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Pages: 504-507
Rituparna Basak (Department of Psychology, Salesian College, Siliguri, West Bengal)

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of different personality and different dimensions of job satisfaction on life satisfaction of different school teachers selected from different school of Kolkata. 167 data were obtained from the school teachers of Kolkata. Satisfaction with Life Scale developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin (1985), Paula Lester's Teacher job satisfaction questionnaire (1982) and NEO five factor questionnaire developed by Costa & McCrae (1998) had been used in this study. Correlation results yielded significant relation between different personality traits and different dimensions of job satisfaction with life satisfaction. Findings revealed that neuroticism is negatively and significantly correlated with life satisfaction whereas conscientiousness is positively and significantly correlated with it. It indicates that the teachers who are highly satisfied with life are found to be less neurotic i.e. they are less anxious, impulsive and depressed or vice-versa. The present study also revealed that teachers with high life satisfaction are high on conscientiousness (competent, dutiful, achievement striving). Results also showed significant positive relationship of colleague, pay, work itself, advancement and security with life satisfaction. It means teachers who have good relation with colleagues, who are happy with their work and satisfied with their status, pay and security are more satisfied with life.
Pages: 508-510
Rekha and Punam Midha (Department of Psychology M.D.U. Rohtak, Haryana)

Life is a precious gem whose glitter depends upon the style we adopt. Today, in most developing nations the leading causes of illness and death have shifted from communicable diseases to those chronic diseases[ such as diabetes, heart attack, stroke, Asthma and depression] which are strongly linked with the personal life style. Youth is the most affected generation who is in the strong grip of ill-being. So it is a matter of great concern that one should focus on health promotion which is motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential. Life style appears to be be a vital marker of well- being. With this notion the researchers decided to explore the prevalence of life style and the level of well-being of youth, along with the anticipatory power of lifestyle with regard to well-being. A purposive sample of 200 youth aged 18-22 yrs old, both male and female was drawn from the various colleges of Rohtak city. Results revealed the healthy lifestyle and higher quality of well-being as maintained by the youth. Further regression analysis showed life style s as a potent predictor of well-being.
Pages: 511-516
Rohini Thapar (Department of Psychology, D. A. V. College, Chandigarh)

The present investigation endeavored to examine the various family typologies of Indian urban upper middle class society. Also, an attempt was made to ascertain the relationship between these family typologies and the values of the youth belonging to these families. For this purpose the study was conducted on around 1000 college students (age range 18-21 years). Out of these, 350 students (Males= 164 and Females= 195 ), belonging to upper middle class socio-economic status families and only to normal cohesive family typology were selected for further study. Results revealed that most of these Indian families emerged to be normal cohesive, though with a trend for altruistic, egoistic and anomic tendencies, respectively, in order of incidence. Clear cut trends were observed from the correlations between the values of the youth and their respective three family typologies (i.e. cohesive- egoistic, cohesive- altruistic and cohesive- anomic). Meaningful gender differences were also observed and were indicative of the present day transient Indian society.
Pages: 517-520
Anjana Prusty and Satyananda Panda (Department of Psychology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim)
Nursing is, by its very nature, an occupation subject to a high degree of stress. Many nursing tasks are mundane and unrewarding. Many are by normal standards distasteful, even disgusting, others are often degrading; some are simply frightening. Workplace stress has long been recognized as a challenge for the nursing profession. There is limited research exploring the personality characteristics of nurses within clearly defined nursing specialty areas. The present study aimed to compar epersonality trait and stress level of nurses serving in government and private hospitals. The descriptive survey has been used as the research method in this study. The sample of 60 qualified nurses (30 Government and 30 Private Nurses) was selected using random cluster sampling. Data were collected by using Nursing Stress Scale and NEO Five Factor-3 Inventory. Significant differences were found among government and private nurses on various dimensions of stress level like conflict with physician, lack of staff support, conflict with other nurse and supervisor and highly significant differences were found on workload. However, no significant relationship was found between stress and personality traits. No significant difference of different dimensions of personality traits among private and government nurses was found. Results also indicated that all the five personality traits are good predictors for stress as well as among nurses at 0.001 levels. However, no significant relationship between personality characteristics and levels of nursing stress among government and private nurses was found. 76.7% of private nurses reported that they experience medium level stress and only 23.3% of them experience low level of stress. 73.3% government nurses reported that they experience low level stress where as only 26.7% of them experience medium level of stress.
Pages: 521-525
M. Vinothkkumar (Department of Psychology, St. Agnes Centre for Post Graduate Studies & Research, Mangalore)

