Pages: 92-97
Naina Sharma (Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Ritu Lehal (University School of Applied Management Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Amandeep Kaur (Women's Studies Centre, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Capability to reproduce begins with attainment of puberty which takes place in adolescent period. During this period youth goes through major changes and one such important change is the menarche (on set of menstruation). Menstruation is not only physical process but it constitutes social, cultural, psychological and religious constraints. The present study aims to assess the awareness level and effect of psycho-education program related to menstrual hygiene and HIV transmission in adolescent girls of rural area. Close ended questionnaire consisting of 57 items was designed to assess the knowledge, taboos, and hygiene associated with menstruation. Focus group discussion was conducted to assess and identify the barriers in seeking optimum reproductive health. The sample comprised of 110 girls in the age range of 12-15 years. The results indicate that there are taboos and myths still prevalent related to menstruation and many girls have fear of staining their clothes or changing of pads, thereby resulting into absenteeism from the school. Furthermore t- test was applied to study the effect of psycho education program

Pages: 102-107
Roma Seraj and Asma Parveen (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Perceived social support is very important factor that can affect mental well-being of an individual. Good and healthy social support is related with positive mental well-being and poor social network leads to severe psychological problems such as chronic stress, depression, anxiety, suicidal tendency and so on. The aim of the current investigation is (a) To study the association between perceived social support and mental well-being of Kashmiri students; and (b) To examine how perceived social support impacts mental well-being of Kashmiri students. The study was performed on a group of one hundred Kashmiri students by using convenience sampling technique. Participants completed the measure of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Analysis was used to test the results. The results revealed that there was a substantial association between perceived social support and mental well-being

Pages:119-136
Akanksha Jayant Rajguru (Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health-Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)
Garima Srivastava (Aryabhatta College, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi)

Homesickness is experienced by school and college students; professionals, military soldiers, prison inmates, tourists and refugees. Psychologically homesickness can be described as an adjustment disorder with physical, cognitive, behavioural and emotional symptoms. It therefore essentially has three constituents, viz., missing the home environment, adjustment difficulties and associated symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between homesickness, sense of belongingness and perceived control in a sample of college students away from home using methodological triangulation. The sample constituted of 300 students in the age group of 17- 22 years, who are enrolled in as three-year under-graduate degree program at educational institutions in Delhi. The quantitative phase of the study involved administering the Utrecht Homesickness scale (Van Vliet, 2001); Sense of Belongingness Inventory-Psychological (Hagerty & Patusky, 1995); Spheres of Control Scale version 3 (Paulhus, 1983); and COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) followed by trend analysis, co-relational analysis, MANOVA and multiple regression analysis, using SPSS 16.0. The next phase involved analysing the outliers in greater depth and detail by means of a qualitative interview using Interpretative Phenomenological Approach. Empirical data analysis suggests that a significant declining trend was observed in the progression of homesickness over the course of three years corresponding to an increase in the personal control, interpersonal control, socio-political control and sense of belonging. A significant negative correlation was observed between homesickness and personal control, interpersonal control, socio-political control and sense of belonging. Furthermore, prominent coping strategies used by the subjects in an attempt to deal with homesickness were explored using frequency analysis. The qualitative data obtained highlighted some important aspects pertaining to the progression of homesickness, barriers to perceived control, use and evolution of coping strategies over the course of 3 years of staying away from home.

Pages: 143-147
Sunita Agarwalla (Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal)
Biswaroop Chandra (Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal)
Gautam Kumar Kundu (Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal)
Shuvabrata Poddar (Department of Applied Psychology, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol)
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The BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory the youth version (BarOn EQ-i: YV) is a simple self-report tool designed to measure emotional intelligence in young people aged 7-18 years. Based on the Bar-On model of emotional and social intelligence, which also forms the basis of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i; Bar-On, 1997) the most widely used measure of emotional intelligence in adult responses. The aim of the present study is to adapt and validate Bar On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Teenagers (Barn On EQ-i: YV) for use in the Bengali language. The present study aims to calculate the psychometric properties of BarOn EQ-i:YV in terms of the social context of Bengali culture. The study was performed in the department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. Bar On EQ-i:YV has been redesigned following a back-to-back translation method from English to Bengali. 107 children completed the Bar On EQ-i:YV in the presence of a pediatric dentist and a psychologist trained in administration of the scale. To ensure the effectiveness of the translation materials, translations were sent to language experts. The data were subsequently analyzed with SPSS in which the results showed acceptable and reliable indicators. Cronbach's alpha was 0.606 for the Bar On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (BarOn EQ-i: YV), indicating good internal consistency for each domain. Inter-Item reliability and discrimination index are acceptable for each EQ rating limit. Pearson's to be omitted correlation coefficient in the subscales yielded statistically significant results. The findings support the psychometric properties and reliability of Bar On EQ-i: YV and add to the evidence of Bar On EQ-i: YV quality and ability to evaluate differential regression models, eliminating the use of different tools to evaluate these states.

