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Pages: 181-186
Sunita Singh and Vinod Kumari (Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is the best bet for good governance. The efficient functioning and desired goals of PRI are not possible without active participation of women representatives in different development activities and decision making process. It is the need of the hour to examine the knowledge of women representatives in PRIs despite the socio-economic constraints. The present study was undertaken to know the association of income and occupation with knowledge level of elected women in gram panchayat activities. The present study was undertaken in purposively selected Panchkula and Mewat districts of Haryana state having the highest and the lowest female literacy status, respectively. A sample of 160 respondents consisting of 80 respondents from each district was taken. Income and occupation are important indicators of economic and social position of an individual in the society. While categorizing the respondents according to their income, the contention of government to estimate the income for BPL was taken into account and it was operationalized as low (upto Rs. 27000), medium (27001-150000) and high income group (about Rs. 150000). Occupation was divided into four main categories viz; farming, agricultural and skilled labour, professional or businessman and any other work. The socioeconomic profile of respondents indicated that majority of them were from middle age, illiterate or primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. The result indicated a significant association between income levels of elected women members with their knowledge level. More number of respondents from high income group was having high knowledge of administrative and economic activities (62.00%), social activities (72.00%), political activities (80.00%) and public and civic amenities (62.00%). A significant association was also found between occupation and knowledge level of respondents about different Gram Panchayat activities as indicating that more than 80 percent respondents from professional and business class were having high knowledge level of different activities except agriculture, health and sanitation and judicial activities. Similarly respondents from other works like hawkers, small shops in village, domestic helpers were having high knowledge about different activities of Gram Panchayat.
Pages: 187-193
Gonika Bhatia and Niti Shukla (Department of Psychology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab)

There are several million of females worldwide who are working as prostitutes to earn for their survival. The number of prostitutes is escalating day by day. The previous studies are mostly engaged into finding the after-effects of entering into the prostitution, but no one has shown the interest in knowing the factors that might have contributed in the selection of this profession. Being a student of Psychology, the researcher felt the need to find out the intrinsic, psychological factors contributing in the final choice of entering into the practice of prostitution by a woman. Thus, this study is intended to find out the psychological constructs of the prostitution which casts some light on the factors like personality, role of sexual abuse and motivation behind choosing a profession like prostitution. For the same purpose, three different psychometric tools were being used which include NEO PI-R, i.e., Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Personality Inventory (Revised), Work Extrinsic, Intrinsic Motivation scale and Sexual abuse check list. The sample size in the study was 33 (N=33). The statistical tools used to analyze the collected data included t-test and chi-square. The results concluded that there were insignificant differences in the personalities of the two groups under study, i.e., the females who chose to be in the occupation of prostitution and the females who were forced into it. The motivation levels of the two groups did show some differences but again were not significant enough. The overall motivation in the prostitutes came out to be extrinsic in nature. It was found that the females who choose to be a sex worker score higher on the incidences of sexual abuse. The results also concluded empirically that the females who are into the profession of prostitution are significantly higher on the incidence of sexual abuse.
Pages: 194-199
Sunil S. Jadav and Pankaj S. Suvera (Department of Psychology, S. P. University, V. V. Nagar, Gujarat)

Main purpose of the research is to study the social freedom among the women victims of domestic violence so investigator selected two groups one is urban areas women and other is rural areas women, both groups have 360 women. In each group has 180 urban areas and other one groups has 180 rural areas women victims of domestic violence. Data were collected from North and Central Gujarat. Scale was use for data collection is personal datasheet and women social freedom scale developed by Bhusan, (1987). 2x2x2 factorial design was used and data were analysis by ANOVA test. Result show that, The urban areas women possess high social freedom than the rural areas woman. The government institute related women possess more social freedom than the non-government institute related women. The high educated women possess high social freedom than the low educated woman. There is no significant interaction effect of types of area and types of institute, types of area and education level, also types of institute and education level on social freedom of women victims of domestic violence. There is significant interaction effect of types of area, types of institute and education level on social freedom of women victims of domestic violence.
Pages: 200-204
Lakhwinder Singh and Gurbans Singh Bawa (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Since the advent of this universe, the human being has secured the position of super creature in relation to others by proving with well-organized intellectual activities and keeps on improving the quality of life as an individual and a member of the society from childhood to the end of life. Although the life span of a human being is continuous but various stages can be perceived based on growth and development where adolescent is a crucial phase in the sequence of these junctures with their own importance. This non-experimental quantitative study expected to determine gender differences in a study of adolescents in relation to aggression. The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of aggression in adolescents. A total number of 164 (11th) grade male and female adolescents from government senior secondary schools in Punjab. Participants filled aggression scale. Urban adolescents reported significantly higher scores in well-being as compared to rural adolescents. In both gender and location differences results were found not significant, girls and boys do not differ significantly in well-being across low social maturity. Well-being across high social maturity the gender differences were found not significant but in location differences indicates that urban adolescents heaving higher well-being across high social maturity as compared to rural adolescents.
Pages: 205-208
Rohinirani Desai (Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University Udaipur, Rajasthan)
Rekha Singh (Human Resources, N.L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research, Shristi, Mumbai)

