, stepwise multiple regression analysis highlights the gender specific pattern of predicting power of different cognitive states with regards to overall quality of life and its related domains.
Pages: 27-33
Damanjit Sandhu and Kirandeep Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab )

The present study analyzes the role of interpersonal relationships and coping in adolescent behaviour problems. The sample for this study comprised of 250 male participants (age range 14-15 years), randomly selected from various schools of Patiala city. Revised Behavior Problem Checklist was used for studying behaviour disorders in adolescents (conduct disorder and socialized aggression). Clinical Assessment of Interpersonal Relationships was used to measure the perceptions of adolescents regarding the quality of their relationships with mother, father, male peers, female peers and teachers. Adolescent Coping Scale was used to measure the coping abilities of adolescents in terms of 18 coping strategies within three styles of coping; problem-focused coping, coping with reference to others and non-productive coping. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation analysis revealed that conduct disorder is inversely correlated with functional relationship with mother, male peers and teachers and socialized aggression is inversely correlated with functional relationship with mother and teachers. Out of the coping dimensions, 'focus on the positive' has significant negative correlation with socialized aggression. 'Invest in close friends', 'not coping', tension reduction', 'self blame' and 'keep to self' have significant positive correlation with conduct disorder. It has also been found that 'tension reduction' and 'self blame' have significant positive correlation with socialized aggression. The Step-Wise Multiple Regression Analysis results revealed that relationship with mother and male peer contribute negatively towards conduct disorder. Relationship with mother and teacher contribute negatively towards socialized aggression. Further results showed that coping dimensions namely 'not coping' and 'tension reduction' contribute positively towards conduct disorder and 'Tension reduction' contribute positively towards socialized aggression. Hence, on the basis of the results of this study, it can be concluded that interpersonal relationships and coping are important correlates of adolescent behaviour problems.
Pages: 34-39
Pankaj Suvera (Department of Psychology, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat )

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of Types of students, sex and types of faculty of the college students on Personality. The sample for the study comprised of 120 Tribal and 120 Non-Tribal college students from Arravalli and Sabarkantha District. Tribal and Non-Tribal college students were selected from various Arts and Science college in Arravalli and Sabarkantha. Personal data sheet and Singh and Singh, (2011) Personality scale were used to collect the required data. 2x2x2 factorial design was planned where types of students, sex and types of faculty were considered as independent variables and Personality as dependent variables. Accordingly, 2x2x2 ANOVA was carried out to test the hypothesis. Results revealed significant difference between Tribal and Non-Tribal College students on Personality. The non-tribal college student's External Personality is batter then the tribal college students. The male college student's External Personality is batter then the female college students. The Science college students' External Personality is batter then the Arts college students. The interaction effects (A x B), (A x C), (B x C) and (A x B x C) are not significant.
Pages: 40-44
Pankaj Singh, Himanshu Dua, Anjali Edbor, Nilofer Mujawar and Bhushan Kherde (NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Digdoh Hills, Nagpur, Maharashtra)

The Present study to examine the effect of cognitive special educational training (CSET) and behavior therapy effect on scholastic backward children. 60 school going children's teachers complaining of scholastic backwardness and behavior issues, age range from 8 to 10 years were recruited based on random sampling. They were administered the Conners 3™ Self Report Short questionnaires (C. Keith Conners, Ph.D.) in the sample group. An Analysis of variance showed that the F ratio 379.5467 is larger than the F crit value 3.047012 .The F crit (3.047012) is the critical value as extracted from the f-distribution in statistical tables based on two values of degrees of freedom df of 2 and 177. p < 0.05 we can reject null hypothesis (Means are different) and as we can see the mean level of First Face (Conners 3™ Self Report Short)-41.43333, is higher than that of the second phase (Conners 3™ Self Report Short) -20.56667, and Third Face (Conners 3™ Self Report Short) - 14.75).Different Means say that there is an effect of level of CSET and Behavior therapy help ADHD children and improve their academic skills. Cognition base special educational training & Behavior therapy program improves body functions, including intelligence, sustained attention, memory, or executive functions; affect activities, including increasing learning and applying knowledge and improving attending and completing tasks; or enhance participation, including moving across educational levels, succeeding in the educational program.
Pages: 45-48
Arya Nair and Manikandan K. (Department of Psychology, University of Calicut, Calicut, Odisha)