Older age is normally associated with losses in physical, cognitive, and social domains. Despite these losses, older adults often report higher levels of well-being than do younger adults. A paucity of research in understanding the level of well-being and strategies to facilitate it. Hence, the present study is to identify the potential predictors of well-being among the elderly peoples. Therefore, this study examines the roles of emotional expressivity, loneliness, happiness, and psychological well-being. For this purpose 60 participants (Males and Females) aged 60 years and above living at home with family were asked to provide an assessment on Emotional Expressivity Scale, Loneliness Scale Subjective Happiness Scale and Psychological Well-being.Results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between subjective happiness and psychological well-being; and loneliness and psychological well-being. From the regression analysis result reveals that Loneliness and happiness significantly predict psychological well-being. Further, findings from this study will improve the understanding of the migratory role of expressivity, happiness and well-beingamong elderly. We also discussed the results in detailed and suggest an appropriate intervention framework and directions for future research
Pages: 526-534
Varun Kumar, Richa Ojha, Ashok Parasar, and Ajay Maurya (Department of Psychotherapy, Ankur Rehab Centre Dharmpuri, Indore, Madhya Pradesh)
Ajay Sharma, Ashok Kumar Patel and Ankur Agrawal (Department of Neurology, Shri Arvindo Institute, Ankur Rehab Centre, Mediacal Sciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh)

Psychoeducation has been emerged as an indispensable mode of treatment in modern day psychiatric treatment. Most mental health clinicians and researchers are in favour of adding psychoeducation as the adjunct to strengthen the other forms of psychiatric treatment because psychoeducation has the potentialities to help the patients and family members know about their creative and positive role in the treatment and enhance their ability to deal with daily stress. Psychoeducation is an adjunctive approach which has the immense potentialities to reduce the relapse as well as rehospitalization rates and mental health costs in relapsing psychiatric disorders. Psychoeducation is understood as systematic, structured, didactic information on the illness and its treatment options and psychoeducation aims to enable patients as well as family membersto cope with the illness. Modern treatment protocols cite psychoeducation as an indispensable part of psychiatric treatment. Psychoeducation for patients with severe and relapsing mental disorder improves the understanding of mental illness, increases the quality of life, and can reduce relapse rates. Family psychoeducation as well has become a strongly supported evidence-based practice in the treatment of chronic and relapsing mental disorders. Psychoeducation in families of patients with such disorders can reduce the relapse rates of these patients, positively influence the course of the patient's illness, and help the families and patients to better cope with the mental illness (Rummel-Kluge et al., 2006). In our review paper we present evidence supporting the efficacy of psychoeducation, the topics to be addressed in a psychoeducational program and its postulated mechanisms of action as well as side-effects.
Pages: 535-537
Deepesh Rathore (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Ever since Charles Spearman gave his theory of General Intelligence or 'g' factor various theories have come up that refuted the fact that intelligence comprised of only a single factor or a single general ability, beginning with L.L.Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities many theories have come up challenging the notion that intelligence represents only mental competence. This article looks at two such approaches namely Howard Gardern's theory of Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence that have changed the way how we look at intelligence.
Pages: 538-540
Sukhminder Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Sandeep Kaur (Department of Psychology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab)

Shyness is considered as a barrier in developing and maintaining relationships in a healthy manner among adolescent population. The present study was intended to investigate the correlation of public speaking anxiety, self-efficacy with shyess. Shyness Scale (Cheek & Melchior, 1985), Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (McCroskey, 1970), and Self-efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) were administered on 109 female adolescents. Results indicate the positive correlation between public speaking and shyness (r= 0.54 ; p > 0.01). Self-efficacy and shyness are found to be negatively correlated (r=-0.38; p > 0.05 ). Results are discussed in discussion.
Pages: 541-543
Misha Aziz and Momina Abid (Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)

