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Pages: 1845-1850
Sangeeta Kamath and Trupti Nawar (Department of Psychology, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

How an individual with visual challenges copes up with the disability, depends to a large extent on the supportive environment provided by the family, specifically by the parents. Parental role mainly depends upon the way in which parents rear the child. The present study focused on exploring whether the perception of youths with visual challenges of their parent's parenting style is different from that of youths with no visual challenges. This in turn will help in gaining an idea about the emotional atmosphere at home experienced by the two sets of youths. 30 participants studying at the undergraduate level with visual challenges were compared with 30 matched participants (Matched across their educational background) with no visual challenges. The type of parenting style experienced by them was compared using the Buri's Parenting Authority Questionnaire. The levels of each of the 3 types of parenting experienced by them were also compared. The results suggested that there was no difference in the pattern of parenting experienced by the two groups of participants, with respect to the style of mothers as well as fathers. Also the level of each type of parenting was comparable.
Pages: 1851-1855
Poonam Kumari and Dinesh Chahal (Department of Education, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana)

Right to education is globally recognized as a fundamental human right adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948 and this right came in to effect in India, 1st April, 2010. This study explores the problem of low level learning outcome in government elementary school. The research was conducted in six adopted villages (Jant, Dholi, Bhurjat, Malra, Lawan, & Pali) by Central University of Haryana in Mahendergarh district. Descriptive survey method was used consist a sample of 60 parents selected by purposive sampling and ten parents were selected from each village. Information was collected by Self developed interview schedule. The study found that 47%are illiterate, 78% of parents have Lack of awareness towards their child's education,73% Parents haven't interest to knowing about their child's learning progress or don't like to visit school for any other purposes,70% Parents complain about Remaining vacant period (children tells to parents about Remaining vacant period), 12% Children do not attend school,100%, i.e., All Parents say that PTA meeting not organised in Govt. School since 2 years or there is no information of PTA meeting, 52% Parents tells that there is no good teaching in government school,78% Parents tells that teachers do not give or check homework regularly,58% Parents tells that Teachers remain absent, one or two periods daily vacant. In the Government elementary school there is a need of great leader/ principal/Headmaster to control, to manage or to running a govt. elementary school in a proper way and needs to be maintained with healthy teaching-learning environment so that students find it to be an inviting environment to coming every day to learn.
Pages: 1856-1859
Salmon Jacob and Jahanara (Department of Anthropology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The use of biomass burning, i.e., firewood from forests, is the main source of cooking energy of the Sahariya community, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), from Kishanganj block of Baran district in Rajasthan. The forests in the area have dwindled over the years, as per the Rajasthan state forest reports. The people's perception of the reasons for degradation of forest in the area, indicates the role of local people in deforestation, mainly for local construction and household cooking energy needs. The dwindling forests have aggravated the struggles of Sahariya women in fetching firewood from long distances. Emissions from traditional biomass burning for cooking energy, contributes to health issues and the issue of climate change. This paper presents the study of Sahariya tribal households from Baran, who were provided with a fuel efficient cookstove, and the benefits assessed in terms of emission levels of particulates - PM10 and PM2.5, methane (CH4) and Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicate that emission levels were reduced within the prescribed standards and households were able to significantly reduce their firewood requirement. This reduction in the household emissions and reduction in firewood requirement observed in Sahariya community, can be a pragmatic solution in the collective efforts of tackling the issue of deforestation and also a positive contribution towards reducing emissions of carbon particulates and GHGs from rural households. The co-benefits include reduced stress levels among women, as firewood requirement is reduced, and improvement in overall health of family members from improved indoor air quality.
Pages: 1860-1863
Sunil Kumar Agrahari (Department of HRD Disha -A Resource Centre for Multiple Disabilities, Jaipur, Rajasthan)
Virendra Singh Ruhela (Course Coordinator Disha-A Resource Centre for Multiple Disabilities, Jaipur, Rajasthan)
Asha Kinra (Department of Psychology Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur, Rajasthan)