Meaning in life is defined as the extent to which people comprehend and see significance in their lives as well as the degree to which they perceive themselves to have a purpose or overarching aim in life (Steger, 2009). According to Baumeister 1991 in our life we do face many complexities, adversity and unexpected and unpredictable situations yet many people find this experience as enriching and maintain that they have achieved their meaning in life. Frankl argued that humans are characterized by a “Will to meaning”, an innate drive to find significance in their lives and failure leads to psychological distress. Meaning in life is an indicator of well-being and facilitator of adaptive coping. The Indian armed forces is responsible for safeguarding our nation from the attacks on land and for this purpose the soldiers are constantly deployed on border and high altitude regions. They are constantly exposed to stressful environment, hence meaning in life is considered as an important psychological trait that can help them cope with this prolonged exposure to extremities so that they continue to be engaged in their work without distress. In this paper data was collected from 95 army officers and their meaning in life was gauged in terms of the dimension presence and search for meaning based on Steger's questionnaire and the influence of hierarchy, posting , marital status and birth order was statistically ascertained. Result will be discussed in the paper.
Pages: 49-52
Sharma, K. (Department of Psychology, D. P. Vipra P.G. College, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh)
Tiwari, P. S. N. (Department of Psychology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, U.P.)

The aim of the present study is to examine the role of education in choice behavior & time orientation of rural population. The sample consists of 200 male villagers of Kushinager and Gorakhpur districts. The choice behavior was measured by the measure of Chaubey (1974) and the time orientation (past, present and future) was measured by the measure of Cottle (1976). The data was analyses using Mean & F-ratio. Result revealed that only education level was found significant on choice behavior suggesting that low level of education is associated with relatively higher rise in taking a decision. However low high and medium levels of education was found to be associated with lower risk in decision making. Result also showed that developed village subjects were significantly differs on experiential inventory than undeveloped subjects. The implications of the findings have been discussed.
Pages: 53-56
Ishita Mukerji and Anuradha Sharma (AIPS, Amity University, Noida, Utter Pradesh)

One of the most important relationships between a man and women is marriage. It involves emotional and legal commitment that is quite important in any adult life. Marital adjustment as 'the state in which there is an over all feeling in husband and wife of happiness and satisfaction with their marriage and with each other'. The present research aims to study the difference in marital adjustment of single career couple and dual career couple The sample size was 80 couples 40 single career and 40 dual career couples. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in marital adjustment of single career and dual career couples. The study reported significant difference in single career couples and dual career couples, their marital adjustment and in their sexual, social and emotional dimensions . Also it adds to the already existing data pool. The study provides an opportunity for further research across age and other variables that could be related with it and to uncover the possible differences or similarities that may be present.
Pages: 57-60
Richa Singh and Ami Pathak (IBS, Gujarat Forensic Sciences, University, Gujrat)
Dheeraj Kumar (Institute of Research and Development, Raksha Shakti University, Ahmedabad)

Education in current scenario involves lots of competition giving rise to academic stress in school children. It might emerge from anticipated academic challenges or failure. Support from parents, teachers and friends becomes all more important under these conditions. Lack of such support in the presence of academic stress might affect the psychological wellbeing of school children. Thus, the current study aims to see the association between academic stress, perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among school students. Sample comprised of 40 school students selected on the purposive basis using cross-sectional study design. Scales consisted of Academic stress scale (Kohn & Frazer, 1986), Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet & Dahlem, 1988) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hiller, 1979). The analysis comprised of means, standard deviations and correlations by using SPSS (version-20.0). The result consisted of the effects of academic stress and perceived social support on the psychological wellbeing.
Pages: 61-64
Mahadevi Waddar, Supriya Fernandes and Tanya Keni (Department of Psychology, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts and Science, Autonomous, Margao, Goa)