Social responsibility and altruistic behavior seems to be a part of human nature but in so many contexts it will be vary in individual. Altruistic behavior makes altruistic personality. Present study was aimed to explore the predictive relationship between social responsibility and altruistic personality. Randomly selected a sample of 150 (63 males and 87 females) adults. The Altruistic Personality Scale (Rushton, Chrisjohn, &Fekken, 1981) and social responsibility scale subscale of Prosocial Behavior Battery (Penner, 2002) were used in present research. Results indicate that there is positive correlation between social responsibility and altruistic personality. Regression analysis reveals that socially responsibility had significant impact on altruistic personality Research results also indicate that significant gender differences on Altruistic Personality but no gender differences on socially responsibility among adults.
Pages: 544-549
Rajender Singh (Department of Geography, Govt. College, Hisar, Haryana)

The main purpose of this paper has been to provide an understanding of the linkages between trade and climate change. The material reviewed shows that trade intersects with climate change in a multitude of ways. This is due to the innumerable implications that climate change may have in terms of its potential impacts on trade, agricultural, non-agricultural and the profound regulatory and economic changes that will be required to mitigate and adapt to these impacts.
Pages: 550-552
Muni Vijay (Department of History, IGNOU, New Delhi)

The excavation revealed the existence of a non-Harappan culture related to the Kalibangan I and the pre defense cultures of the Harappa. Which has been called late Siswal culture after the site where its stratigraphic relationship with Kalibangan I culture was first recognized? It also provided a continuous sequence from late Siswal to late Harappan culture and evidenced the survival of the co-existence of the late Siswal culture elements in the Harappan and the late Harappan phases.
Pages: 553-556
M.R. Banahatti (Department of Psychology, KLEs Lingaraj College, Belgaum, Karnataka)

We don't discuss sexuality enough when considering the lives of older adults. It's easy to assume that aging brings dramatic changes and that sexuality is not a topic that concerns older adults to any great degree. Sometimes, however, events bring about a dramatic shift in awareness and understanding. More recently, in 2006, the film Away From Her, brought issues of sexuality in couples dealing with dementia into sympathetic attention, with Julie Christie starring as an older woman with Alzheimer's disease whose sexuality remains vibrant. While we still see many casual advertisements and media stories equating sexuality only with the young. There has been a paradigm shift toward a greater understanding that sexuality is an important part of life, throughout one's lifetime. However, it is not easy for health professionals in training to find information to learn more about aging and sexuality, Sexuality in older adults is a neglected topic: greater understanding of the area has the potential to contribute to the quality of life of senior one, their family members and formal careers. Here in this paper significant is given to current knowledge about sexuality and ageing.
Pages: 557-559
Major Singh (Akal Degree College, Mastuana, Sangrur, Punjab)

During the years 1906-10 two men guided the British policy in India, John Morley Secretary of State for India and Viceroy Lord Minto. They co-operated in introducing constitutional changes which are known as 'Morley-Minto Reforms.' Morley knew that there was much unrest, discontent and sedition in India. Several millions died of famines and plague in the early years of the present century. The partition of Bangal (1905), followed by the Swadeshi Movement, had created serious disturbances within the Congress the extremists were demanding anti-British agitation. Morley and Minto decided to meet this critical situation by introducing constitutional changes which would secure for the government. Then followed the Indian Council Act, 1909 which introduced important constitutional changes. The size of the Central and Provincial Legislatures was increased. The number of additional members of the Governor-General's Council was now raised at the maximum to 60. The good effects of these provisions were largely nullified by the introduction of separate electorates which provided special privileges for the Muslims and widened the political gulf between them and Hindus. Provision was made for the creation of Executive Councils for the Lieutenant-Governors of the provinces. The introduction of Separate Electorates was a fulfillment of the commitment made by Minto to the Shimla Deputation and a statutory recognition of Muslim separatism. Thus the fundamental principle behind the Morley-Minto Reforms made no concession to the congress demand for self government within the British Empire.
Pages: 315-318
Mahboobeh Hadaddi (Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Isfahan)
Maryam Farhang (Department of Psychology, Kerala University, Kerala)
Maryam Ghaderi (Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Khorasgan)

