Pages: 321-324

Mahmood Shafiq and Abdul Basir Nasiri (Department of Tafsir, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Herat University, Herat Afghanistan)

Bid'at in religion has caused the practice of the prophetic tradition to disappear in Islamic societies and heresies to be promoted in society instead of Islamic traditions because performing heresies instead of worship causes misguidance and depravity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce Bid'at to people to get acquainted with its negative consequences. The question of the current research is what is Bid'at in religion? Is Bid'at good and bad? Who is the Bid'at initiator? And what are the negative effects of Bid'at on its initiator? The purpose of this study is to explain the concept of Bid'at in religion and its adverse effects on the Bid'at initiator. This is a qualitative literature review research based on Islamic scripts and valid scientific sources have been used. The results of this research have shown that Bid'at refers to creating a way and method worshiping in religion, similar to the way and method of Sharia to approach Almighty God. A Bid'at initiator is someone who creates something of his own in religion. There is a great deal of disagreement about whether or not to divide Bid'at into goodness and badness, and each party provided reasons to substantiate its claim, which is examined in this article and the preferred promise is specified. Creating Bid'at in religion has many negative effects on the innovator, the most important of which are mentioned in this article.

Pages: 329-332
Sarita1, Deepak Kumar2, and Arjun Sharma3 (Department of Psychology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana1,2 and Department of Psychology, Government College Mandi Hariya, Charkhi Dadri, Haryana3)

Death is the final destination of each living being and it gives meaning to life. Death anxiety means overwhelming fears of one's own death which distract us to live in present fully (Yalom, 1980) while adjustment refers to fulfilling the demands of the situation or environment by implementing suitable behavior patterns (Good, 1959). The present research is attempted to explore the relationship between death anxiety and adjustment among youth. The study sample consists of 100 college students aged 20 to 25 from MD University, Rohtak, Haryana. The scale of Adjustment Inventory by Ojha (2006) an Indian adaptation of the Bells adjustment inventory, and the Death anxiety scale by Chouhan and Tiwari (1971) was used for the present study. The results indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between social and emotional adjustment while there is no significant relationship between home and health adjustment with death anxiety. Therefore, initiatives can be taken by universities to reduce death anxiety and increase adjustment among youth, psychoeducation can be a way for this purpose.

Pages: 338-341
Anulipi Agrawal1 and Charu Vyas2 (Department of Psychology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan1 and Department of Home-Science, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan2)

Life these days is increasingly driven by competition, resulting in stress, dissatisfaction, and lack of fulfillment. Young adulthood is a unique, and critical period of development in which unmet wants, and responsibility takes place. Meditation is a universal technique that clears one's mind and connects one's inner energy to the universal energy, and leads to the pure joy of being one with universal consciousness and experiencing unlimited peace and happiness. There are many different techniques of meditation, like taichi meditation, mindfulness meditation, concentrative meditation, Zen meditation, preksha meditation, etc. Among these, samarpan meditation is a technique that comes from the Himalayas in 1994 by Shree Shivkrupanand Swami and now this technique has been spread to the entire world. This unique technique is free of cost and anybody can easily get benefit from it. Earlier, the meditation practice was followed according to the religious context only. On the contrary, this technique is now experienced according to the spiritual and philosophical context of a human and is applied for the promotion of their well-being. This paper describes the effectiveness of meditation techniques on young adults, including the physical, psychological, social, and mental benefits.

Pages: 345-353
Sonali Saini (Department of Psychology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Sonepat, Haryana)

Psychology is deeply concerned with the study of human behavior which analyzes the factors that lead a person to behave in a certain manner across different social occasions. It also studies the similarities and differences in human behavior that result from various social constructs. As our behavior is influenced by the thoughts behind it, it is very important to study social cognition which shapes our behavior in social settings. Though a lot of research has been done in the field of social cognition, not many of them have focused on our thoughts about those cognition, i.e., metacognition. Therefore, this paper aims at explaining the relationship between social cognition and metacognition. For this purpose, the paper has been divided into different sections. The first section of the paper gives an introduction to social cognition and metacognition; the second section describes various measurement techniques and scales use to assess metacognition and social cognition; the third section deals with their importance in various settings; and the fourth section proclaims the relationship between metacognition and social cognition. Post review, it can be concluded that though metacognition plays a primary role in the formation, explanation, and alteration of social cognition, not much research has been conducted in this field. Therefore, there is a need to conduct more research to inspect the relationship between these two constructs so that it can be further applied to various fields including education, health, development, etc.

Pages: 360-365
Ayushi Mishra, Richik Sil, Visha Patel, Yashaswini Devanathan, and Mahimna Vyas (Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Duality of human nature has often been the centre of numerous works of art. However, what has been relatively hidden is the underlying duality in the makers. Starting from Greek philosopher Aretaeus of Cappadocia's notes which mention mania and melancholia as two manifestations of the same ailment in the 1st century B.C (Angst & Marneros, 2001). However, the modern conceptualization of bipolarity as a disorder was done by Emil Kraepelin (Bar & Ebert, 2010), and named it “manic-depressive insanity". One of the seminal works about the link of bipolar disorder, the manic phase to be more precise; was written by Lloyd-Evans et al. (2006) that has partly inspired this undertaking. There is a persevering belief in western communities that creativity and the manic phases of bipolar disorder are somehow linked. That has been investigated in this paper. While there are some beneficial effects of unfiltered stimuli entering brain during the manic phase on creativity, no definite causal relation between bipolar disorder and creativity has been found.

