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Pages: 2052-2055
Kritika Rastogi (Department of Psychology, Pacific University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)
Taresh Bhatia (Department of Psychology, Dayanand Vedic (Postgraduate) College, Orai, Utter Pradesh)

Present study is an attempt to explore life satisfaction among teachers in different work setups. This research paper focuses on the life satisfaction among government and private Intermediate college school teachers. For the same, sample of 250 government and 250 private school teachers was taken into consideration. Scale to measure life satisfaction used in this study is developed by the both the authors which measures life satisfaction on seven dimensions these are; health, family and social support, financial stress, joyful living, everyday life pleasure, meaningful life and happy and optimistic. Critical Ratio of life satisfaction score was calculated between government and private teachers and it was found that there is no significant difference between these two groups.
Pages: 2056-2060
Harprit Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Swati (Scientist C, Naval Selection Board Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh)

Morality involves right or wrong actions. Moral judgment is defined as the evaluation of one's action pertaining to the existing norms of the society for example not stealing and being honest citizen. Most theorists advocate that cognitive processing plays an important role in moral decision making (e.g., Greene, 2009; Haidt & Joseph, 2007; Lapsley, 2010; Kohlberg, 1971). Psychological research on moral judgment for a long time has been dominated by the moral development approach that studies the maturation of moral principles and role of conscious and rational reasoning processes. Opposite to this contemporary models emphasize the role of unconscious and intuitive processes in moral judgment (Haidt, 2007). These social intuitionist models suggest that fast and automatic intuitions are the chief source of moral judgments whereas the conscious deliberations are used as justifications for the judgment which has already been given. This review is an attempt to understand various perspectives on moral judgement.
Pages: 2061-2066
Sakshi Agarwal and Chavi Bhargava Sharma (Manav Rachna International Institute of Research & Studies, Faridabad, Haryana)

The present investigation aims to explore the link between family resilience as measured by Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) and parents/caregiver's resilience as measured by Connor-Davidson's Resilience (CD-RISC) in relation to the child's gender who is diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This paper will address the area of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Resilience in Indian context. The research specifically focuses on Indian research. It is expected that the higher the individual resilience of the caregiver/parent the higher will be the family resilience, irrespective of the gender or age of the child with ASD.
Pages: 2067-2069
G. Bhadramani (Department of Psychology, SPW Degree & PG College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh)
Jithin Joy and Venkatachalam Jonnadula (Department of Psychology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu)

Education is the backbone of any nation and the success and achievement of students is considered as the backbone of the education system. Good mental health and well-being makes a great contribution to the overall health and well-being of individuals and communities. It influences social and economic outcomes for individuals and also affecting lives of many people in our community, their families and friends. The negative impacts of poor mental health on individuals, families and the wider community can be significant. In recent times lot of efforts were put in to see the impact of emotional intelligence on one's mental health. Emotional intelligence consists of different sets of abilities that a person uses to understand, regulate, and make use of his own emotions. Emotional regulation, understanding and utilization reflect the capability of a person to manage his emotions. It is imperative that the goals of education cannot be met unless students have sound mental health. An effort is made in the present study to study the correlation between the emotional intelligence and mental health of university students and how economic status of the students contributes to this dimension. The emotional intelligence and mental health scores of 150 (79 male & 71 female) post graduate students of Periyar University, Salem, India were subjected to correlation analysis and t-test. The results were discussed in the light of the obtained values.
Pages: 2075-2077
Bindu Kumari (Department of Psychology, Hindu Girls College, Sonepat, Haryana)
Jyoti (Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind, Haryana)

Marriage is a bag full of personal and social responsibilities for women in Indian context. Job is an accumulative burden on females because of highly gendered nature of domestic work in Indian families. Managing multiple roles may have an impact on the Mental Well Being of females. The present study compared the Mental Well being of working married to non working married and working unmarried to non working unmarried Indian females of age range 20-45 years using t-test as method of analysis. Previous studies provided evidence that change in job pattern may result in better Mental Health. Results of the present study also found that Mental Well Being of working females is better than non working in both married and unmarried conditions.
Pages: 2078-2085
Jyoti Gogia (Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)
Nandini Sharma (Department of Education in Social Sciences, Janaki Amal Khand, NCERT, New Delhi)
Neha Sikarwar (Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)