The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of employee engagement on Job Satisfaction among bank employees. A total of 502 males and females at different managerial level (i.e., junior management, Middle management, Senior Management, Leadership positions) working in public and private sector banks were taken for this study . To attain the objectives of the study, two questionnaires the employee engagement and job satisfaction were administered to the sample population to obtain data pertaining to employee engagement and job satisfaction variables. The data was analyzed in terms of the t-test, correlations and one way ANOVA. The results of the study revealed that employee engagement was positively and significantly related to job satisfaction. Also it was found that there is a significant difference in terms of Job Satisfaction amongst Private and Public sector employees. The findings showed difference in means for employee engagement and job satisfaction among employees of various age groups.
Pages: 209-212
Lopamudra Saha and Anindita Chaudhuri (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

This paper contributes to an understanding on the factors responsible for terrorism of Tripura, a North-eastern state of India. Tripura has been facing the problems of insurgency since 1980s when an ethnic fight began in between the tribal and non-tribal residents of the state. The tribals of Tripura being overpowered by the Bengalis in day-to-day dealings formed a terrorist group to attain their rights. This has effects on both the tribal and non-tribal population. Both the groups have different explanation rather we can say different perception regarding these terrorist activities. However, the perception may also vary across different age groups as the old adults of the state has seen changes right from the beginning, the middle aged persons from the midst and the young aged only the present situation. Therefore the present study was done across six tribal and non-tribal groups comprising of three different age groups viz., young adult (18-22 yrs), middle aged adult (45- 55 yrs), old adult (65 yrs above). Each group comprised of 5-8 members and all the groups underwent one focus group discussion. The information was obtained by a qualitative study carried on with the help of focus group discussion. The results of the present study indicate that the most important factors that contribute to the terrorism in Tripura are: sense of deprivation, politics, economic problem and unemployment. However, lack of education, misunderstandings among the tribal themselves and also in between the tribal and the non-tribal are some other remarkable factors responsible for the development of terrorism in Tripura.
Pages: 213-216
Sunita Singh and Vinod Kumari (Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

The 73rd Constitution Amendment has created space for women in political participation and decision-making at the grass roots level by reserving one-third of the seats all over the country. The efficient functioning and desired goals of PRI are not possible without active participation of women representatives in different development activities and decision making process. It is the need of the hour to examine the knowledge of women representatives in PRIs despite the socio-economic constraints. The present study was undertaken to know the association of caste with knowledge level of women in gram panchayat activities. The present study was undertaken in purposively selected Panchkula and Mewat districts of Haryana state having the highest and the lowest female literacy status, respectively. A sample of 160 respondents consisting of 80 respondents from each district was taken. Caste status in the present context was measured with the help of relative scoring pattern. Scores were assigned to different caste groups as per legal prescriptions under the constitution. These include: General castes (1); Backward classes (2) and Scheduled castes (3). The socioeconomic profile of respondents indicated that majority of them were from middle age, illiterate or primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. A significant association of caste with knowledge level of women leaders was observed except a few like structural aspects and decision making. Women from general caste were having high knowledge about administrative and economic activities, agricultural, educational, public and civic amenities while knowledge level in case of women from backward class was high for social, political and health and sanitation activities. However women from schedule caste were having high knowledge of political activities.
Pages: 217-219
Manpreet Ola (Amity Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana)