Pages: 370-375
Shubh Rana and Mahimna Vyas (Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Maharashtra)

This review involves an in-depth look at the available literature on Maladaptive Daydreaming (MD), a compulsive condition of creating fake scenarios that lead to immense distress and issues in various domains of life. The fake scenarios are continuous and are initiated by music, image, and speech. Neuro-biologically, the cognitive activities associated with this condition have their bases in the default mode network of the brain. On one hand, MD promotes creativity, future planning, and self-awareness but on the other hand, it makes it hard to engage in daily activities fully by creating performance issues and distractions. Psycho-dynamically, an Ambivalent-fearful type attachment style can be seen in maladaptive daydreamers. In certain cases, this condition might take the form of celebrity worship and reality shifting. Keeping the severity and issues created by this condition in our mind, we have carefully explored the peripheral facets of Maladaptive Daydreaming to reach to its core.

Pages: 379-381
Ayisha Rahna K.P. and R. Nithya (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Tribes have their own way of life, culture, and methods of living, but despite this, they continue to face long-standing social and economic hardships. While there are growing worries about their socio-economic issues, their understanding of psychosocial issues is not thoroughly examined. The current study is conducted to identify and consolidate the psychological and social difficulties faced by tribal adolescents through existing literature.30 empirical research papers were reviewed for understanding the issues. Results revealed that tribal students are facing many psycho-social challenges in their lives. Tribal students have low levels of Self-esteem, Psychological Hardiness, Achievement needs, Social and Psychological Issues, behavioral problems, academic achievement, and self-confidence compared to their counterparts. There is a need for structuring and implementing interventions to enhance the psycho-social skills of tribal students.

Pages: 385-389
Nivetha Shri M., M. Vinothkumar, and Anjo George (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Everyone was isolated for a lengthy period during the COVID lockdown, which resulted in binge-watching. An alarming trend has been burgeoning among emerging adults with internet usage due to online streaming platforms such as Netflix, Hotstar, Amazon Prime, and others. Binge-watching is very popular, especially among the younger generation, and they have access to the internet regularly. People started spending their valuable time in front of screens and always watched episodes of series and shows repetitively in one sitting. This habit produced multiple negative outcomes and created an unbalance in society. People started desensitizing the value of time and started neglecting their physical and psychological health. The more binge-watching you do, the more sleep deprivation you'll have, which can lead to both mental and physical exhaustion. From a psychological point of view, there is a growing need to figure out the consequences of binge-watching and its related aspects. The major aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between binge-watching, sleep quality, and fatigue among emerging adults. A sample of 140 emerging adults aged between 18-22 were selected from various colleges located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The personal data sheet and standardized instruments were used to measure binge-watching, sleep quality, and fatigue. The study results showed that there is a significant relationship between binge-watching, sleep quality, and fatigue. Hence, the study results can be adopted to design certain psychological interventions to improve sleep quality and diminish binge-watching and fatigue.

Pages: 95-99
Arupa Mandal and Santoshi Halder (Department of Education, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal)

All over the World Indigenous knowledge plays an important role in the conservation of nature and natural resources. It passed orally from one generation to the next and continued generation-wise without any written form. In Indian Sundarbans, people use traditional knowledge to adapt themselves to this flood and cyclone-prone area. The forest-dependent people such as honey collectors, fishers, crab collectors, and forest-independent people cultivators use indigenous knowledge. But the young generation is less interested in their ancestral traditions and they disappear rapidly. The objective of this study is to find out the indigenous knowledge among school students. A quantitative research design is adopted with purposive sampling in the Sundarbans locality. Data collection was performed by telecommunication due to the COVID-19 pandemic time. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. The analysis shows that it is essential to conserve valuable Indigenous Knowledge. It needs to be present interestingly to the young generation, i.e., school students in this study. Also, Government should take initiatives to protect indigenous knowledge.

Pages: 107-111
Hitaishi, Shama Norein Major, and Divya Gautam (Department of Elementary Education, Lady Shri Ram College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi)

