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Pages: 1764-1767
Sachin Kumar and Kumkum Pareek (Department of Psychology, R.G. (P.G.) College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh)

We know that individual with any type of addiction have to go through a series of negative emotions along with the ways of regulating them, in the course of getting addicted. This paper is to investigate the differences between alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals in terms of use of various cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the ability to delay gratification. This study was conducted in district Saharanpur. Data was collected by using inventories- CERQ of Garnefski and, test for Ability to Delay Gratification on a sample of 104 individuals (alcoholics-42 & non-alcoholics 62), with purposive sampling technique. In order to test the difference between alcoholic and non-alcoholics in terms of predictor variables: ability to delay gratification and various cognitive emotion regulation strategies Discriminant Analysis was employed. Result of the study revealed that ability to delay gratification is positively associated whereas three strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (self-blame, rumination & catastrophizing) are negatively associated with the discrimination function between alcoholic and non-alcoholic people. It means that alcoholic group differed from non-alcoholic group because of having low score on ability to delay gratification and high scores on self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing.
Pages: 1768-1770
Harshmeet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)
Shruti Shourie (Department of Psychology, Dayanand Anglovedic College, Chandigarh)

The present study investigated the relationship between optimism and quality of life among adolescents. A sample of 250 adolescents aged 16-18 years were taken in the study. Sample was equally divided among boys and girls. Measures administered were Life Orientation Test-Revised by Scheier and Carver (1994) and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF scale by The World Health Organization Quality of Life Group (1998). Means, Standard deviations, t test and correlation analyses were carried out. Significant and positive relationship between optimism and well-being was found among adolescents.
Pages: 1771-1773
Kanika Garg, Sakshi, Ritu, Lokender, and Dheeraj (Department of Management Studies, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana)

Job satisfaction has been tested and proven as one of the factors that glue employees to their organizations. This paper was aimed to investigate the level of satisfaction among lecturers in higher education. One hundred twenty employees were surveyed from colleges through questionnaire and one hundred two were completed and returned. Frequency method was used to analyze and interpret data. The results highlighted the value of survey as a strategy for management and human resource planning in colleges.
Pages: 1774-1779
Priyanka Musalay Thiagaamudhan and Perfidia Pinto (Department of Psychology, St. Francis College, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana)
Vaishali Jain (Delhi Public School, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana)

Body Objectification is when a being is treated merely as a body or a collection of body parts that exist for others' pleasure, that is, treated as sexual objects rather than as a person. Studies showed that men also experience body consciousness to some extent. The phenomenon of Body Consciousness is generally associated with females hence the objectives of this study is to find out the significant relationship of body consciousness in men, specifically in adolescents and emerging adults. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used on 200 men where 100 were adolescents and 100 were emerging adults. Body Consciousness was measured using Objectified Body Consciousness Scale. Analysis of data was done using t-test and ANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between Body shame and Appearance control beliefs for emerging adults and adolescents respectively. It also revealed that there is no significance in terms of dieting with respect to age. The implications and shortcomings are discussed.
Pages: 1780-1785
Shweta Jha (Clinical Psychologist, Columbia Asia Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)
Digambar Darekar (Department of Psychology, Dr. B.N Purandhare Arts S.S.G.G Commerce & Science College, Lonavala, Maharashtra)

Major Depressive Disorder not only affects the primary patient, but also their family, caregivers and associates by negatively impacting their dignity, economical condition and confidence. Thus, being reported as the leading cause of disability worldwide, and a major contributor to the overall global burden of diseases (WHO March, 2018). So, it is important to help these individuals learn adaptive mechanism and deal effectively with their environment. The present study compares therapeutic intervention Rational emotive behaviour group therapy with waiting list control for thirty individuals to show the efficacy of intervention. A regression analysis of mixed between within ANOVA (Split Plot Analysis) was conducted. Overall result showed individuals receiving Rational emotive behaviour therapy had better outcome and maintained the improvement over 2 months follow-up with improvement in overall quality of life and general well being.
Pages: 1786-1789
Anupama Sihag (Department of Psychology, G.M.N. College, Ambala Cantt, Haryana)

