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Pages: 102-109
Firdos Jahan and Mustafa Nadeem Kirmani (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P.)
Asma Parveen (Department of Psychology, Womens College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Traditionally, psychologists and other professionals have been relying on the notion of punishment to deal with challenging and maladaptive behaviours of children with special needs and even with well functioning children. It had worked and had lead to significant changes in challenging behaviours of children. It followed strict behavioural approach. The new approach to deal with challenging behaviours that has emerged is a blend of positive psychology and applied behavioural analysis. This is often known as positive behavioral support. This is more broad based approach focusing on children's strengths, context of the behaviour and motivations behind those behaviours. Positive behavioral support (PBS) is a comprehensive, research-based proactive approach to behavioral support that endeavors to generate comprehensive change for children with challenging behavior. It involves identifying the purpose of challenging behavior, teaching appropriate alternative responses that serve the same purpose as the challenging behavior, consistently rewarding positive behaviors and minimizing the rewards for challenging behavior, and minimizing the physiological, environmental, and curricular elements that trigger challenging behavior. Proven PBS strategies include altering the classroom environment, increasing predictability and scheduling, increasing choice making, reinforcing positive behaviors, and teaching replacement skills. The current paper will focus on the various positive behavioral support strategies that are helpful in working with children displaying challenging behaviours.
Pages: 110-117
Chetna Sabharwal (Ahlcon International School, Mayur Vihar-I, Delhi)

With current statistics of more than 160 million children in India, it becomes imperative for all counsellors, educators, parents, policymakers and stakeholders to work in collaboration to make our children an empathetic, responsible and resourceful global citizen. The disciplinary problem, degrading morals and ethics and rising concerns in behavioural development amongst children have become a major challenge. This research papermaps the directive principles of discipline in a school; the effects of proactive, reactive and punitive approach; root causes attributing to the students discipline problems; how to cope with the disciplinary problems through positive interventions. A qualitative analysis of few cases cited in the paper is an effort to understand and promote self-discovery among the children and create an urge to lead from within. Social-emotional learning (SEL),” the process through which children and adults acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions”is used to develop discipline among students. SEL is a promising approach that is able to reduce risky behaviours, increase desirable behaviours, brings emotional stability and thus results in promoting positive development.
Pages: 118-120
Rashi Jain and Neelam Pandey (Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, AUUP, Noida, U.P.)

Learning Disability happens to be a chronic condition of a presumed neurological origin which selectively interferes with the development, integration, and demonstration of verbal and nonverbal abilities. Past experiences reveal that Learning Disability is something that can't be outgrown nor 'cured' by medication, therapy, or expert tutoring. Thus, an individual with Learning Disability gets to face multiple hurdles in day to day life. In order to make like a bit easier for such individuals, this study tries to connect the dots between an individual with LD and the prenatal factors, the delivery conditions, the early schooling environment of his mother. The current study aims at investigating some specific factors common in the history of children with learning disability. The objective of the present research is to understand the causes of learning disability in children and to find out the most dominant factors. This study started with the hypothesis that there would be a positive relationship between mother's bed rest and medication during pregnancy & learning disability. Also early school difficulties of the child and learning disability were expected to be significantly correlated. The study concluded on a positive relationship among mother's bed rest, mother taking medication during pregnancy, early school difficulties of the child and learning disability.
Pages: 121-123
Puneet Tokas (Department of Physical Education, D. N. P. G. College, Hisar, Haryana)
Yashpal (Shahid Udham Singh College, Matak-Majri, Indri, Karnal,Haryana)

Sports philanthropy has grown into a major endeavor in the past several decades, with more attention and research finally beginning to be devoted to the area. So, the present study was planned to study the sports achievements of contact, semi-contact and non-contact sports at national level. The results indicated that the psychological variables (Power of Motive, Motive to achieve success, Motive to Avoid Failure) was not found to have significant differences in contact & semi-contact players, contact & non-contact players, semi-contact & non contact players at national level.
Pages: 124-127
Manpreet Ola and Roopa Mathur (Department of Psychology, The IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Many research studies have shown that marriage is the central relationship for most adults and has wide range of beneficial effects for mental and physical health. We draw the judgment, after looking across many journals and disciplines, that there is persuasive longitudinal evidence for such effects specifically for men, but for women instead of marriage, it's the quality of marriage that has beneficial effects for physical and psychological health. Satisfying marriages seem to enhance both men's and women's health, but stressful marriages may have detrimental effects. Instead stressful marriages also may be less healthy for some people than being single; hence this paper examines an accumulating modern literature on the health benefits of marital relationships and also effects of marital quality on women's health.
Pages: 128-130
Jagtar Singh (Department of Political Science, Khalsa College, Patiala, Punjab)