“People have an inherent desire to appraise themselves, typically in contrast to others”, according to Leon Festinger's social comparison theory (1954). “People categorise (including themselves) in order to comprehend their social surroundings and social identity” (Tajfel, 1979). People do evaluation of themselves in relation to others by comparing and classifying. This process plays a crucial role in identity formation. Identity development is precisely a personal process which occurs in a specific social and cultural context. Media since its inception has been playing an important role in setting the context and portraying the image of women by showing the ideal body image. Media plays a crucial role in perpetuating the societal concept of "stereotypical attractiveness". There is reduction in social interaction and increased usage of social media due to the pandemic COVID-19. At a personal level, people absorb more messages from social media (Lee, 2009). How these messages of the media affect the perception of young women about their body image in relation to the images which the media perpetuates for being attractive for women in society in setting beauty trends of society. The current study is an attempt to understand how young women perceive their body image and how they view themselves in relation to others, and how they develop their own social identities, in light of the media's influence in the contemporary context of COVID-19 pandemic. An online questionnaire was constructed to collect data from 152 respondents. The data was analysed qualitatively into percentages and themes. The findings show that the respondents' attitudes about their body image and actions are contradictory, as they compare themselves to women on social media. They use filters and do care about the opinion of other people about their own appearance. Majority of respondents in this study had never been subjected to online body shaming. They were concerned with negative trolling, pressures, judgments, and being deemed "unfit" for what is deemed "attractive." in the society by messages of the media. Respondents were convinced about the malpractices of the media and were quite critical of the same. The study suggests that media should portray women in more realistic body images which could actually help women retain a healthy body image. Young women should recognise that one is capable of going beyond the "idealised attractive bodies" which are promoted by society through “social stereotypical attractiveness” and, particularly, when social media promotes unattainable body images for young women from different social -cultural contexts. The implications of the study reiterates that young women should develop positive body image and be in congruence with their real self than ideal self which is based on unrealistic expectations created by social stereotypical attractiveness norms set by society and influenced by media's portrayals of women.

Pages: 115-120
Joji Joseph1 and Rodel P. Canlas2 (Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines1 and Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines2)

The state of women who are victims of intimate partner violence is denoted by the word 'battered'. Such atrocities against women have become a rampant issue in India, with appalling physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and economic consequences. The quality of life is significantly low among women around the world as the levels of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms have been found in 55-92% of women with a history of battering. The present study aims to develop and examine the efficacy of a self-supportive intervention on post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life among battered wives in Madhya Pradesh, India. This intervention aims to reduce the level of post-traumatic stress symptoms and increase the quality of life among battered wives based on mindfulness-based cognitive theory, and emotional processing theory. Posttraumatic Symptom Scale Instruments Version for DSM-5 (PSS-I-5) and WHO Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQOL) will be utilized as assessment tools. This study will make use of a mixed research method. The current study will be executed based on the main three elements of Conklin's (1997) 'program development model'; namely, (1) planning, (2) design and implementation, and (3) evaluation of the newly created program (SSI).

Pages: 126-129
Megha Goyal, Vinay Mehla, Shivender Dhiman, Ekta Yadav, and Suman Ghalawat (CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

In this era of globalisation, it is very vital for Indian farmers to produce higher production within minimum cost by emphasizes the need to educate farmers for adopting improved technology. Vermicompost is superior among the most efficient methods for recycling organic waste as with the hefty use of fertilizers, the fertile lands were affected and as a result humans were immensely affected. It is an eco-friendly easy technology for handling biodegradable waste and encourage efficient recycling of biomass even generates income and employment for the rural poor is being promoted as a prudent option. The present study was conducted to Assess the Farmer's Attitude and Knowledge, Factors Influencing and Constraints faced by them in the adoption of Vermicompost in Jind district, Haryana. The findings of the study exhibited that the majority of farmers (82% & above) agreed that the use of vermicompost decreases the use of fertilizers, it also reduces the environmental pollution and improve the quality & quantity of output. Further validity and reliability of a questionnaire has been tested using Cronbach's alpha method. The factor analysis with 12 observed variables summarized in terms of three imperative factors with Cronbach alpha values .845, .836 and .674. Cronbach alpha for all the factors is greater than 0.6, hence questionnaire is reliable and strength of factor 1 is more with higher value of Cronbach alpha. The study has specified that majority of farmers (84%) were having moderate level of knowledge and a favorable attitude towards vermicompost technology. In addition, major constraints noted were- the non-availability of worms in nearby market, high temperature during summers and lack of knowledge about preparation of vermicompost. As a whole, the findings of the study concluded that food safety, better plant quality, environmental safety, nutrition content & improve soil aeration are effective variables with high factor loading. Vermicomposting technology is highly beneficial and helps in improving the economic status of the manufacturers and farmers. To remove constraints and for hastening the use of vermicompost, it is essential to train farmers, every stakeholder including farmers, governmental functionaries and non-governmental organizations should focus and organized efforts need to be taken to remove the constraints.

Pages: 136-142
Deepali Dogra and Tejpreet Kaur Kang (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study was undertaken to assess the determinants of psychological capital among rural and urban adolescents residing in Ludhiana district of Punjab state. The sample comprised of 400 school going adolescents (16-18 years) selected randomly from Government Senior Secondary Schools. A personal information sheet was used to record data regarding demographic profile. Psychological Capital scale developed by Luthans, Youssef, and Avolio was used to assess the psychological capital among adolescents. Significant locale-wise differences were found at low level of efficacy dimension of psychological capital. Significant locale differences existed between adolescents which revealed that major proportion of rural respondents than urban respondents were found at medium level of psychological capital. Higher percentage of urban respondents then rural respondents existed at medium category of optimism dimension of psychological capital. With regard to total sample significant locale differences were found at medium level as well as among boys of both rural and urban areas.