Agriculture is a stressful occupation in the face of uncertainties like social isolation, machinery breakdown, long working hours, fluctuating market, and unpredictable weather conditions. The precariousness of situation becomes more dreadful when a farmer doesn't perceive stress as a health problem, but a routine farm hassle. The present study focused on identification of daily hassles in farming that might be a source of stress in farmers and the resultant psychological symptoms associated with it. In order to alleviate the debilitating effects of stress, various coping strategies or uplifts were also identified. A sample of 117 farmers in the age range of 22 years and above, from the villages of Haryana was assessed on Hassles and Uplift Scales (Lazarus & Folkman, 1989) and SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1994). The results of present study indicate that farmers are experiencing considerable level of stress, anxiety, and depression. Complaints of disturbed sleep in elders and moderate suicide ideation in young farmers is also present. Present study suggests potentially valuable interventions and more psychological research in farming sector.
Pages: 1790-1797
Drabita Dutta (Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

Ethnography of School alludes to the importance of ethnographic research methods to the investigation of exercises; execution and discourse on formal and semi-formal educational situations of the whole school on each gathering of understudies and day-care centers. In refinement to quantitative approaches to deal with Shalom school ethnography emphasize four important angles: environment of schooling, regulatory set-up, issues and acuities of educators, understudies, guardians, and village elite groups. The rationale of this study is what truly goes on inside this school and classrooms, what types of social course acquired in the school and how the students arrange and settle their everyday life at school and classrooms? It also assists in perceptive the approach parents, teachers and students towards each other to the schools. The details of ethnographic replicated on the educational understanding of the child and teachers in each school along with to identify the organizational configuration of the schools. Again, in the institution of schooling passes on merely a few of the cultural objects of the society. The executive structure of the organization of schooling, the school, is situated in which geographic-demographic location, with relationships of rights and responsibility among the school and Longwa village and its people. The school too is correlated by a set of connections of contact, rights, and compulsions to well-built social units - the school system and school panel, with Institute. The school is also correlated with the formal and informal political progression to the economic, cultural, and religious group welfare that set in motion the political development. The present paper argues for the relevance of culture of School in anthropological ethnography for the study of formal education and for expanding the capacity of such studies. It also implies a framework- a cultural transmission model and cultural ecological theory framework-that consent a qualitative methodology come under multilevel application of ethnography on formal education.
Pages: 1798-1802
Kanika Garg, Neeraj Goel, and Aman Garg (Department of Management Studies, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana)

Electronic banking or e-banking is the term that describes all transitions takes place among companies, organizations and individual and their banking institutions. The purpose of this article is to study the level of Customer Awareness towards E-payment in Haryana. This study is based on the descriptive research design. A total of 86 Customers participated out of 100 Customers in the research conducted using the method whereby participants answered the standardized questionnaire. The study conclude that most of the customers are satisfied with E-Payment in certain factors like wide reach, more convenient and Alternative choice Payment method. However, there are several barriers identified to the adoption of this payment method like most of the customers are dissatisfied with security of E-Payment and network issue.
Pages: 1803-1805
Jesline Maria Mamen (Department of Psychology, Kuriakose Elias College Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala)

Happiness is a crucial ingredient of well-being. No matter how different people's lives whether due to age, gender, culture, or life experience the desire for happiness is widespread. Regardless of culture, socioeconomic status and geography happiness appears to be universally recognized. Happy workplace fosters employee health and happiness while enhancing organizational performance and productivity. But for many people, the workplace is a highly stressful environment and this means it can be a damaging place for their mental health. The importance of happiness at workplace has grown over the last two or three decades as there has been a shift from physical to psychological sources of pressure at work. An economy in a downward spiral, rising unemployment, anxieties about future job loss, lack of access to affordable health care, crisis in the financial industry and declining consumer confidence are among some of the challenges creating significant stress in the lives of workers and their families. Much can be done to improve and sustain happiness at work and there are many possible approaches that can be taken. It is the purpose of this paper to explore: 1) Conceptual framework of happiness 2) Models of happiness (Sustainable Happiness model, PERMA model, Performance-Happiness model) 3) Happiness enhancing activities 4) Positive Psychological Capital 5) Positive Organisational Behavior 6) Benefits of happiness. Happiness is healthy and adaptive up to a point, but like all things, it requires balance. Research studies show that even though happiness is beneficial, yet psychologically it can become maladaptive. This paper also discuss on the downside of happiness.
Pages: 1806-1812
Sarin Dominic and Masroor Jahan (Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of NeuroPsychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