All the political systems are embedded in their historical past, though they work differently in different political and social settings. Democracy and representative institutions are however, by no means entirely new to India. Existence of some deliberative representative bodies and democratic self governing institutions could be traced back to as early as the Vedic age. Even in Ancient period, justice, religion and law were closely interconnected. The King, with the assistance of his ministers, carried on the Kingdom's administration. There was no separation of powers between legislative and judicial bodies of the state. They functioned co-operatively with each other under the authority of the King. In this article an attempt has been made to trace the historical background of representative institutions in India. After that the development, functioning and relationship between these institutions has been also discussed.
Pages: 131-133
Arushi Sachdeva (MSc. Foundations of Clinical Psychology and Mental Health, University of Sussex, Brighton, England)

In order to understand how depression occurs, it is important to gain an in-depth understanding of several concepts. One cannot attribute the cause of depression to just a mere chemical imbalance. It is important to recognize that depression is a multi-dimensional disorder. There are several standpoints that need to be adopted in order to have a better understanding of the mode of intervention that needs to be applied. In order to prescribe a possible therapy to any patient, we also need to understand the various theoretical approaches that can be used for treatment. In this article, the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral approaches have been analyzed. After gaining insight into these approaches, it can be inferred that both approaches of therapy can be used in the course of treatment for depression. However, applying both the models together facilitates a holistic understanding of the problem and also aids in dealing with it from a multifaceted approach.
Pages: 134-136
Meenu Sindhu (Department of Economics, Govt. P.G. College, Hisar)

Poverty is the inability to get the minimum requirements of life. These minimum requirements include food, clothing, housing, education and basic health requirement. Some researchers view it as a reaction to the stress of being poor, whereas other perceives it as a process of adapting to the condition of poverty. Haryana is an agriculturally prosperous state. A large majority of population of the state is either engaged or dependent on agriculture. In Haryana, percentage of population living below poverty line is less than national average, but it is still higher than the neighboring states of Punjab and Himanchal Pradesh. The present paper reviews on causes and alleviation strategies and programmes in Haryana state.
Pages: 137-139
राजकुमार (जनसंचार विभाग, ओ. पी. जे. एस. वि. विद्यालय, चुरू, राजस्थान)

आज टेलीविजन मनोरंजन का एक प्रमुख स्त्रोत है। टेलीविजन पर प्रसारित चैनलों की दिनप्रतिदिन भरमार होती जा रही है। इन चैनलों पर विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में जी टीवी और स्टार प्लस पर प्रसारित नारी प्रधान धारावाहिकों का पारिवारिक परिवर्तन में योगदान पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। जी टीवी और स्टार प्लस दोनों निजी चैनल हैं जो कि लगभग नारी प्रधान धारावाहिकों की प्रस्तुति देते है, इसके साथ-साथ मनोरंजन एवं शिक्षाप्रद कार्यक्रम भी प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं। इस अध्ययन में विशेषकर महिलाओं की रूचि पर ध्यान किया गया है। अध्ययन में यह पता किया गया है कि धारावाहिक समाज को सही दिशा दिखाने में समर्थ है।
Pages: 433-437
Sadananda Reddy (Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS, Bengaluru)
Sagar Rani (Kakatiya Degree and P.G. College, Nalgonda)
Nidhi Mehta (PhD Scholar, RINPAS, Ranchi)
Prasad K. (PhD Scholar, NIMHAN, Bengaluru)
Gobinda Majhi (Department of PSW, NIMHANS, Bengaluru )