Social support helps individuals to reduce the amount of stress experienced and to cope better in dealing with stressful life situations (Dusselier, Dunn, Wang, Shelley, & Whalen, 2005). Mother plays an important role in raising a child to adulthood and equipping that child with the necessary skills and social support to enter successfully into society (Spoth & Conroy, 1993).In view of this the present study is conducted to study the impact of social support on self-efficacy among students of working and non-working mothers. Perceived Social Support Scales and General Self-Efficacy Scale are administered on sample of 120 undergraduate students. The results reveled that, students of working and non-working mothers with high social support have higher self-efficacy than the students of working and non-working mothers with low social support.
Pages: 65-68
Richa Ojha (National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child, Development NIPCCD, Lucknow, U.P.)
Varun Kumar (Clinical Psychologist, Ankur Rehab Center, Dharampuri, Indore, M.P.)

Happiness is the realization of one's potential. It consisted of the presence of pleasure and absence of pain. It emerges when several specific life conditions are met, such as self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth, and relatedness. Very limited researches have been done on the Body Image and Emotional Well Being among University Students. So this research will be an attempt on this path. To see the relationship between body image and emotional well-being among university students. A sample of 223 university students (of both sexes) was selected by purposive sampling method from Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University Jaunpur, in the age range of 18-25 years. The major thrust of the present investigation was to study the Body image and emotional well-being among university students. Correlation analysis was used to measure the linear relationship between predicting and outcome variables. The body image variables are significantly correlated with emotional well being variables. Body image variables significantly positively correlated with Life satisfaction variables (.276**). Body image variables significantly positively correlated with Positive affect variables (.415**).Body image variables significantly correlated with Negative affect variables (-.240**). Body image variables significantly positively correlated with Social connectedness variables (.311**). In essence, the present study highlights the influence of emotional well-being on body image among university students. It can be said that the emotional well-being significantly influenced body image.
Pages: 69-73
Shaimaa Ezzat Basha (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University, Egypt)

Most of life and psychological adjustment problems are in reality problems of meaning. The will of meaning is the primary motivational power of the human being. The basis of will of meaning is the feeling of responsibility every person has a mission and message in life. If someone has a reason to live, he/she will most likely endure anything and in anyway' (Morsi, 2002: 59). The current paper aims at identifying what identity crisis, brainwashing, and terrorism mean; the objectives of using brainwashing processes; the targeted groups of brainwashing; the manifestations of identity crisis; as well as the theoretical psychological explanations of identity crisis, brainwashing, and terrorism, and the relationships among them are discussed.
Pages: 74-76
Richa Sharma (Department of Psychology, Govt. D.B.P.G. College Raipur, Chhattisgarh)

Twenty first century is the era of fitness and self awareness. Today, every human being wants to be fit and fine. This feeling has become stronger than ever before. The term self care is self awareness. In this digital age, preventive self care and the promotion of behavioural health and wellness is making more and more sense. Self care is not only related to physical fitness, but it also includes aspects like mental health and social matters. It has been seen, that some traits of personality that approach to the category of attitude are mode of adjustment to specific aspect of life situation. Exrtroversion and introversion are such an attitude trait. Jung (1960) held that a man is extrovert, when he gives importance to the outer world and takes the decisions accordingly. He is introvert, when a person takes the decisions according to his subjective preferences. Jung classified people into Extrovert, Introvert and Ambivert. It was hypothesized, that extrovert subjects would score more on self care measures than the introverts. Many studies support our hypothesis. 40 girls of govt. school studying in class 10 served as the subjects for this study. Test of Extroversion Introversion This test developed by Singh (1986) was used to measure the extroversion and introversion of the subjects. 2. Self Care Scale Self care is the dependent variable for the present study. It is a test designed by Tiwari and Verma. The objective of the present study is to measure the effect of personality type on self care. Personality type i.e. extroversion and introversion was taken as the independent variable, while self care was the dependent variable. When the average self care scores for introvert and extrovert personality were measured, it came to be 23.50 and 25.82 respectively. When we see t ratio, it is found to be significant, t= 2.21, p < .05, which indicates that the personality type ( introvert and extrovert ) certainly makes a difference in self care of our subjects. A significant t ratio shows, that both the personality types differ in their degree of self care. American Psychological Association(2000), Sceppento(2001), Silverman(2001) etc. have done the studies and found the same results, I.e., extrovert people take very good kind of self care as compared to the introverts.
Pages: 77-80
Vinod Chayal, Pardeep Khanna and Srishti Singh (Department of Community Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana)
Shweta Goswami (Department of Community Medicine, ESI- PGIMSR, Kolkata)
Anuradha (Department of community Medicine, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana)