This undergoing study is considering effects and comparison in treatment approaches of matrix; methadone, buprenorphine; matrix with buprenorphine and matrix with methadone in methamphetamine dependent patients. The sample consisted of 36 methaphetamine dependent patients, who referred to addiction treatment centers of Isfahan were selected, and classified randomly, into six groups of treatment: First: Matrix treatments, Second: Methadone drug, Third: Bupernorphine drug, Fourth: Receiving methadone treatment combined with matrix treatment, Fifth: Receiving Buprenorphine treatment combined with matrix treatment, Sixth: Control group (placebo). Frequent urine test has been taking from those patients, after collecting data, obtained data is used to compare groups and analyze the results. Descriptive (frequencies, averages and percent cumulative) and inferential method (chi-square) has been used in SPSS as a statistical method to analyze the data. The result revealed that Matrix treatment with Buprenorphine for the first phase of treatment demonstrated positive outcomes, but after 2 months of leaving the slip rate is greatly increased. Matrix treatment alone for beginning of the treatment in comparison with matrix treatment with Buprenorphine had not good results, But the continued and sustained participation of the patients in the sessions of matrix ships are severely reduced and results were better than treatment of Buprenorphine with matrix. Methadone and Buprenorphine treatment alone were also completely ineffective.
Pages: 319-324
Anjana Bhattacharjee and Sukriti Banda (Department of Psychology, Tripura University, Tripura)

Depression, the silent killer has become one of the alarming crises in today's fast paced society. Depression may occur due to existence of different psychological or physiological illness as well as it can get induced from the medications prescribed for those illnesses. Depression is commonly associated with HIV/AIDS. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether level of depression differs according to biological sex or not? Hence the present study was carried out among male (N=28) and female (N=39) HIV positive persons and all of them (N=67) were selected purposively from ART centre, G.B.P Hospital, Agartala, the capital of Tripura. All of them belonged to the age group of 14 to 60 years and data were collected from them through face to face interview technique. For data collection, Basic Information Schedule and Back Depression Inventory were used. The findings indicated no gender differences among the HIV infected persons in regard to their level of depression.
Pages: 325-330
Saranya T. S and Sibnath Deb (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry)

Adivasis or tribes are the poorest section of the Indian society. The Paniya tribes of the Kerala are the marginalized section of the society with low literacy (49.5%), high infant mortality and high maternal mortality rates. In general limited research is carried out in India on welfare and well-being of tribal adolescents. Less is known about the parental care and support practicestowards their adolescents in Paniya community in Kerala. Therefore, the present study made an attempt o understand the perception of Paniya adolescents about their parental care and support services and adverse childhood experiences.A specially designed Structured Interview Schedule was used for collection of information from the Paniya adolescents.A total of 361 Paniya adolescent boys and girls were covered in the study following multi-stage convenience sampling method from three different districts of Kerala. An overwhelming number of the adolescents (i.e., more than 90%) reported that their parents take care of them well in terms of love and affection, nutrition, education and medical care. However, when the issue of sharing of personal issues comes, only half of them (51.8%) reported feeling comfortable to share their personal issues with parents. In this regarding significant gender difference was found (p<.01). Significantly more number of female adolescents reported uncongenial family environment (p<.01) and not feeling safe at home (p<.01). A large number of adolescents, irrespective of gender, admitted early childhood adverse experiences like psychological (49.8%), physical (29%) and sexual violence (25.2%). About half of the adolescents reported that their parents consume alcohol. Similarly, 23.5% adolescents frankly admitted having alcohol all most on regular basis of which 7% reported to be girls. The findings of the study speak in favour of community-based activities for welfare and well-being of adolescents of Paniya community in Kerala and in this regard local community-based organizations and Panchayat should take the initiative.
Pages: 331-335
Rohtash Singh (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana )

Emotional intelligence appeared as an important construct in prediction of personal, academic and career success. Empirical studies investigated the relationship of emotional intelligence with numerous psychosocial factors and revealed its significance in various fields including mental health and well-being. The present study is an attempt in this direction to examine the relationship of emotional intelligence and emotional maturitywith well-being, and to ascertain to the contribution of emotional intelligence and emotional maturity in well-being. Sample consisted of 200 (94 male + 106 female) participants drawn from Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. The participants were assessed with Emotional Intelligence Scale, Emotional Maturity Scale and General Well-being Index. The zero order correlation revealed that emotional intelligence, and emotional regression and lack of independence measures of emotional maturity is found to have significant relationship with well-being. Multiple regression analysis revealed that emotional intelligence and emotional maturity yielded significant contribution in predicting general well-being.
Pages: 336-342
Harprit Kaur and Parminder Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala)