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by M Lepare. It affects mainly the peripheral nerves. It also affects the skin, muscles, eyes, bones, testes, and internal organs. In India, leprosy is known since ancient times as Kustiaroga and attributed to punishment or cause from God. During the middle ages, leprosy was widespread in almost all countries of the world. Thereafter, it declined slowly in many countries, partly due to strict isolation and partly due to improvements in the standard of living and the quality of life of the people. The study aimed to assess psychological distress and quality of life among persons with leprosy. This cross sectional study included 60 persons with Leprosy from Leprosy colony of Telangana, India, after obtaining their written consent. A semi-structured tool was used to elicit socio-demographic details. The psychological distress was assessed with DASS (21 items) and quality of life was assessed with WHOQOL-BREF (25 items). Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics tests and T-test were used. Ethical issues have been followed while conducting the study. It was found that majority of the respondents have psychological distress without any significant difference in male and female respondents which means both respondents psychological distress scale was elevating in depression, anxiety and stress domains due to leprosy and all most all domains of quality of life shows respondents were having poor quality of life. The findings from this study indicates that there was enormous scope for the social workers, they need to play various roles like preventive, curative, developmental and remedial roles for reducing psychological distress and to improve their quality of life among persons with leprosy.
Pages: 438-442
Rupali Joshi (Post Doctoral Fellow, Uttrakhand Open University, Haldwani)

Stress represents any disruption or difficulty that may occur in life (Brower, 1990). Stress affects the lives of many individuals on a regular basis. One group particularly susceptible to stress is that of college students (Brower, 1990). Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to an ability to recognize the meanings of emotions and their relationships and to reason and solve problems on the basis of them. The study was conducted on 201 (Boys=101, Girls=100) students . All the students were BS.C. first year students and all were hostellers. College student stress scale (developed by researcher 2012) and Mangal Emotional Inelligence Inventory (Mangal & Mangal, 2006) were used. The objectives of the study was to know the gender difference on academic stress and emotional Intelligence. The obtained results indicated that boys and girls experience similar levels of environmental, family financial & hostel stresses however girls report feeling more stressed in the area of academics than boys. No difference exists between boys and girls on any of the areas of E.I.
Pages: 443-446
Sangeeta Rath (Department of Psychology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha)
Sayantani Behura (Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Bhuvaneswar, Odisha)

This study examined the impact of obesity on self-esteem of obese and non-obese adolescent boys and girls. The study involved 2 (obese versus non-obese) x 2 (adolescent boys versus adolescent girls) factorial design. The participants of these four groups were compared with respect to their scores on the self-esteem measure. Sixty obese and sixty non-obese adolescents (aged 14-19 yrs) were purposively sampled from various educational institutions and gymnasia. For this study both overweight and obese adolescents on the basis of their BMI score as classified by WHO were taken into consideration. Analysis of data indicated that obese individuals possessed lower self-esteem as compared to non-obese individuals. Adolescent boys' level of self-esteem was higher than that of adolescent girls. Though the findings are not new and has been revealed in several western studies, the current study focuses on the Indian context of it.
Pages: 447-449
Alka (N. M. P. G. College, Hansi, Hisar, Haryana)
Nov Rattan Sharma (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Adolescent age is the age of changes. In this age adolescents are in dilemma, whether they are child or they are now matured person. Adolescent age is working as bridge between childhood and adulthood. In this age adolescents merely confused to their identity. If they are not able to find healthy pattern of identity, they have to face identity crisis and they indulge in the antisocial activities. There are gender differences in the formation of identity. The present study is an attempt to find out the gender difference on Identity formation of the adolescents. For this purpose the study was conducted on 300 adolescents which were further categorized into three groups i.e 7-8 grade, 9-10 grade and 11-12 grade. To compare the gender differences inferential and descriptive statistics were used. And found that there were the gender differences on identity formation.
Pages: 450-455
Satish Kumar (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak )
Teenu Nandal (School Lecturer in Psychology, Education Department, Haryana)