Astrology columns are extensive in print media such as newspapers, magazines, television etc. and have been a staple for a surprisingly long time. The present study sets out to evaluate several potential explanations for variation in the credibility given to astrology in our daily lives, with the help of a twenty Year survey of science literacy among college undergraduate in the University of Arizona.
Pages: 220-224
Satyananda Panda (Department of Psychology, Sikkim University, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neuro developmental psychiatric disorder in which there are significant problems with attentional and inhibitory control that cause attention deficits, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which is not appropriate for a person's age.It's normal for children to occasionally forget their homework, daydream during class, act without thinking, or get fidgety at the dinner table. But inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are also signs of attention deficit disorder (ADD/ADHD), which can affect your child's ability to learn and get along with others. The first step to addressing the problem is to recognize the signs and symptoms. Psychological interventions for ADHD include a range of cognitive behavioural approaches, including behavioural interventions and parent training, cognitive training and social skills training. The behavoiural approaches involve the use of rewards or reinforcers that are judged likely to encourage the young person to implement targeted changes in motor, impulse or attentional control. Parent training is a behaviour therapy intervention in that it teaches the parents to use behaviour therapy techniques with their child. Self-instructional training is probably the most commonly used cognitive therapeutic approach in the psychological treatment of ADHD-I. It comprises several different techniques, including cognitive modelling, self-evaluation, self-reinforcement and response cost. The aim of providing social skills training is to teach the micro skills of social interaction such as eye contact, smiling and body posture. Parents, schools, and practitioners should not put off beginning effective behavioral treatments for children with ADHD-I.
Pages: 225-228
Aakanksha Tomar and Bhumika Kapoor (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The first decade of the twenty-first century saw on Indian television an unprecedented emergence of soap operas with various social underpinnings focusing on women. We argue that these ostensible changes in the status of women on Indian television rarely, if ever, move beyond mere tokenism. The inherently patriarchal representations of gender roles and projected value orientations still dominate Indian television. The purpose of the present study was to explore if these representations resonate with how Indian women conceptualize gender and the issues surrounding it, and investigate the variegated ramifications of these projected images. To this end, interviews were conducted with female viewers (N=20; young adults=10,middle adults=10). Using thematic analysis certain pervasive themes were delineated from the data; these include: prototypical depiction of women as 'good' versus 'bad', women as the subordinate sex, a virtual absence of proclivity for education and ambition, a working woman paradox, and skewed couple dynamics. The ways in which television contributes to the maintenance and reinforcement of these images were also probed. We posit that television as the most widely exploited means of entertainment subliminally imposes in the viewers' minds these regressive images of women. Since television and society mirror each other, increasing insight of the limitations of one is likely to facilitate desirable changes in the other.
Pages: 229-231
Guptajit Pathak (Department of History, Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Gitanagar, Guwahati, Assam)

Madan Kamdev is historically, culturally and naturally very prosperous place in Assam. The ruins of Madan Kamdev Temple have resemblances with the Khajuraho Temple of Madhya Pradesh. It is situated at Bezera Block in Kamrup district (Rural) at the top of Dewangiri hills. 'Kamrup' the ancient name of Assam, is believed to have derived its name from the legend the 'God of Love' or Madan. Scattered all around the Dewangiri hillock with an idyllic backdrop of green hills and flowing rivulets are griffins, nymphs, dancing fairies, gods and goddesses in cosmic evolutions, walls, pillars, lintels and door frames decorated with flowers, animals, Kalpa-vriksha, six sided Bhairava, four headed Siva, Demons, Serpents and men, women and animals in every conceivable erotic posture, all in ruins of gigantic proportion that is Madan Kamdev. It is believed that Kama or Madan, the God of Love was reborn in this place after being turned into ashes by the angry Lord Siva. Some scholars think that Madan was reborn and united with his wife Rati upon this tiny hillock. According to some other historians it is a romantic association as numerous erotic sculptures are found here. Madan Kamdev belongs to the Pala Dynasty, between 10th to 12th centuries A.D.
Pages: 232-237
Anagha Bicholcar, Nandkumar N. Sawant and Kiran Prakash Naik (Department of Geography and Research Centre, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts and Science, Margao, Goa)