Childhood is the most crucial stage and lays the foundation of life. It is a period of rapid- physical, mental, social and emotional development of children. At this age, emotions play an important role. Emotional development includes the emergence of a child's experience, expression, understanding, and regulation of emotions. The regulation of emotions depends upon how a child recognizes labels and controls the expression of his emotions in ways that are generally consistent with cultural expectations. Emotional development does not occur in isolation; the social and behavioural influences have a pivotal role in this context.Any hindrance occurring during this age impacts child's social, emotional and physical health. One of the current issues which is caused by the dys-regulation of emotionsis Obesity. Childhood obesity is an important issue because of the staggering proportions that this disease has reached. It has reached epidemic levels across national and socio-cultural boundaries', creating a dire need to turn over a new leaf for the child's physical and psychological health. Keeping in view the above, present investigation was planned to study the relationship of alexithymia and obesity in children. The total sample for this study comprised of 463 children, out of which 303 children were obese and 160 children were non-obese control group.Alexithymia questionnaire for children (Rieffe, Oosterveld & Terwogt; 2005)was administered andanalysis of data was carried out using both descriptive and inferential statistical measures. The results and their implications are discussed in the paper. The study makes a strong case for counselling- workshops for parenting, and counselling-group sessions for training in emotions management for children.
Pages: 343-348
Sujeet Kumar and Md Iftekhar Hossain (Department of Psychology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar)

It is a common notion held by policymakers, practitioners, and the general public is that the major cause of criminal behavior is problems in the family and it is considered by them that the family a critical ingredient in a child's subsequent involvement in crime. Researchers have undertaken a number of investigations to better understand the relationship between various family factors and crime. During the review of literature it is found out that rapid population growth, the unavailability of housing and support services, poverty, unemployment and underemployment among youth, the decline in the authority of local communities, overcrowding in poor urban areas, the disintegration of the family, and ineffective educational systems are some of the pressures young people must deal with. It is inferred hat there has been a large amount of research bearing, in some way, on the relationship between family factors and criminal behavior. Our purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the relative strength and consistency of family factors as a predictor and as a target for crime The present paper explored the relationship between size of the family, type of the family and locale. Given the breadth and scope of these areas, it has not been possible to produce an exhaustive review of research. The search parameters were guided by strict time constraints, whilst the research method involved numerous combinations of search terms using web-based search engines and the journals, documents and relevant research. Some international research was incorporated, where available, to augment the discussion. On the basis of results and discussions it is concluded that family constellations are important in the development of antisocial behavior and poverty in urban area, inequality, disrupted families, inadequate socialization, and the presence of criminal opportunities all seem to be important correlates of crime.
Pages: 349-353
Harpreet Kaur (Department of Education & Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala)

The study examined teacher effectiveness among senior secondary school teachers. The sample in the study was 98 Govt. senior secondary school teachers from schools of S.A.S. Nagar were selected randomly. Teacher Effectiveness scale prepared by Puri and Gakhar (2010) consisted of 68 items was used to find effectiveness among teachers. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode and t-test) were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that there is no significant mean difference in teacher effectiveness in relation to gender, different level of experience, humanities and science group but teacher effectiveness differs significantly when compared across humanities and commerce group; science and commerce group of study. On the basis of findings, it is suggested that there is a need to enhance subject knowledge and pedagogical skills for better efficiency in the teaching-learning process.
Pages: 354-359
Ashok Parasar (Department of Psychotherapy, Ankur Rehab Center, Dharmpuri, Ujjain, Indore, M.P.)
Dinesh Naik (N.V.P. Mandals Arts, Commerarce & Sciences Collage, Lasalgaon, Nashik, Maharastra)
Pramod Gupta (Director, CIIMHANS, Dewada, Rajnadgaon, C.G.)
Ashok Kumar Patel (Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi)
Ajay Maurya and Varun Kumar Srivatav (Ankur Rehab Center, Dharmpuri, Indore, M.P.)