The aim of the present study was to compare the emotional intelligence between boys and girls of B.Ed. Special Education students. The incidental purposive sampling techniques will be used to the selection of the subjects in this research work. In all there will be 100Students of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, in which 50 boys and 50 girls were selected. All students are graduate or postgraduate. Emotional Intelligence Scale was developed by Hyde, Pethe, and Dhar was used. Results revealed that there is significant difference between emotional intelligence of B.Ed. Special Education Students boys and girls. But girls of B.Ed. Special Education students have better level of emotional intelligence than boys of B.Ed. Special Education students. When we compare the different dimension of emotional intelligence girls have better self-awareness, empathy, managing relations, integrity, self-development and altruistic behavior than boys. But on other hand on the dimension of emotional intelligence in self-motivation, emotional stability, value orientation and commitment dimension both boys and girls have similar level of emotional intelligence. The likely reason for this result may be girls have more tolerance and patience as compared to male who can think about their emotions and take decisions, because of biological difference which exists between boys and girls.
Pages: 1864-1867
Shashi Prabha and Uma Mittal (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Social intelligence is the ability of an individual to comprehend feelings and emotions of other individual and respond according to the situations. Social intelligence is necessary for leading a successful life in a society. Social intelligence comprised of four components: social skills, social awareness, social information processing, and social desirability. The components of social intelligence relate differentially with aggression, altruism and compassion. And they are very important to determine the level of social intelligence among adults. Although the social intelligence has been reviewed with aggression, altruism and compassion many times but differential relationship of its components has not been studied so far. Therefore the present study has been under taken to assess the relationship of social intelligence with aggression, altruism and compassion. The study was conducted on 200 adults age ranging between 20 years to 30 years. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used for the study and tools used were Tromso social intelligence scale given by Silvera et al. (2001). The Transgression- Related Interpersonal Motivation Scale (TRIM) by McCullough et al. (1998); compassionate love for humanity scale by Sprecher and Fehr (2005); The helping attitude scale given by (Nickell, 1998). The finding revealed that social intelligence was positively correlated with altruism as well as compassion and negatively correlated with aggression. Further, social information processing was significantly positively correlated with altruism and compassion. Whereas, social skills and social awareness were significantly negatively correlated with aggression.
Pages: 1868-1872
Mamman C. Joseph (Department of Applied Psychology Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu)
Sreenivas P. Kammath and M.P. Fincy (Department of Psychology, Central university of Karnataka Kalaburagi, Karnataka)

Meaning of yoga is to achieve a balance within the internal and external environment, thereby seeking to attain mental, spiritual and physical well-being. It enhances mental health and subjective well-being or happiness. In this context, Yoga and Emotional Intelligence were investigated in the present study. The present study was conducted among 1200 participants selected through convenience sampling and out of which 600 were yoga practitioners and 600 were never practiced yoga. The Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test and a semi-structured interview schedule were used to collect data. Spearman's rank order correlation, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to analyse the data. The findings show that yoga practitioners and non-practitioners of yoga are significantly differs in Emotional Intelligence. Yoga practitioners are found to have a much better emotional intelligence level than the non-practitioners, irrespective of the duration and frequency of yoga practice.
Pages: 1873-1875
Shruti P. Soudi and Shanmukh V. Kamble (PG Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka)

Arts have a great role in helping us reaching and exploring parts of ourselves that are often inaccessible to other systems of human interaction. It travels below the radar, bringing sustenance for our personalities and coming up with tales from the inner most self. A creation deprived of art is an insensitive world. producing and imbibing arts boost our spirits and retains us well-balanced. Creative work, like science and religion, benefits us by making most of our lives, leaving us feeling us feel better.” Artist “In each phase, the arts have encouraged individuals and provided them solace. Professor Lord Layard. Present study focuses on an optimal experience and psychological well-being of Musicians and Theatre artists. The aim of present investigation is to know the significant difference between Musicians and Theatre artists. The primary data was collected from respondents by administering Flow Short Scale (Rheinberg, Vollmever, & Engeser, 2008) and Psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989) on Professional Musicians and Theatre artists. The outcomes revealed that there is very high significant difference between Musicians and theatre artists on their challenge-skill balance. There exists significantly very high positive correlation between Flow and Purpose in life and Self-acceptance. Finally, There is significantly very high positive correlation between Challenge-skill Balance and Purpose in life.
Pages: 1876-1877
Ashmeet Jolly (Department of Psychology, Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh)