The world's population reached 7.3 billion in mid 2015 and is projected to increase by more than one billion people within the next 15 years, reaching 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. 60% of the global population lives in Asia (4.4 billion). China (1.4 billion) and India (1.3 billion) remain the two most populous countries of the world, representing 19 and 18 percent of the world's population, respectively though India has only 2.4% of the world's land mass. Within seven years, the population of India is expected to surpass that of China1. In the year 2011, India had a population of 1.21 billion but what was alarming to note was that Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India (199 millions) had a population greater than Brazil which is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of its land area2. In 1951 and 2011, IMR was 146 and 50 respectively and so was TFR at 6 and 2.4 respectively clearly supporting mother and child health services as being the pillar stones for curbing the menace of population in our country. The high fertility could also be the result of India's high unmet need for family planning (12.8%) and lower contraceptive usage by the eligible couples (56.3% were using any method of family planning while 48.5% were using any modern method).7 The solution lies not only in contraceptive technology but in attempts to deal with the problems of ill-heath and disease in the country. Many measures were adopted in last one century to control population. This paper highlights various measures adopted for population control and reasons for their success or failure.
Pages: 81-83
Pradeep Kumar (Department of Law, J.J.T. University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)

Sexual harassment of women at workplace is a threat not only for the working women but also for nation's economy. The impact of the harassment of sexual nature on the victims degrade the work efficiency besides generating many ill effects. The knowledge about the sexual harassment and its relevant elements is greatly required in order to control and regulate the same. The available review of the relatent literature helps us to understand thoroughly the term sexual harassment. The present research study attempts to explore about it and also to know about the attitude of working women of health and education sector workplaces of district Sirsa, Haryana.
Pages: 84-88
Krishan Kumar (Post Graduate Teacher, GHS, Lahli, Ratia, Fatehabad, Haryana)

Primary object of this studies based literature review is to analyze the effect of single parenthood on personality development of adolescents- where single parent is mother, and though working, but single parent. The past researches and studies suggest that parents play their key role in shaping and developing the personality of their growing teens directly and indirectly . So, what about the personality of those adolescents who live with their single parent. The status of single parenthood of such teens may be due to separation, divorce, or death of father. The point of interest here, is to analyze the personality pattern of such adolescents, in order to find the answer, whether they grow normally with a healthy personality as their those counterparts do, who are from those families where they enjoy the cajoling from their both parents . Usually, it is believed that the main cause of juvenile delinquency and adulthood criminality is absence of adequate paternal supervision. It is just single point. Such several points are taken up. Various personality domains of such adolescents are taken one by one , and the inferences are supported with the findings of the empirical studies, researches, experiments, and surveys- have held in this field. All of these efforts are made with a psychological perspective . For this purpose several past years, and recent, as well, studies are compiled to provide the abstract thoughts a concrete shape in form of present research paper. Such efforts will prove helpful to those mothers who are single parent of growing children and are facing such problems with their children. It also will prove helpful to formulate adequate plans, and policies, so that, such personalities deformities of adolescents can be prevented before they occur .
Pages: 89-92
Yasmeen Mahmoud Abdel Aziz Mohamed (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University, Egypt)