Rapid urbanization is the hallmark of 21st century. Coupled with globalization and industrialization, it has initiated unprecedented waves of migration from the underdeveloped rural areas to the fast developing urban centres. However, there is a huge mismatch between the assimilation capacity of urban centres and the in migration. This phenomenon has many negative fallouts, of which slum formation is the major one. Slums are the areas of physical, infrastructural, socio- cultural deprivation. The youth who are the potential human capital face myriads of challenges in such culturally heterogeneous and deprived settlements. This paper attempts to study the prolonged deprivation among the slum youth in Azad Nagar slum of Margao town of India. Using a standard questionnaire on prolonged deprivation, sixty male and female youths were surveyed. The data collected was statistically analysed using correlation and chi-square tests. The analysis revealed that there is a high degree of deprivation in Socio-cultural experiences, motivational, economic and emotional experiences. As a result of this the aspiration levels among the youth especially the female youth is very low and it is manifested not only in overall high illiteracy rate and dropout rate among female youth but also in being indolent. These deprivations go a long way in shaping the personality of these youths who subsequently will the human resources of the urban economy. Thus, there is urgent need for governmental as well as non- governmental interventions in the form of slum infrastructure up gradation, awareness among parents, youth counselling, career guidance and incentives for collective entrepreneurial assistance.
Pages: 238-244
Asif Hasan and Akbar Husain (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Adolescence is often associated with behavioural problems. Student disruption, aggression and academic failure are a problem in schools across nation. Problems behaviour is socially defined as a problem which is undesirable by the social and/or legal norms of accustomed society and its institutions of authority. This behaviour often brings out some form of social control response, either minimal, such as a statement of disapproval, or extreme, such as incarceration. A number of evidences have revealed that young people tend to get involve in offending, substance abuse and truanting, which signify that they are at risk of developing a constant pattern of problem behaviour. In the present article, we discuss externalizing and internalizing behavioural problems associated with adolescents. Beside, forms of externalizing behavioural problems such as aggression and delinquency; internalizing behavioural problems such as anxiety, depression, psychosomatic complaints, and substance abuse have also been discussed.
Pages: 245-248
Saroj Sharma Nagpal and Nidhi Chadha (Department of Psychology, Post Graduate Government College, Sector-11, Chandigarh)

There are several reasons to justify to study any addiction and more than ever, today, it does makes sense to include a new-fangled addiction i.e. an addiction to internet among adolescents precisely because they are at a critical stage of making key choices about their future. Like any communication tool has both positive and negative aspects related to it, similarly, internet and its proper usage has lead towards growth and prosperity where as misuse of internet has become a serious mental health problem. Since younger generation use internet more than any other age group, therefore, they are the 'population at-risk' for being the victim of internet addiction. Thus keeping present scenario in mind, the present study was undertaken for an in-depth analysis of internet addiction and its effect on adolescent's physical, emotional and mental health. Measures in form of strategies must be imbibed by both adolescents and parents in order to tackle with the issue.
Pages: 249-251
Subhash Chander, Jatesh Kathpalia and Sushila Dahiya (Department of Sociology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

249-251 Subhash Chander, Jatesh Kathpalia and Sushila Dahiya (Department of Sociology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana) Abstract: Click to open/close
Pages: 252-255
Kuldeep Makkar (Football Coach, Sports & Youth Department, Hisar, Haryana)

Supplements in entertainment and competitiveness in sports and complementary of each other, the temptation of one over the other at a particular time, is the point of view of society towards sports. The games were more regenerative yesterday, they are more competitive today. Sport, without competition, is seen as body without spirit.
Pages: 256-262
Kriti Jain and Niti Shukla (Department of Psychology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab)

Aggression and Forgiveness have been considered as important aspects of human life and the relationships surrounding males with and without sisters become even more relevant to these emotions. The present study was an attempt to investigate the degree of these two emotions among male members who have sisters as well as who have no sisters. A sample of 100 (N=100) people in age range 18 to 35 years (Mean=26.5) were selected from Delhi and Lovely Professional University, Punjab. Two scales, “Aggression scale” and “Heartland Forgiveness scale” were administered on the sample. The data were examined using the techniques of ANOVA statistics. Results indicated significant differences in terms of aggression and Forgiveness levels. Forgiveness was sub-categorized as Forgiveness of self, Forgiveness of others and Forgiveness of situations. Aggression was found to be more in males without sisters (p <0.01), whereas, Forgiveness was found more in males with sisters (p < 0.01). In sub-categories of Forgiveness, “Forgiveness of self” was found to be more in males with sisters (p < 0.01), “Forgiveness of others” was found more in males with sisters (p < 0.01) and “Forgiveness of situations” was also found more in males with sisters (p < 0.01). These findings are worth to highlight the importance of girls' presence in a family towards emotional balances among all family members.
Pages: 263-266
Manju (Department of Applied Psychology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