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of a therapeutic technique entitled' Emotional Freedom Technique'. It's a safe and non-invasive healing method, based on tapping acupuncture points while focusing on a particular issue. Using EFT, a person taps at those points in the body that will help release the negative energy whilst expressing their thought process. Freud talked about how Ego has a major role to play when it comes to balancing the psychic energy to prevent conflicts and that is exactly what EFT does. It negates the energy that is responsible for the anxiety and sets the ego free to concentrate on other aspects of the mind. It supports the ego in its functioning. Though the concept of use of therapies in healing is decades old, yet holds utmost relevance in prevailing ethos especially in a cut throat competition era faced by students, working men and women and almost everyone can relate to it. Therefore, it becomes vital to harness EFT in today's scenario and the efforts can not only be done by practitioners, counsellors and doctors rather can be easily dealt by anyone. Thus, incorporating EFT perhaps can bring out more potential and effective in treating fears, phobias and augmenting their performance in daily life.
Pages: 1878-1881
K. Vasumathi and N. Murugeswari (Department of Womens Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu)

High levels of stress encountered by the parents with very less effective methods to overcome will always be an obstacle to face the tasks involved in parenting the child. The study was conducted to assess the coping strategies among mothers of mentally challenged children in Coimbatore. A descriptive research design was adopted in this study to assess the level of coping among Mothers of Mentally Challenged Children by using convenient sampling technique. Results showed that about 1.9% of mothers had below average level of coping, 5.8% of mothers had average level of coping, 75% of mothers had above average level of coping and 3% of mothers had very good level of coping. It is concluded that, counsellors and educationalists involved in the health care industry must chart out the very strenuous fields and have to meticulously support the usage of various coping strategies to help out the parents in overcoming the difficulties faced by them in bringing up the mentally challenged children.
Pages: 1882-1886
Daya Sindhu (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Mental imagery is the integral part of emotion thus it can be assumed that this has some role in emotion driven psychological disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, bipolar disorders and so on. We can experience mental imagery in many different ways like visualizing something or experiencing someone's touch who is not actually present. Many researches indicate that mental imagery has role in bipolar disorder but little is known about the kind of presence of mental imagery in bipolar disorder. In the current study we tried to understand the presence of mental imagery in comorbid anxiety of bipolar disorder and also the developmental pattern of mental imagery from normal individual to anxiety patients to those bipolar patients who are comorbid of anxiety disorder. From purposive sampling we selected 128 participatnts who took the part in this study out of which 43 were bipolar patients comorbid with anxiety, 43 were anxiety patients and 42 were normal individuals. Sample was taken from different mental health centers from Prayag raj, Varanasi and Ranchi. These participants were examined with different scales like HAMD, BAI, YMRS, VVIQ and scores were obtained. Analysis of the data shows that there are significant difference in imagery between normal group and bipolar group. Results show that F variance (F(2, 125) = 5.424, p= .006) is significant for all three levels of imagery in Anxiety, Depression (F(2, 125)= 20.645, p= .01) and Mania (F(2, 125)= 3.533, p= .003).
Pages: 1887-1890
Vijay Pal Singh and Divya Hiran (Faculty of Fashion Technology, Public Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

Sportswear is among the most versatile performance clothing. Lifestyle changes, increasing participation in sports and health conscious activities have created demand for comfortably functional sports apparel. Accordingly, a range of value-added clothing with properties like temperature regulation, moisture management, stretch, odor reduction and light weight is available in the market for everyday sportswear. While these clothes may have multi-functional properties, they do not fall in the category of functional clothing. Sports-functional clothing is a class apart because it represents performance enhancing clothes. These clothes are at the cutting edge of athletic performance. Two principles primarily govern the design and constructing of sportswear following two cardinal principles. These are the principles of aerodynamics that help reduce the drag power of wind and the second is the application of compression for increasing blood flow on specific muscles. Another important design criteria is the aesthetics of the clothing. Factors considered for developing stretch pattern technology use digital quantification of the degree of fabric stretch for assessing stretch fit. The idea is to make the stretch pattern construction process more transparent in CAD applications. This ultimately offers better fitting and distinctly more comfortable garments to the customer.
Pages: 1891-1895
Tarun Verma (Clinical Psychologist, PsyClinic, Paschim Vihar, Delhi)