Individuals elaborate incidents happening around them through the intellectual content and fixed beliefs found in their previous e schema. For all people, beliefs about self, others and the world are formed during childhood. One of the deepest beliefs is core beliefs that are essential and fixed seen by individuals as absolute fact. (Beck and Beck, 2007, translated) Thus, these beliefs and ideas forming individual s' schema affect their perceptions, emotions and responses towards situations. Therefore, these beliefs allow normal individuals to cognitively assess what happens around them correctly and have positive emotions reflected on individuals' behaviors and life approach .Consequently; individulas feel positive feelings such as life satisfaction, comfort and joy resulting in happiness feelings. (Saleh, 2014). The psychological relativity theory explains the schema through construction factor assuming that a schema is a skeleton including the basic features of individuals' behavioral categories. This schema is regulated through individuals' experiences and affects their perception and responses in facing their environment. Thus a schema includes all cognitive constructs related to a certain life subject. Happy individulas are characterized with mature schemata that are clear and specified. Individuals are aware of them and through which they behave consciously and automatically. Schemata characterizing constructive activity leading to happiness are : cognitive representational (figurative) schemata, emotional schemata, incentive schemata, behaveoral and physiological schemata. Happy individuals explain a situation using cognitive criterion, namely specification; that is an error is not generalized on all situations, moderateness, quietness, realism, goodness expectancy and selection while judging matters. (Shalaby, 2001). Therefore, happiness is considered a common pursuit for all human beings. It is a one of the objectives and a dimension of mental health. It is also one of the determinants of healthy personality. Aptitudes to happiness or misery are formed during childhood. In adolescence, these aptitudes develop as a result of the interaction between inherited factors and socialization. Relatively, these aptitudes are fixed during adulthood and throughout life course. If aptitudes to happiness are higher and aptitudes to misery are lower, the adult becomes more optimistic looking to the most brightening sides of life. Judging the level of happiness is determined by individuals themselves and according to their feelings appraisal in general not currently only. Personal happiness self reports were reliable despite the changing circumstances and time passing. (Basha & Abdel Satar, 2015) This research aims to shed light on theories explaining schemata and happiness as well as the relations between both of them
Pages: 93-96
Sangeeta Trama and Omna (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Alcohol use continues to be a major problem from pre-adolescence through young adulthood in India. Results of recent neuroscience research have substantiated the deleterious effects of alcohol on adolescent brain development, and added even more evidence to support the call to prevent and reduce underaged drinking. More of the focus is being laid upon the adolescent alcohol abuse prevention program is because of the reason is that the habits that are inculcated in the adolescent period lasts for a long period of time. The integration of alcohol use prevention programs in the community and our educational system from elementary school through college should be promoted by expert psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors, and the health care community. Counsellors, psychologists, psychiatrists, and parents play a vital role in screening substance abuse. It is not always the questionnaires that assess the use of substance abuse of the youngsters, but there are many behavioral and physiological changes that youngsters go through, when substance abuse really occurs. School officials and parents should be knowledgeable enough about substance abuse to be able to recognize risk factors for alcohol and other substance abuse among youth, screen for use, provide appropriate brief interventions, and refer to treatment.
Pages: 97-101
Anwesha Maitra (Bethune College, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bangal)

“Pressure has the power to create a diamond, but it has to be the "right" pressure.” - Shannon L. Alder A human being, being a social animal highly requires a peer group, a group of people who are approximately of the same age, status and interest, for its survival. A peer is a person who is of equal standing with another in a group. Peers serve many important roles in the life of a developing child. From toddlerhood through adolescence, peers serve to meet the individual's need for acceptance and belonging. They provide valuable messages regarding their socialization, through words and actions, which behaviors are acceptable and which are not. Almost everyone has experienced peer pressure before; either positive or negative. Peer pressure is the influence of a peer group, observers, or an individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. Social groups affected include both membership groups, in which individuals are "formally" members, and cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. Hereby, we will discuss the major two forms of peer pressure, its effects, causes and methods of dealing with them. The most obvious and expected form is the negative peer pressure, which are the ill effects of peer pressure, where the individual confirms to the group norms (even if being harmful to the individual) to stay as a part of the group. Another form is the positive peer pressure which is mostly referred as effects of 'good friendship'. It can help the individual to analyze themselves and contemplate on their ways of life. Looking at what others do, can help them bring about a positive change in their way of thinking. If can be picked selectively, peer pressure can actually result in a positive change in their way of life. Judicially we have to map it to achieve our final goal.
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