Families often bear a substantial amount of the burden of any illness in a relative and this is true in schizophrenia. Families no longer consider them self a cause but still are obligated to care for their children. A large body of literature explores the familial interactions and clinical course of schizophrenia (Tasman, 2003). Here it's a huge problem of coping of care givers schizophrenia. Coping style is a person's characteristic strategies used in response to life problems or trauma. These can include thoughts, emotions or behaviour. The term coping refers to the process by which a person attempts to manage stressful demands. The aim of the present study was to explore the coping strategies of caregivers of Schizophrenia patients. The sample size of the study is 60 caregivers of schizophrenic patients. The tools used for assessing the variables are Socio Demographic Data Sheet (Self made), General Health Questionnaire, and The Cope Scale. Suggests Emotion-Focused Coping was mostly used by the caregivers of schizophrenic patients.
Pages: 360-362
Damanjit Sandhu and Shubhdip Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Adolescents with childhood histories often have cognitive distortions and biases regarding social world. The present study aimed to investigate differences in interpersonal relationships of adolescents abused during childhood from the adolescents having no such histories. 1557 adolescents (aged 15 18 years) from various areas of Punjab (India) were screened for childhood abuse through Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Two groups (one abused and other non-abused) each comprising 100 adolescents were formed. To investigate the group differences all adolescents were administered Clinical Assessment of Interpersonal Relationships. Significant group differences emerged over this measure. The study stressed that the adolescents with childhood histories of abuse, in comparison to the non-abused group, tend to display more problems in interpersonal relations with parents, peers and teachers. Childhood abuse have made adolescents to enter their social world with faulty perceptions, faulty self-image and cognitive distortions which have entirely shaped the way they define themselves and their world, thereby affecting badly their interpersonal relationships with significant persons.
Pages: 363-368
Tejbeer Kaur (Department of Psychology, Khalsa College, Patiala)

There has been increasing interest in adult attachment from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. It was conceptualized as the affective connection between two individuals that provides them with a firm emotional foundation from which they can interact with the world. In this review, we present theoretical issues related to adult attachment, in particular, individual differences, working models, and the role of attachment in adult romantic life. The literature review examined topics such as relations between childhood experiences and adult attachment status, and adult attachment and adult personality and functioning, parenting and partnership behavior. Attachment styles was classified into two categories, i.e., secure and insecure (anxious and avoidance). Studies indicate that securely attached individuals are trusting, happy, have better communication and conflict resolution skills than insecure individuals hence better marital satisfaction.
Pages: 369-373
Kriti Sarkar and Anjali Ray (Department of Applied Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

Reproductive health is a series of rapid and interconnected developmental processes and is determined by both personal and contextual characteristics. Some of the most marked developmental changes in adolescence are in reproductive healthsexual identity, capacity of sexual intimacy and reproductive potential, nutritional level, awareness of sexual decision making, risk assessment and seeking help and avoiding problems. With this background the present authors concentrated on reviewed facts on causes, consequences and management of psychosocial variables related to reproductive health. Accordingly the study concentrated on the review of literature covering the following themes: n Reproductive health(sexual and nutritional health) and interrelation pattern (parents and peers) n Reproductive health (sexual and nutritional health) and mental health(depression and mental health status) Summary of objective observation indicated the following factsthe type of attachment with parents and social interaction with peers determines the way in which they resolve questions about sexual values and morals. This is often accompanied by symptoms of elevated anxiety, depression related to sexual behaviour and feelings of hopelessness, despair and chronic sadness. Studies with adolescents in developing countries found that despair and suicidal behaviour are common in adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse or sexual violence and that adolescent marriage is a risk factor for depression in girls. The nutritional status especially deficiency of iron leading to anemia, vitamin A, riboflavin and calcium plagues adolescent holistic reproductive health development.
Pages: 374-378
Anwaar Mohyuddin and Nasra Khan (Department of Anthropology, Quaid iAzam University, Islamabad, Pakistan)

The paper deals with the information regarding symbolic representation of green color among Muslims. The data presented in this paper has been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques which mainly include participant observation and in depth interviews. Field research was conducted in Batkhela Baba Ji, located in the village Batkhela Malakand division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The first objective of the study was to know people's perception towards green color, that's how this color symbolizes the concepts and personality of an individual. The second objective was to find out the importance of green color in in religion specific in Islam. Third objective was to know the cultural importance of the green color that whether people culturally attach with this symbol or not. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand that how people spiritually attached with green color and symbolize their lives with it. In this regards most of the Muslims associate Islam with green color to give some sort of Quranic Verses and Hadith. The color green is not only influence Muslims spiritually, but also impacts in cultural context. This thing can be found in different rituals among Sufi Muslims who use green color in their specific rituals. The aim of the study is to know about physical and mental effects of green color with soothing, relaxing, help, depression alleviation, self-control and harmony. This paper also interprets the meaning and utilization of green color is varies from one society or region to another. According to cultural perspective it is usually used in dressing, wedding and in other rituals.
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