In most of the studies among youth, relationships between temperament and depression were investigated with a primary focus on impact of the negative emotionality (NE) dimension of temperament. The present study aims to understand the problem whether positive emotionality (PE) also plays any significant role in associations with depressive symptoms. In a convenience sample of 106 non-clinical youth (1118 years; M = 15.28, SD = .89) and 87 clinical youth (1118 years; M = 16.37, SD = .96), data was collected on NE and PE using Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (HiPIC) and depressive symptoms using Child Behavior Checklist for children ages 6-18 years (CBCL). Findings indicated that high levels of NE and low levels of PE were both related with more number of depressive symptoms. It was also found that the interaction of PE and NE was significantly associated to depressive symptoms, with lower PE levels being a significant vulnerability factor, which facilitates the association between higher NE levels and depressive symptoms. Present study findings determine the need of identifying factors of resilience for depression among youth. Insight into these factors is necessary for the successful development and appropriate implementation of prevention strategies and effective intervention programs for depressive symptoms.
Pages: 1896-1899
Muhammad Aarif Malik (Department of Education, Central University of Haryana, Jat-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana)

To build own personality, society and the nation one always endeavors by giving his best to achieve more and more. The present research study was conducted to find out the Effect of Cognitive Difficulty of students on their Academic Achievement of different Higher Secondary students of district Jammu of J&K state with reference to their locality and type of school. Cognitive difficulty is among the fundamental factors which may affect the academic achievement of students through different angles. To accomplish the study researcher employed descriptive research design and collected the data from a sample of 300 Government and Private school students selected from 8 Higher Secondary schools by applying simple random sampling technique. In this research study ANOVA as a statistical technique was used to analyze the data. The result of the study reveals that Cognitive difficulty plays a very gigantic role in determining the Academic Achievement of students.
Pages: 1900-1902
Ankita Kumari and Pratibha Singh (Department of Psychology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar)

Now a day's life is very busy and complicated. It has led to physical and mental disorderliness among people. Migraine is one of the common decease which badly influences a large number of population every year in our country. It is a kind of headache in which patients feel pain on one side of their head. They also feel vomiting and nausea. Some researches have shown that migraine creates cognitive distortion in patients. The term Cognitive distortion refers poor thinking regarding self and external world. The main thrust of this research is to know the cognitive effects of migraine in adults and to know the effect of gender and age on cognitive distortion.50 migraineur and 50 non- migraineur adults “mean age35” were selected by purposive sampling method. Migraineurs were selected from different hospitals of Ranchi and non- migraineur adults were selected from Ranchi town. After analysis of data it was found that migraineurs had significantly higher cognitive distortion in comparison to non- migraineurs, gender does not affects the level of cognitive distortion and samples having 31 to 35 age range had low cognitive distortion than 36 to 40 aged samples.
Pages: 1903-1905
Ashwani Mohan and Kiran Sahu (Department of Psychology, G. D. H. G. (PG) College, Moradabad, M. J. P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh)

In this study, data has been collected on 200 Humanities and Engineering students of private colleges in Delhi NCR. Pearson correlation has been used for statistical analysis with the help of SPSS. Researchers found in this study are that there is positive correlation between CDMSE and CM among private college students and there is no significant difference between levels of CDMSE and levels of career maturity in male and female students. This study has strong implication in higher education. As students are trained to have career decision making self-efficacy, students will be more career mature and will be ready to choose right career as per their strengths.
Pages: 1906-1908
Huma Kamal (Department of Psychiatry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College Raipur, Chhattisgarh)
Basheer Hasan (Psychometrics Laboratory, SoS in Psychology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)