Pages: 152-157
Lalita K. Gautam and Alok Kumar (Department of Sociology, CCS University Campus Meerut, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh)

In India reproductive health is a major concern especially in economically weak families belonging to scheduled caste (SC). The present study is aimed at drawing a systematic factual knowledge about the socio-economic conditions and reproductive health profile of rural women of Chasi village of district Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 100 married women of age group: 15-45 years, were interviewed using schedule/guide and purposive sampling method. Majority (82%) of the women were housewives and half (52%) were illiterate. Monthly family income of 70% of the respondents was between Rs. 5001 to Rs. 10,000/-. More than half (60%) of respondents were married in early age group of 15-20 year whereas 35% respondents were married in age group of 21-25 years. Majority (55%) of the respondents gave birth to the first child in early age of 15-20 years and 65% respondents have 3-5 children. 55% of the respondents found sources of consultation treatment in government hospital. Significant number (40%) of respondents were found to have consulted made (Dai) and most of (60%) the deliveries have been conducted at home by untrained Dai. A half of the respondents felt weakness during prenatal period.40% of respondents suffered from lower abdominal pain, 30% respondents suffered from several headache and 25% of respondents suffered from back pain, swelling stitches pain or infection. However,40% of the respondents told that their babies were normal during prenatal period, 25% of respondents have experienced the premature delivery. It was observed that a large number of respondents (46%) take the rest of one month after delivery and one third (29%) respondents take the rest for only 15 days after delivery. This study reveals that the majority of the women lack proper care, consultation and hygiene before, during and after the child birth. This study strongly recommends the formulation and implementation of emphatic strategies to improve reproductive status of women in rural areas.

Pages: 161-165
Mollaw Abraha (Education and Behavioral Sciences, Woldia University, Ethiopia )
Asrat Dagnew (Education and Behavioral Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia)
Amera Seifu (Education and Behavioral Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia)

The authors reviewed the educational feminism theory to examine how it has helped gender treating initiatives of Ethiopian science teachers. By so doing, the findings show that Marxist and Radical feminism theories were ineffective to achieve gender equality in the instructional process of the nation. Most of the activities of Marxist feminists focused on educating people about the dominant ideology. Radical feminism also preferred to achieve a gender context school environment by following a separatist principle that enforced both men and women to have detached institutions and relationships. However, treating females by isolating them from males may develop a sense of inferiority complex among females - they may perceive themselves as weak to learn science than males. Accordingly, the reviewers considered the liberal feminism as an imperative theory that helps teachers to treat gender in their instructional endeavors. The theory seeks to level the playing instructional field that would allow girls to have the same opportunities as boys. Therefore, Ethiopia has to use this liberal feminism theory to strengthen its motives for achieving gender reflective instructional practices.

Pages: 170-174
Nitesh Kumar Jha (Department of Research, SOMAARTH, INCLEN Trust International, Mitrol, Aurangabad, Palwal, Haryana)
Unnati Sharma (Department of Students Wellness (SWD) NSPIRA Management Services Private Limited, Telangana)

Personality and Criminal thinking styles have been studied globally along with other psychosocial variables as predictors of offending behavior. There are very few research evidences are available that have been carried out to see the association between personality and criminal thinking styles in offenders. Criminal thinking style is defined by Walters (2006b) as a“content, matter of thought and a process leading to the initiation and maintenance of behavior characterized by the habitual violation of the law”. “Personality is defined as a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings” (Allport, 1961). Yochelson and Samenow's Criminal Personality Theory emphasizes on the role of thinking error in criminal or offending behavior based on their idea of free will. Walters' Criminal Lifestyle Theory too further on highlighted the importance of thinking in criminality by incorporating three independent factors; external factor (condition), decision making process (choice) and mindset (cognition). This article is, therefore, an attempt to study personality and criminal thinking styles in offenders, and how it can have an effect on offending behavior. The description of the variables of personality and criminal thinking styles is elaborated in light with the existing appropriate theoretical model. Findings of different empirical studies conducted by researchers to understand personality factors and their association with criminal thinking styles in offenders are incorporated. The implications of the study have been highlighted as well.

Pages: 179-181
S.M. Khan and Nongzaimayum Tawfeeq Alee (IMPRESS Project, ICSSR, Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Mental health is an important part of well-being. Mental health and physical health complement each other and is highly correlated. In India researchers have been studying mental health and its correlates for the last three decades rigorously. The objective of this review is to identify and sort out studies that has been conducted in India concerning mental health of Indian women and its correlates (sociological & economic status, job pressure & marital status). These studies are focused wholly on women of India (working & non-working). This piece of research gave us a direction and identified the gap and work to fill it through researches. Studies especially focused on women's mental health (working & non-working) have been lacking behind and needs to pick up the pace at par with the other specified researches.