Food is a basic requirement for every individual's existence. But the utility of food should not just get limited up to providing a mere survival to the mankind; rather it should also ensure a healthier and qualitative life to all. Prior to having the access to clothing, shelter, education or health care, people need to satisfy their hunger and feel secure for their future meals. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2) of ending hunger, poverty and malnutrition by the end of 2030 is a foremost aspiration for many countries. But, supplying nutritious food in a sufficient quantity to the ever-increasing world population in a sustainable manner is still a major challenge. Globally, a segment of society is facing problem of poverty coinciding with food insecurity, thereby leading to hunger and starvation. The paper highlights poverty and food insecurity problems within the framework of population growth. The paper argues that it is essential to pay attention on population growth, poverty and food insecurity issues globally and also, in particular to our nation's standpoint, with the aim of realizing the Sustainable Development Goals.
Pages: 2086-2091
Nity and Gaurav Singh (Department of Psychology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The emerging trend of social media usage among youth is easily visible in our society. There are a variety of social media platform that has stimulated the thoughts of young generation more eloquently. The contribution and participation of social media by the youth is no doubt different. The content of social media varies as per the interest of young generation. The major part of the social media content is focused on the burning issues related to our society and that too with gender sensitization. Gender sensitization is the process changing the mind set of stereotype of men and women-a mind set that strongly believes that man and woman are 'unequal entities' and hence have to function in different socio-economic space. It creates a mind set in men that no longer sees in women the stereotypical image. The general perception of men and women on the rigid gender division of labor and other orthodox practices related to gender begin to die down. Women also tend to develop the perception that they are no subordinate to men and they have an equally important role to play in decision making at household, community and organization level. The main problem of Indian society is lack of women recognition and appreciation for women's involvement in multifarious activities. The researchers have focused on social media content with reference to gender sensitization among the youth population. It is the need of the hour to change the perception about women in our society. The research study aims at analyzing the efficacy of social media as a medium of communication for creating awareness related to gender sensitization. The main objective of the research work is to disseminate information on important social issues used in social media and to sensitize the society against women atrocities and several other problems that are being faced by the women on daily basis. The research will help in studying the nature of social evils against women in our society. A survey of 100 post graduate students was conducted in Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. The research was conducted through convenient sampling. The research study focuses on the participation of the students on social media. The research work also focuses on the type of content students browse and post on the social media platforms that are related with gender sensitization.
Pages: 2092-2094
Shafiq Yusufkhan Pathan (Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, Maharashtra)
Hina Hafiz Khan (Department of Psychology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra)

The term “cognition” covers many mental abilities and all the higher mental processes, including thinking, reasoning, attention, memory, decision making, and problem solving. These different domains of cognition are critical for successfully engaging in the various activities involved in daily functioning such as reading, playing, talking with someone, driving, paying household bills, following a recipe to cook, and doing office work. Cognitive aging is a natural process associated with advancing years. The cognitive ageing refers to decline in some cognitive domain such as numerical skills, general knowledge and vocabulary, memory, processing speed, executive functioning, multitasking and reasoning, these all cognitive functions are using by the people everyday activities. As human life expectancy increases, maintaining one's cognitive abilities is key to assuring the quality of those rest years of life. There is a pressing need to carefully examine what is known about cognitive aging and cognitive decline, to identify the positive ways and steps that can be taken to maintain and improve cognitive health and to promote successful cognitive aging, and then to take action to implement those changes by informing and activating the different sectors like public, health sector, nonprofit and professional associations, private sector, and government agencies. This review presents a framework for evaluating factors responsible for cognitive aging, some protective activities, and enhancing agents for present and future possibilities as well.
Pages: 2095-2098
जोगिन्द्र सिंह (इतिहास विभाग, दयानन्द काॅलेज, हिसार, हरियाणा)

भगत सिंह, राजगुरू और सुखदेव का मुकद्दमा भारतीय इतिहास का महत्वपूर्ण केस है। जिसे लाहौर षडयंत्र केस के नाम से जाना जाता है। सामान्यत ऐतिहासिक सन्दर्भ में दो लाहौर षड़यन्त्र केस माने जाते हैं। जिनमंे प्रथम केस गदर आन्दोलन से जुड़ा है तथा दूसरा केस क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन के दूसरे चरण से जुड़ा है। जिसके तहत शहीद भगत सिंह व उसके साथियों को 23 मार्च 1931 को फांसी दी गई। इस केस के माध्यम से अगं्रेज सरकार ने शाक्ति के बल पर भारत के क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन को कुचलने का प्रयास किया। मुकदमें की कार्यवाही एक दिखावा थी क्योंकि सरकार सजा का निर्णय पहले ही ले चुकी थी। इससे औपनिवेशिक कार्य प्रणाली व व्यवस्था का पता चलता है। दूसरी और यह केस क्रान्तिकारी इतिहास में भी महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि क्रान्तिकारियों द्वारा खुलकर व्यवस्था के ढांेग को उजागर किया। मुकदमें में हर कदम पर बाधा डाली। सरकार की अमानवीय गतिविधियों को झेला तथा भूख हड़ताल इत्यादि द्वारा वैधानिक तरीकों से जेल की स्थिति को सुधारने का प्रयास किया। जिसमें वे आशिंक रूप से कामयाब भी रहे। अतः लाहौर षड्यन्त्र केस ने भारतीय स्वंतत्रता संग्राम की गति को नई तीव्रता प्रदान की और देश को स्वतंत्र कराने में अहम रोल अदा किया तथा भगत सिंह व उसके सहयोगी युवा पीढ़ी के आदर्श बन गए।
Pages: 2099-2101
बीरबल (इतिहास विभाग, महर्षि दयानंद विश्वविद्यालय, रोहतक, हरियाणा)