The present paper attempts to find out the characteristics related to the behaviour of intellectually disabled children in classroom setting in relation to social maturity. Intellectually disabled children were taken from special schools for the mentally retarded children of Chhattisgarh. Total 60 mentally retarded children were categorized into two groups with high and low on social maturity to find out its effect on classroom behavior. The age of the children were ranging between 7 to 14 years. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) was employed to assess the social maturity of children. After the keen observation of the behavior of children ten specific behavior were identified viz., out of the seat behavior, pulling and hitting behavior, odd mannerism, rebellious behavior, play with other children, self play, working with teaching aid, sitting quietly and observing other, showing caring attitude towards others, showing self made things to others for the study. The result indicated that ten behaviour varied significantly according to the social maturity of subjects. The results were explained in the light of Denny's theory of span theory of intelligence of mental retardation.
Pages: 1909-1913
Pratibha Singh (Department of Psychology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar)

This study presents the positive and negative impacts of environment regarding attitudes and behaviours among adolescents. And the study leads to insist on the importance of bringing the resolution in the curriculum to increase environmentalism in society of tribal and non tribal both groups. The study reported attitudes towards environment among tribal and non tribal group so it is essential that individuals somehow cause environmental problems should be aware of their Responsibility in solving these problems non tribal group should remind reminder about for this there should be a practice a successful environmental training at all stages of education. based on the findings of the some researches. It is seen that the best educational stage to provide environmental training efficiency in adolescence.
Pages: 1914-1918
Renu Soyal and Mukta Singhvi (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Religion refers to belief in god, also sometimes related to moral values. Spirituality refers to the deepest values and meanings by which people live. In India religion holds important position in people's lives in various forms, mostly it is practiced in the form of rituals which unknowingly and unconsciously helps in inculcating moral and spiritual values in the masses. In the patraichical family system where male is the head of the family and females are home makers it is observed that females practice rituals more than males and are labeled as more religious than males and on the other hand males are labeled as more spiritual than females. In this light the present study has been undertaken to verify if these differences do exist for young boys and girls too. The sample chosen comprised of 50 boys and 50 girls from Jaipur city. Tools used were Religiosity scale by Bhushan (1971) and Spiritual intelligence scale by (Mittal et al., 2014). The findings are in congruence with the observation, depicting that girls are more religious than boys and boys are more spiritual than girls on the dimensions of meaning in life and transcendental awareness. Whatsoever both religiosity and spirituality are important for well-being.
Pages: 1919-1921
Ritu Rani and Nayanika Singh (Department of Psychology, P.G. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh)

The study aimed to assess the effects of gender on spirituality and gratitude among college students. “Gratitude is a positively balanced emotion that can rise when another person a benefactor- does something kind for the self (Algoe 2016)”.“Spirituality represents the specialization and detachment of profundity from everyday life into a disembodied, disconnected, symbolic realm that becomes compensatory for an everyday life where immanence is banality (John Landau)”. The present study attempts to assess the effect of gender on spirituality and gratitude among 100 college students (adolescents). The sample was divided into two groups, i.e., 50 males and 50 females randomly selected from different colleges of Chandigarh. T-test was used to study the significance of difference between males and females on spirituality and gratitude. Results indicated that gender had no effect on both spirituality and gratitude among college students.
Pages: 1922-1924
Marie Kalita (Department of English Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya Guwahati, Assam)
Balendra Kr. Das (Ex- Principal, Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya Director (Administration) University of Science Technology and Management, Meghalaya)

Privatization of Higher Education is a worldwide phenomenon which is gaining in strength and importance each day. India is no exception to this and its primarily a post 1980 phenomenon. Considering the ever-growing importance of Privatization of Higher Education and the growth of Private Higher Educational Institutions, it is quite obvious that it has created a great impact upon our society. This article is an attempt to study the impact of these Institutions of Higher Learning in today's perspective.
Pages: 1925-1927
Neha Benada and Rashmi Chowdhry (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

There has been a number of researches which has explored the relationship between personality and suicidal ideation. The present study is a secondary research which has combined the results from various studies and tried to explain the relationship between personality factors and suicidal ideations. The data was collected from different research papers from India and outside. The research papers selected were based on criterion that they are in span of 2012 to 2019. Along with this, it was ensured that paper measured personality on the basis of big five theory. There were total 10 papers reviewed. The conclusion was made in the light of the researches done and the opinions of researcher.
Pages: 1928-1931
Pratibha Singh (PG Department of Psychology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar)