The capacity of an individual to regulate one's emotion, the ways by which it is done and its relationship with pathological symptoms of psychiatric disorders has been a subject of interest to scientists in the past three decades. People who are dependent on psychoactive substances tend to use the substance more, while facing negative life events as they are unable to regulate one's emotions. The inability to cope results in more unpleasant symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression. The present research was carried out to investigate the cognitive coping strategies used by dependent cannabis users while facing negative life events, the level of psychological symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression experienced by them and its relationship with quality of life. A cross-sectional comparative research design with thirty individuals who are seeking psychiatric treatment for cannabis dependence and thirty healthy individuals was carried out. The groups were compared on domains of Cognitive Emotion Regulation questionnaire (CERQ), Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) and WHO-Quality of life Scale (WHO-QOL). Individuals who are dependent on cannabis reported a higher level of depression, anxiety and stress and poorer psychological quality of life comparing to healthy individuals. Further Cannabis users were found to readily engage in maladaptive cognitive coping strategies of rumination, catastrophizing and other's blame while facing negative life events than normal controls. Significant positive correlation was found between frequency of use of maladaptive coping strategies and psychological symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression. The elevation of psychological symptoms were associated with poor health and psychological quality of life among dependent Cannabis users.
Pages: 1813-1819
Moumita Mukherjee (Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences Amity University, Kolkata)
Anindita Chaudhuri and Mallika Banerjee (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

Trying to do more than one task at the same time, or more accurately, moving to-and-fro between tasks in quick temporal succession is known as multitasking. There have been some research evidence connecting factors such as age and intelligence to cognitive tasks, and some specifically of divided attention, but not many with types of visual modality computerised dual tasks, as used in the current work. Also, the previous research findings were not conclusive. The present research was aimed at exploring impact of age and intelligence on cognitive multitasking, which remains relevant in the fast-paced life of people, today. Sample consisted of 240 participants, who were either employed, i.e., working, or students/trainees, in the age range of 18-42, with a minimum of some post higher secondary education, without any notable history of physical or mental illness, i.e., did not belong to clinical populations. Results indicated that higher intelligence typically lead to better multitasking performance. The impact of age grouping, however, was very interesting, in the sense that, unlike many of the previous research in related areas, mature group of individuals performed significantly better than younger individuals in the dual tasks. No interaction effect was found. The research paper discusses possible explanations for these findings as well as potential implications for multitasking in real life.
Pages: 1820-1827
Soumya Dhani (Super Humans Academy, Delhi Chairperson for Empowerment, Women Economic Forum, New Delhi)

The aim was to study the accounts of the teens and young adults coming from dysfunctional families, i.e. families with domestic violence and abuse/ divorce/ parental separation. There are 8 female participants and 5 male participants aged between 17-29 with the total sample size of 13. The tool used was a semi-structured interview comprising of nineteen open-ended questions, spanning several aspects of the traumatic experiences (in retrospect), how it has shaped their lives and the current perspectives on life. The questions addressed: the reasons of conflict; who was at fault for the conflict; the roles played by the mother, father and the child during the incident of conflict; the coping resources used by the child; who wanted the divorce/ separation (if); any attempts made at conflict resolution; the current family structure and dynamics; any changes in locality and finances; their take on life; the child's difficulty/ease in trusting others now; whether they think the world is essentially a fair place or whether they have to fight for their right; if they believe illegitimate male dominance exists; how the experience has helped them grow (if at all); the positives (if) and negatives and the long lasting effects of the traumatic episode; anything good that has resulted which wouldn't have occured otherwise. Themes were obtained from the participants' responses based on differences and similarities. The results have warranted some deep insights into their minds, revealing how children suffer in such dysfunctional families. The experiences of the child have been expressed through their own narratives now as teens/ young adults, along with their thought processes and emotions about the present. The categories like the ability to trust, views on marriage among others provide a rich source of qualitative data for this field of study.
Pages: 1828-1833
Srishti Arora and Pranita Gaur (Department of Psychology, Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Parental Encouragement is essential for the children at all stages of life, it is extremely important especially during the adolescence phase. It is a period of stress as these children have to deal with physical, emotional, intellectual and social change. Parents through their encouragement and nurturance foster a sense of motivation in adolescents, which helps them to achieve and become well-adjusted members of the society. Since, parental encouragement plays a vital role throughout the educational journey of a child, a study was undertaken to assess the parental encouragement of girls studying in both Government (n=30) and Private (n=30) schools and a comparative analysis was drawn. Data was collected from both the groups by using Parental encouragement scale (Sharma, 1998). The t-value was calculated and the results of the present study revealed that there is a significant difference in the parental encouragement of government and private school girls.
Pages: 1834-1838
Prabha Kumari J. (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)
S. Azmal Basha (Department of Psychology, S.V. Arts College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh)