Parenting style has a direct impact on the development of children in a family, especially their behaviour development The present study was planned to know the level of adjustment and depression in relationship with parenting style between males and females. The sample of study involved 150 participants (males-75, females-75) between age range of 18-25 years. Parenting scale by Bharadwaj et al. (1995), Adjustment scale by Singh (1974) and Beck Depression inventory by Aron T. Beck were used for collection of data. The data were analyzed by using Descriptive statistics (mean, SD) and t-test. The finding of present study was that there was a significant difference between males and females on adjustment, depression and parenting style.
Pages: 267-270
Shilpa Gulia (Department of Communication Management & Technology Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

India is a land of agriculture as the economy of the country is based on it. After independence the scenario of Indian agriculture has been changed. The country became self-sufficient for food grain production. The problem of starvation solved. But after some years, the crisis came in the field of agriculture. The farmers became the exploited community and started committing suicides due to many problems. It was prudent to find out the reason why the son of earth was doing so. Information is the main ingredient of development. It is the media who gives information. The paper is about the role of a rural newspaper in agriculture communication.
Pages: 271-275
Jatesh Kathpalia, Subhash Chander and Rashmi Tyagi (Department of Sociology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Domestic violence refers to violence against women especially in matrimonial homes. Domestic violence that is any act of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse, or the threat of such abuse, behaviors that frighten, intimidate, terrorize, manipulate, hurt, humiliate, blame, injure or wound someone, inflicted against a woman by a person intimately connected to her through marriage, family relation, or acquaintanceship is universal and has its root in the socio-cultural set up of the society. This research paper conducts a feminist socio-economic analysis of the domestic violence. The study was conducted among 200 women in rural area of Fatehabad district of Haryana State through survey method. Out of two hundred respondents, majority of respondents (67.50%) faced domestic violence in various forms. In majority of cases (66.66%) domestic violence occurred within 3 months of marriage. Education of the respondent, occupation, caste, social participation and level of social contacts were found significantly associated with domestic violence.
Pages: 276-278
Amit Kumar and Jyoti Sharma (Dayanand Post Graduate College, Hisar, Haryana)

Electronic commerce is the mutual integration of communications, data management, and security capabilities to allow business applications within different organizations to automatically exchange information related to the sale of goods and services. It covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge. The current study has been undertaken to describe the present situation and benefits of E-Commerce in India, analyze the different techniques for development of E-Commerce in India.
Pages: 279-281
Somvir Soni (Department of Geography, Ch. Bansi Lal Govt. College, Loharu, Bhiwani, Haryana)

वर्तमान वैज्ञानिक तथा असंतुलित विकास के युग में तीव्र गति से जैव विविधता का क्षरण हो रहा है। अतः इसके संरक्षण की महता आवश्यकता समझी जा रही है। सर्वप्रथम 1971 में मनुष्य तथा जीवमण्डल कार्यक्रम के अंतर्गत जीवमण्डल आगार की संकल्पना का उद्भव हुआ तथा प्रथम जीवमण्डल प्रारक्षण का अभिनिर्धारण सन् 1976 मेें किया गया। भारत में अधिकांश वन्य जन्तु अब संकटपन्न हो गए है क्योंकि उनकी संख्या में तेजी से गिरावट हो रही है। इसलिए वन्य जीवों का संरक्षण अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। भारत में वन्य जीवों के प्रबंधन के पहले उनका मूल्यांकन करना अतिआवश्यक है। वन्य जन्तु की रक्षा करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय उधान, वन्यजीव अभ्यात्ण्य घोषित किए गए जहाँ मनुष्य द्वारा इनके किसी भी भाग का उपयोग वर्जित माना जाता है। बाघों की समुचित रक्षा के लिए ‘‘प्रोजेक्ट टाईगर’’ नामक राष्ट्रीय योजना सन् 1973 में प्रारम्भ की तथा इसके तर्क पर हाथियों की रक्षा के लिए सन् 1992 में ‘‘प्रोजेक्ट हाथी’’ योजना प्रारम्भ किया गया।
Pages: 282-285
साहिब राम गोदारा (उप-निदेशक, सूचना जनसम्पर्क एवं सांस्कृतिक कार्य विभाग, हरियाणा)
दिव्या (शोधार्थी, गुरु जम्भेश्वर विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी विश्ववि़द्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा)