Constitution has especify the principle of secularism that state can not penalize or favour any of the people on religion basis.. Article 25 of Indian Constitution deals that all persons are equally entitled to profess practise and propogate religion.. State may make any law or prevent any existing law to promote brotherhood. Indian Consitution guarantees the freedom to manage religious affaires. Article 27 of the Indian Constitution provides that the institutions for religious charitable purposes, freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Article 28 of the Indian Constitution provides that freedom as to attendance at religious worship or other religious purposes in certain educational institutions. Thus the Constitution seeks to promote brotherhood by establishing secular state, making every one equal before the law and avoiding discrimination on ground of religion, caste, language and wealth. Secularism is a very useful in promoting peace and harmony in the country. Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution provide religious rights to all citizen of India subject to public order ,health and morality.
Pages: 1932-1934
Ravi Hebsur (Department of Sociology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka)

Crime against Scheduled caste by the upper caste people and positioned population were discriminate the lower position people from ancient era and this thing from the past developed some intolerance in the present society instead of the rules and regulation, constitution to hold equality, no discrimination with respect to caste, colour, sex, and other things. The present paper discusses the changes in the pattern of crime against SCs and some of the recent data which are considered raising the crime rate in the current society. The position of the lower caste and upper caste people concerning the social orders, political status, powers, availability source to the both of the castes in the current situation and access of administration along with universal access to lower caste difference played a significant role. The present paper follows the secondary data to discuss the previous data and along with the current condition of the lower caste people in modern days rural and urban area SCs in India.
Pages: 1935-1938
Subhendu Bhattacharya and Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

With the progress of human civilization, burning of fossil fuel has become inevitable in several human activities and business processes. Release of smoke and corrosive gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide along with other pollutants has become rampant in order to carry out regular economic activities such as production, transportation, distribution at a higher scale to fulfill the need of progressive human society. In number of regions sand and desert dust, flying ashes through chimney, waste burning and deforestation are supplementary contributor of air pollution. The emission of carbon dioxide which is the most common of the green house gases is active to trap heat in the atmosphere which leads to global warming and drastic change in climatic condition. The climate change can result in heat wave situation, extreme weather condition, draught in cultivable land, food supply disruption, etc. When human beings are exposed to polluted air that looms large as silent killer, the short term problems can be sneezing, coughing, eye irritation, headaches and dizziness and in the long term it can lead to, severe respiratory disease such as chronic asthma, respiratory infection, heart ailment, stroke, lung cancer etc. As per WHO report, bad outdoor air caused premature death for an estimated 4.2 million people in 2016 and about 90 percent of them are from low and middle income countries. Cities across the Asia such as Delhi in India, Hengshui in China, Peshawar in Pakistan, Zabol in Iran are distinguished as highly polluted ones. In a startling reality, estimated 91 percent of world population lives in places where air quality supersedes WHO prescribed limits. Countries across the world have started taking action to prevent the deadly menace of air pollution. In India, Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Scheme has brought relief to some 37 million women living below the poverty line with free access LPG connection as clean household energy resource. In many cities strict emission norm has been reinforced and process has been initiated to run emission free electric vehicle in greater number.
Pages: 1939-1942
Sujeet Pratap (School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab)

The construction of affect as considered in dimensional models offers a wide array of possibilities to integrate it with relatively robust constructs. The obvious interaction of affect and cognition is characteristic in nature. Extending the domain of this interaction towards the robust construct of sustained attention, using a sensory and successive vigilance task, the present study examined the influence of affective arousal (high, neutral, & low) on vigilance task performance at a high event rate (30 events/minute)while keeping the overall affective valence as constant. Forty five participants participated in this study. The effectively aroused stimuli (n=100 each for high, neutral & low arousal) were selected from International Affective Picture System (IAPS). A 3(Arousal: low, neutral & high) × 3 (Time period: 10 minutes each) mixed factorial design with repeated measures on the last factor was used. The findings suggest that affective arousal influences hit rate and perceptual sensitivity characteristically. The effect of time period on vigilance task performance confirms the vigilance decrement phenomenon over time. Results further suggest that the reaction time varies differently with specific arousal conditions. The affective arousal conditions influenced the negative affect particularly. Positive affect yielded significant effect on time periods while negative affect interacted with affective arousal conditions over time.
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