The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate the scope and efficacy of Neuro Linguistic Programming along with self- hypnosis to address the tissue of bedwetting among adults. Bedwetting or Nocturnal Enuresis (NE) is a global problem suffered by 1 in 100 adults. It is reported to have physiological and psychological reasons causing this debilitating issue. And it was reported that there is no cure for this problem, but it can be managed with medicines, therapies, behaviour modifications and other techniques. Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a psychological technology that is known for creating lasting positive changes in the lives of people. To carry out exploring the prospects of using NLP and self-hypnosis to help out the bedwetting adults, a case study was done on a young woman who suffered bedwetting 4-5 times a week. The therapist assessed the emotional state of the subject using Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale (DASS 21), and a detailed personal history was taken. Thereafter therapeutic intervention was done using NLP and self-hypnosis. She was assessed again after three months. The scores of the pre-test and post-test showed significant difference in the frequency of dry nights and the positive changes in her emotional states. It was reported that she experienced dry nights from the fourth session of the intervention which indicate the positive effect of NLP and self-hypnosis in eliminating bedwetting among adults and improving their self-esteem.
Pages: 1839-1841
Deepa D. Naik (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)

The aim of this research is to distinguish the difference of organic farmers and conventional farmers on occupational stress on 300 samples from Pune District, Maharashtra, India. To measure occupational stress of farmers' farmers Occupational Stress Scale (Naik, 2014) was administered. Two matched-groups design were used. The calculated t= 7.36, is statistically significant at .01 level also gives statistical support to this finding that occupational stress of organic farmers is of significantly positive magnitude as compared to conventional farmers.
Pages: 1842-1845
Anita Sharma (Department of Psychology, H.P.U., Shimla, Himachal Pradesh)

The present study was aimed at exploring the gender differences in Facebook usage, Internet Addiction and Privacy Concerns among 200 students of Himachal Pradesh University (H.P.U.) within the age range of 21-30 years with equal number of males and females. t- test has revealed no significant gender differences on facebook usage and internet addiction. However, significant gender difference was found in privacy concerns, where females as compared to males were found to be more concerned about their privacy issues.
Pages: 1846-1848
Nupur Kumari and Manisha Kiran (Department of Psychiatric Social Work, RINPAS, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Juvenile Delinquency is a serious and common problem. The present study was to assess the association between psychosocial factors and behavioural problems among delinquent adolescents. This cross sectional study examined 50 adolescents with delinquent behaviour and their parents. Socio-demographic and clinical data sheet was used. Child Behaviour Checklist was administered on the parents. Findings indicate significant association at p<0.05/p<0.01 level on the variable of education, occupation, religion and residence with components of child behaviour checklist. There was no significant association on the socio-demographic variable of family type, family size, family income and ethnicity. Overall findings suggest that it is the complete responsibility of the society to come up with comprehensive methods to counteract it from these social evils. The role of education is very important in bringing up a child normally which decides the child behaviour in a positive way.
Pages: 1849-1855
Pankhuri Chandra and Anuradha Sharma (Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

The aim of this paper is to highlight the gender positions taken up by young men and women with regard to virginity. This research has been an endeavor aimed at understanding the experiential space that young people of the present generation come from and the subjectivities they derive from their perspective on their own sexuality. Using the qualitative research technique of discourse analysis, the idea had been to cultivate an image of the sexual life of the participants, with the notion of virginity being the focal point. From an analysis of the narratives it became apparent that the idea of virginity was much bigger in the minds of the female participants as compared to the males. It was also evident that women gave themselves some accountability with regard to agency and choice; however, it is obvious that their basic ideology about virginity still remains in the clutches of the dominant discourses of societal morality. The male participants had a laid back attitude towards virginity and thought of it more as a rite of passage than anything else. This study could be an entry point into whether there has been a shift in gender roles and subjectivities with regard to virginity and whether this is just a physical phenomenon or has been made into much more than that by attaching societal and personal doctrines to it.
Pages: 1856-1858
Anubandh (Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

Solid waste is material that is discarded because it had served the purpose or it has no longer useful. It include garbage, rubbish, ashes, street sweepings, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, construction/ demolition waste, industrial refuse and special waste such as hospital waste, bulky waste, animal and agriculture waste and sewage treatment residues. Solid waste management is an essential part of urban environmental management. It is estimated that India produces 68.8 million tones of solid waste every year. The urban local bodies spent approximately Rs 500 to 1600 per tones of solid waste for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The present paper deals with solid waste management in Hisar city.
Pages: 1859-1863
Surabhi Srivastava and Madhurima Pradhan (Department of Psychology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Culture can be defined as way of living that encompasses ideas, thoughts and knowledge common to a group of people that influence their choices in various domains of life. Every culture has its peculiar ways of defining various aspects of life. In this context, health is no way different to other facets of life. How one defines health, illness, explores cause of illness and carves out the course of treatment is highly influenced by one's culture. The objective of this paper is to review researches exploring health beliefs in context of culture. Main aspects of health that seemed to vary across cultures were found to be: illness beliefs, health communication, coping with illness, experience of physiological states, treatment seeking and patient-doctor relationship. The review of researches in this context, suggests that cultural factors can be relevant in holistic understanding of health of individuals.
Pages: 1864-1867
Sisodia Devendra Singh and Vaiphei Suantak Demkhosei (Department of Psychology, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