The growth of positive psychology as an increasingly influential force in theory and research reflects increased scientific interest in the relation to positive health states and corresponding potential as intervention for promoting positive emotions, thoughts, and understandings to improve health and well-being. It motivates individual to live a high-quality life. Such life comes from the assumption that holds the greatest value in life. It deals with the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Such a life leads to health and wellbeing of all the aspects of life. Positive forces play a major role in life. Research supports that positive states (Gratitude, Optimism and hope) serve a buffering function against the problems, stressors, and disorders of life. The present study sought to present an review based observation of the relationship of positive health states like Gratitude, Hope, Optimism with health.
Pages: 456-460
Neeraj Panwar and Chanderkant Gorsy (Department of Psychology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Personal effectiveness in life is possibly a key issue for all individuals and every individual seeks for effectiveness at every stage of life i.e. as a student at school/college, as a professional at workplace and as child, parent, or grandparent at home. However, personal effectiveness is an intact aspect in the life of military personnel as it does not affect him at personal level rather a whole nation is being affected by it. The higher level of internal locus of control could have significantly impact on increased personal effectiveness. Outcomes of personal effectiveness in a military person's life are best reflects at the time of maturity of his service. Thus, aim of the present paper is to explore the role of locus of control and personal effectiveness among military personnel approaching job maturity. To explore this relationship, standardized psychological tools pertaining to personal effectiveness and locus of control were administered on a group of 100 military jawans belong to different units/regiments and were near to maturity of their service. It is expected that defense personnel with significantly higher personal effectiveness have internal locus of control. Whereas, on the other hand individuals with lower personal effectiveness accepts that external issues control or determine success. Inter-correlations were computed and stepwise multiple regression was applied, and the results are interpreted in the light of the Indian military context.
Pages: 461-466
Satish Kumar, Amrita Yadava and Nov Rattan Sharma (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Alcohol consumption is the world's a risk factor for disease and disability. Haryana has the highest per capita consumption in the country. Alcoholism is a severe and chronic disease which brings entire series of negative effects, both in physical and the mental health of a patient. Substance use has been a research topic of interest to many researchers in different areas. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between personality traits with adjustment among 150 adult alcoholics in drug-de addiction center in Haryana state, India by using incidental sampling technique. Adult alcoholics answered the NEO questionnaire (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and The Bell Adjustment Inventory (adapted in Hindi by Hussain's, 1969). The data were subjected to Pearson's Product Moment method of correlation and Regression analysis. The result explains that adjustment significantly associated with Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. The results of stepwise regression showed that personality jointly accounts for 48% of the variance (R2=48) in alcoholic's Adjustment problems. Adjustment problems among alcoholics i.e. Neuroticism (N) accounts for 41% and Extraversion (E) accounts for 7% of variance in adjustment problems significant at .01 level of probability. Results show that personality is the significant predictors of Adjustment.
Pages: 467-468
Ankur (Department of Commerce, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

China has been one of the fastest growing major economies of the world since last decade or so. It has excelled in the manufacturing sector and played a major role in global trade. But, the current slowdown in Chinese economy is worrisome since its impact is being felt on the global trade. The article focuses upon the reasons for economic slowdown in Chinese economy, its impact on major economies of the world and the threats and opportunities it presents for India.
Pages: 469-472
Vikas Yadav (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The number of elderly with concomitant psychiatric illness is on the rise in India. This would create severe challenges for the mental institutions of the country in coming decades. This paper proposes CBT group therapy can be a viable solution to these upcoming challenges. The paper further examines the empirical base for CBT group therapy, & challenges it faces. This paper in lieu of the anticipated rise in the psychiatric illness makes a recommendation of further investigating the applicability of applying CBT group therapy in Indian context.
Pages: 473-479
Ashu Dhawan (Clinical Psychologist, Hisar, Haryana)

Domestic violence can be described as the power misused by one adult in a relationship to control another. It is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. This violence can take the form of physical assault, psychological abuse, social abuse, financial abuse, or sexual assault. The frequency of the violence can be on and off, occasional or chronic. Abusers use physical and sexual violence, threats, emotional insults and economic deprivation as a way to dominate their victims and get their way”.
Pages: 480-483
Alok Kumar (Department of Sociology, C.C.S. University, Meerut, U.P.)

This paper explores the socio economic profile of abortion seekers and further examines the correlates and aftereffects of abortion .In this paper ,the researcher investigated the phenomenon by using interview and observation technique at Bulandshahar City .U.P.. The results revealed that majority of the respondents were Hindu and belonged to the age group of 25-30 years with mean age 30, were mostly OBC, well qualified with post graduate degree belonging to nuclear families. Majority of the respondents induced abortion for not accepting the unwanted child, failure in contraceptive, maintaining the gap between children, poverty, preference for son and building career were responsible factor for abortion. Awareness, education, poverty and nuclear family were important motivating factors for abortion. Another important finding is the spouse's support for abortion .Whereas, in majority of the cases, in-laws were against the abortion. On top of it, majority of the female respondents reported that after abortion they felt physically weak and mentally upset and distressed.
Pages: 484-488
Anwaar Mohyuddin and M. Haris Mateen Awan (Department of Anthropology, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan)