Pages: 188-191
Subhash Chander, Vinod Kumari, and Rashmi Tyagi (Department of Sociology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Eras have come, and eras have gone, but the dilemma of women is not likely to change. Time has helplessly examined women suffering in the form of discrimination, exploitation, degradation, humiliation etc. From the last decade's crime data, we see sharp number of crimes recorded under cruelty by husband and his relatives. It also seems that the same category has had the most dramatic increase over the years. In this regarding, the study was conducted on 200 rural women in Kurukshetra district of Haryana state. Information were collected from 12 villages with well-structured interview schedule as per objectives of the study. It was found that more than two-third of the respondents (71.0%) were conscious about reservation of seat for women in Panchayats, followed by prohibition of discrimination based on caste, sex, religion and place of birth (64.5%) and provision of maternity relief (59.0%). It was also found that more than two-fifth of the respondents (63.0%) were aware about the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 followed by dowry prohibition act (57.5%) and the medical termination of pregnancy (54.0%).It was also advocated that create healthy environment for women and girls everywhere by supporting exertions to end violence against them.

Pages: 196-199
M. Sudhahar and E. P. Sengottuvel (Department of Commerce, Gobi Arts & Science College, Gobicheetipalayam, Tamil Nadu)

The study examines the Precaution Measures and behavior by the college students to protect from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Tamil Nadu context. The selected data were further categorized into college students who hailing from rural and urban area. Sixteen precautionary measures were given to students to answer and factor analysis is applied to predict the measures followed by the students. The results exhibited that majority of the students are using the smartphone during the lockdown period to spend their time. They are giving importance to the Respiratory Hygiene but giving less importance to Staying in Home to obey the Government Rule.

Pages: 205-211
Ashwani Saini (CIRB, SUB-Campus, Nabha, Punjab)

The objective of this study was to analyze the differences in behavior between groups of buffalo heifers reared in loose vrs. barn housing systems and fed on green and hay fodder during the autumn and hot season, to supplement the information for guidance of farmers on how to better manage their animals, increase thermal comfort and improve the feed conversion efficiency with efficient feed utilization. Twenty female buffalo heifers of about 12- 15monthsage were selected from the buffalo herd under Buffalo Research Centre, Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Animal Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University (LUVAS), Hisar. The animals were divided into four groups of 5 each based upon their average body weight and age. The experiment was installed for a period of 120 days (February 1 to May 31)to compare the effect of two housing and two feeding systems which were comprised of 4 treatment groups viz.: T1:Conventional barn + Hay and Concentrate mixture, T2: Conventional barn + Seasonal green fodder and Concentrate mixture,T :Loose housing + Seasonal 3 green fodder & Concentrate mixture, T : Loose housing + Hay and Concentrate mixture.Ingestion, rumination and 4 resting time in day and total time was significantly (P

Pages: 215-218
Talasha Sawant and Cindy Dsilva (Department of Psychology, Nirmala Institute of Education, Panjim, Goa)

Like in any relationship conflicts occur in marriage too. This happens when the needs and wishes of spouses deviate and are thus not compatible. Conflicts impact everyone involved in it. This study focuses on studying the impact of marital conflict (domestic violence & substance abuse) on children and also to propose strength based interventions to help children impacted by marital conflict. Marital conflicts have a severe impact on the children and studies have found that these children frequently fall ill. The conflict also affects their ability to have positive romantic relationships; they also tend to have poor interpersonal skills, problem-solving abilities, and social competence, thus impacting their social skills and behavior. Lastly, the psychological impact includes low self-esteem, mood disturbances, aggression and rage; among a range of others things.

Pages: 223-228
Arshia Amin Choudhury (Developmental Psychology and Clinical Practice, University College, London (UCL))

The purpose of the present study was to examine sexist lyrics in the most popular Bollywood item songs. Patriarchy and sexism are strengthened by cultural practices, which then effect mainstream cinema and songs. These go forward to influence the audiences that consume them. Songs are especially interesting because they do not require a visual medium to be consumed, and can be involuntarily consumed in public places and through the radio. Certain songs are also more popular than their parent movies, and item songs are a genre of songs which are very prevalent in India. These songs not only visually depict women as a product of the male gaze, but also have lyrics which are both overtly and covertly predominantly sexist. A list of the most popular Bollywood item songs was prepared, and English translation of these songs was obtained from 3 different websites (www.bollynook.com, www.filmyquotes.com, www.bollymeaning.com). Thematic analysis was used for the interpretation of the data. Patterns relating to sexism were identified, and 'stalking', 'sexualisation', 'objectification' and 'stereotypical portrayal of genders' were the four themes derived from the sexist lyrics.