As a part of critical medicines in clinical practices, the existential psychotherapy is a holistic approach to care that emphasis on utilizing human capability in its therapeutic process. The existential psychotherapy begins, where the contemporary scientific medicines and its technologies becomes helpless in treating the terminal or incurable diseases in clinical setting. It is a modern humanistic therapeutic approach that emphasis on the importance of self-determination, maximum utilization of human potentiality, discovering ones meaning, and purpose, that gives dying patient a sense of hope to deal with existential stress, depression, anxiety, alienation, loneliness in the course of illness, when healing is not possible. The underlying concept of existential psychotherapy is to do what it can do for the well-being of the whole person, while acknowledging the human limitation. The aim of this particular study is to identify the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic intervention in terminal ill experience, and how it produce quality of life through its person center and meaning making psychotherapy. The method of the present study is a case study on 13 years old Female terminal ill patient and 45 years old Male HIV/AIDS patient, with an analytical study on the existing literatures and documents through literature review.
Pages: 1868-1873
Bhavjot Kaur (Department of Public Administration, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Health systems and polices in India have a critical role in determining the manner in which health services are delivered, utilized and affect health outcomes of the country. 'Health' being a state subject, despite the issuance of the guidelines by the central government, the final prerogative on implementation of the initiatives on people's health lies with the states. This article briefly describes the Health Care System structure in the country and traces the evolution of Health Care in India.
Pages: 1874-1877
Ayesha Khan (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

University students worldwide are at greater risk for mental health problems because of the range of stressors they experience. Hence the present paper aims to analyze the connection between mental health and achievement motivation of university students. Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. Achievement motivation is a desire to attain a high standard of excellence and to accomplish the unique objective. The performance or achievement of any individual will depend upon his/her desire to achieve. For the purpose of this study 100 university students including males and females were randomly selected from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Mental Health Inventory (MHI) developed and standardized by Jagdish and Srivastava (1983) and Achievement Motivation (n-Ach) Scale developed by Deo and Mohan (1985) were used in the present study. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the data. Result revealed a statistically significant correlation between mental health and achievement motivation of university students.
Pages: 1878-1881
Devaraju (P.G. Department of Business Administration, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka)

Employee Engagement is a complex and challenging goal for an organization. In today's diversified workforce it has become even more challenging. An engagement friendly culture is valuable as it considers the value of multi-generational and multi-cultural workforce. An organization is considered a great place to work that respects the needs of each individual employee along with motivating each of them to pursue their individual goals. The present study is carried out with the objectives to explore the relationship among employee engagement and various factors such as leadership, job satisfaction, compensation, communication, motivation, growth opportunities, recognition and awards, and work life balance. Convenience sampling technique was used to collect the date. The present study consisted 380 employees of the foundry industries from Belagavi city. The study revealed that the leadership, job satisfaction, communication, motivation, growth opportunities, recognition and awards, and work life balance have a positive and leadership having negative relationship with employee engagement and relationship was not found with compensation.
Pages: 1882-1886
S. Azra Tabassum (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)
Asma Parveen (Department of Psychology Womens College Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Mobile phone has made a drastic transition from modest communication device to a more sophisticated smart device. In today's era of technological world, the mobile phones have contributed a lot by making the life of the individuals smooth and easy. In spite of having positive outcomes of the mobile phone use, there are negative consequences also. And now it has become the part of each and every person that also affects them through several ways. In this study, the data was collected from both male and female students (F=45 & M=45). The aim of the present investigation is to see the relationship of mobile phone usage with the young students' psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The Problematic Use of Mobile Phone Scale (PUMP), developed by Merlo, Stone, and Bibbey (2013); Ryff's Psychological well-being Scale (Ryff, 1995); and The Satisfaction with Life Scale, developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin (1985) were used to gather the data. For the purpose of data analysis t-test and Pearson Product Moment of Correlation were calculated. The findings of the research investigation indicated that as the use of the mobile phone increases, the psychological well-being of the students' decreases and they have low level of life satisfaction.
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