In the present study entitled “Does Nazar Butto Protect from the Evil Eye? A Symbolic Analysis in Anthropological Perspective”anattempt has been made to know how people associate nazar butto with the evil eye. The main objectives of this research were to find out how people perceive Nazar Butto symbolically and how the people associate nazar butto with evil eye. A nazar buttocould be any object which the people think protects from the evil eye. This research would help to know about how villagers perceive superstitions when it is entered into the phase of development in terms of education level. The sample size consisted of 6 participants from village 23GB Anbalianwala, District Faisalabad, collected through snowball sampling technique. Case-study research method was used as a technique of data collection and tools used for data collection includes; in-depth interviews and observation. The results indicate that the villagers believe nazar butto is something that protect from the evil eye orthe bad evil. It consists of different objects as black handi (bean pot), black shoes, a piece of black cloth, and black ribbon but they mostly practice black handi for that purpose.
Pages: 489-493
Baljinder Kaur (Department of CM&T, G.J.U. S. & T., Hisar, Haryana)

Traditionally Newspaper has always been known for its urban centric approach because generation of news, production of news and even circulation of news take place only in the cities. It is since less than two decades that newspapers which were earlier published from state capitals have started publishing from district capitals, hence reaching to the villages. Thanks to the economic liberalization which was timely coupled with revolution in information technology that facilitated the expansion of media. But TV was ahead of the Newspaper in welcoming the media haves into its net. Newspaper has only joined hands with TV to make them media literates. Now it is prudent to find out that how much newspapers gratify the needs of these neo-media literates
Pages: 494-497
Paramjit Kaur Sandhu and Binny Rajpal (Department of Education and Community Services, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

This study examined mental health in relation to parental encouragement among adolescents. The study was conducted on 100 adolescents of Patiala city in Punjab. 50 female and 50 male were taken randomly for this study. Tools used for this study were Mental Health Battery (MHB) by Arun Kumar Singh and Alpana Sen Gupta (2005) and Parental Encouragement Scale (PES) by Kusum Aggarwal (1999). Descriptive method of research was used to conduct the study. T-test and Pearson's product moment correlation was used for attaining the objectives of this study. After analysis of the result, it was found that the study revealed a significant positive relationship between mental health and parental encouragement of adolescents and there is no significant mean difference in mental health and parental encouragement in relation to gender, but male adolescents are mentally healthier than female adolescents and male adolescents receive more parental encouragement than female adolescents.
Pages: 498-500
Dhanabati Devi Ningombam (Department of Education, Sikkim University, Gangtok)
Nutankumar S. Thingujam (Department of Psychology, Sikkim University, Gangtok)

Academic achievement is a crucial goal for many students in this competitive age. The objective of this empirical study was to examine if academic achievement of 10th standard student was related to academic engagement, perceived support from friends and parents. Data were collected from 97 students in private schools in Imphal city (capital of Manipur) with the help of standardised measures of academic engagement and perceived support from friends and parents. Academic achievement was assessed by the marks obtained in Maths and English at the final exam. The results of the Karl Pearson Correlation showed that academic achievement in Maths was correlated positively and significantly with academic engagement and perception of support from parents but negatively with perceived support from friends. But academic achievement in English was not significantly correlated with perceived support from friends and parents. Academic engagement was positively correlated with English academic achievement. Academic achievement in Maths and English were not significantly correlated with the education of the mothers and the father. The findings may be useful for the policy makers and parents.
Pages: 501-503
Jaya Kumar K. N. and Sujatha (Department of Psychology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu)

Compared to male and female gender, the transgender community faces a historical discrimination and disadvantage in the vocational areas of human life and continues even today. The present study explored the vocational status as well as the aspirations of the transgender community. As sample of 51 transgenders participated in the study and the results showed that, they infact had very similar vocational aspirations and dreams during their childhood, but when they grew up to become transgenders, their they ended in the traditionally branded despised professions meant for their community due to various discriminating factors of this society. The results further showed individual variations in their aspired professions and in their demographic spectrum.
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