ऊर्जा विकास की धूरी है। ऊर्जा की बचत ही ऊर्जा का उत्पादन है। ऊर्जा की मांग लगातार बढ़ रही है लेकिन ऊर्जा के स्त्रोत जैसे कोयला, डीजल, पैट्रोल, प्राकृतिक गैस लगातार खत्म होते जा रहे हैं। ऐसे में सरकार ऊर्जा संरक्षण को लगातार प्रोत्साहित कर रही है। इसके लिए सरकार ने ऊर्जा कार्यकुशलता ब्यूरो की स्थापना की है। इसके साथ-साथ कम ऊर्जा खपत करने वाले उपकरण बनाने पर जोर दिया जा रहा है। ऊर्जा संरक्षण के लिए उपकरणों की रैटिंग तय की गई है। इस शोध पत्र में बी.ई.ई. लेबलिंग के बारे में उपभोक्ताओं को जागरूक करने में मीडिया की भूमिका, इससे जुड़े विज्ञापन व उपकरणों की खरीद बारे शोध किया गया। अधिसंख्य उपभोक्ताओं को बी.ई.ई. लेबलिंग बारे जानकारी का अभाव है। विज्ञापनों की पहुंच बहुत कम है। महिलाओं में जानकारी का नितांत अभाव है। उपभोक्ताओं में बी.ई.ई लेबलिंग के उपकरणों के उपयोग व कीमत आदि के बारे में भी भ्रम की स्थिति है। ऐसे में अगर मीडिया सार्थक भूमिका निभाए तो न केवल ऊर्जा संरक्षण को बल मिलेगा अपितु उपभोक्ताओं द्वारा ऊर्जा पर वहन किए जा रहे खर्च में भी कटौती होगी।
Pages: 286-288
Rajkumar (Department of Journalism, OPJS University, Churu, Rajsthan)

आज टेलीविजन मनोरंजन का एक प्रमुख स्त्रोत है। टेलीविजन पर प्रसारित चैनलों की दिन प्रतिदिन भरमार होती जा रही है। इन चैनलों पर विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में जी टीवी और स्टार प्लस पर प्रसारित नारी प्रधान धारावाहिकों का पारिवारिक और सामाजिक परिवर्तन में योगदान पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। जी टीवी और स्टार प्लस दोनों निजी चैनल हैं जो कि लगभग नारी प्रधान धारावाहिकों की प्रस्तुति देते है, इसके साथ-साथ मनोरंजन एवं शिक्षाप्रद कार्यक्रम भी प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं। इस अध्ययन में विशेषकर महिलाओं की रूचि पर ध्यान किया गया है। अध्ययन में यह पता किया गया है कि कौन-सा चैनल ज्यादा देखा जाता है।
Pages: 289-292
Hariom (Department of Geography, Ch. Bansi Lal Govt. College, Loharu, Bhiwani, Haryana )

पृथ्वी पर समस्त प्राणियों एवं पादप समुदाय के लिए वायु एक जीवनदायी तत्व है। शुद्ध वायु स्वस्थ जीवन का आधार है। पृथ्वी पर जीवन इस वायुमण्डल के कारण ही संभव हो सकता है। वायु प्रदूषण के कारण वायु की प्राकृतिक गुणवत्ता में प्रतिकूल परिवर्तन है। वायु के भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक गुणों में ऐसा ऋणात्मक परिवर्तन जिसके द्वारा स्वयं मनुष्य तथा अन्य जीव जन्तुओं के जीवन, परिस्थितियों तथा सांस्कृतिक संपक्ति को नुकसान पहुँचाए, वायु प्रदूषण कहलाता है। वर्तमान में वायु प्रदूषण आर्थिक विकास, तकनीकी व वैज्ञानिक प्रगति, औद्योगिक वृद्धि तथा नगरीयकरण की देन है। किसी भी देश के विकास के लिए इनका होना जरुरी भी है। तथा वह विकसित होकर आगे बढ़ सकता है। जिसके फलस्वरूप वायु प्रदूषण का होना स्वाभाविक है। वायु प्रदूषणों के व्यापक दुष्प्रभावों को देखते हुए इन पर नियंत्रण के लिए उपाय आवश्यक है।
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