प्रजामंडल आंदोलन शेष भारत के अनुरूप हरियाणा में भी अंगे्रजों का निंरकुश राजतन्त्र तथा अत्याचारी सामन्तों के प्रति घोर असंतोष व्याप्त था। जनता में असंतोष की भावना व्याप्त थी। उनके असंतोष को मूर्तरूप देने के लिए संगठन की आवश्यकता थी। परन्तु दूसरी ओर, राजस्थान में 20 वीं शताब्दी के प्रारम्भ में संगठनों तथा संस्थाओं का निर्माण होने लग गया था। 1919 ई. में राजस्थान सेवा संघ के स्थापित हो जाने से जनता की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए सशक्त माध्यम मिल गया था। 1920 से 1929 तक राजस्थान में होने वाले कृषक आंदोलन का नेतृत्व इसी संघ के द्वारा किया गया था। 1919 ई. में ही अन्य महत्वपूर्ण संगठनों का निर्माण कार्य शुरू हुआ था। परन्तु हरियाणा में विभिन्न राज्यों में ऐसे संगठनों का अभाव था। इतना ही नहीं, अखिल भारतीय कांग्रेस भी रियासतों के मामलों में उदासीन हो रही थी। जनता में अखिल भारतीय काग्रेंस की कोई अधिक दिलचस्पी नहीं थी। आगे चलकर हरिपुरा कांग्रेस में इसकी स्थिति में कुछ परिवर्तन हुआ। 1938 ई. के अधिवेशन में रियासती जनता को भी अपने अपने राज्य में संगठन निर्माण करना तथा अपने अधिकारों को प्राप्त करने की छूट दे दी। जिससे जनता में नई चेतना का जन्म हुआ।
Pages: 2102-2106
सीमा अग्रवाल एवं पी. के. नायक (सी. वी. रमन विश्वविद्यालय, कोटा, बिलासपुर, छत्तीसगढ़)

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में रायपुर एवं दुर्ग जिले के विभिन्न विद्यालयों में अध्ययनरत कक्षा ग्यारहवीं के छात्र एवं छात्राओं के पारिवारिक वातावरण का अध्ययन आदत पर प्रभाव का अध्ययन करना है। अध्ययन हेतु रायपुर एवं दुर्ग जिले से शासकीय एवं अशासकीय विद्यालय के कुल 600 विद्यार्थियों, जिनमे रायपुर जिले के 300 एवं दुर्ग जिले के 300 विद्यार्थियों का चयन यादृच्छिक प्रतिदर्श के आधार पर किया गया। प्रदत्तें का संकलन, पारिवारिक वातावरण हेतु जोशी और व्यास तथा अध्ययन आदत हेतु मुखोपाध्याय और सनसनवाल के उपकरण द्वारा किया गया है। शोध के निष्कर्ष निम्न प्रकार है - विद्यार्थियों के पारिवारिक वातावरण एवं अध्ययन आदतों के मध्य सार्थक धनात्मक सहसंबंध पाया गया। उच्च एवं सामान्य पारिवारिक वातावरण के विद्यार्थियों का अध्ययन आदत पर सार्थक प्रभाव पाया गया।
Pages: 1676-1685
Purnendu Modak (Department of Economic, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal)

The present study aims to investigate the various socio-economic, demographic, cultural, and village level characteristics that are important in determining factors for girls child marriage among high prevalence state in India. Binary logistic regression has been applied to analyze secondary data (DLHS-4) of 125549 child married women in India. The results of this study indicate that the individual and household socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as place of residence, education, religion, and caste are important in determining factors for girls child marriage among high prevalence state in India. Furthermore, it is also found that the largest drop in the prevalence of child marriage has been in under-15 marriages, while marriages in the age group 15-17 years continue to occur quite commonly in a number of high prevalence state in West Bengal, Tripura and Andhra Pradesh. Moreover, the girls with secondary and higher education had much lower chances of early marriage compared to illiterate ones. Thus, education and early marriage are closely linked. However, Wealth Quintile, village Infrastructure quintile and household with BPL card (or not) are significant factor to be associated with child marriage in rest of India and Tripura but it's insignificant in West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. In this context, educational intervention (Balika Samridhi Yojana, 1997) and empowerment intervention Kishori Sakti Yojana (2001) by the Government of India and Kanyashree Prakalpa (girl's with secondary education, 2012) by the Government of West Bengal could be a good instrument to reduce the early marriage in India as well as in West Bengal.
Pages: 1686-1692
Jaya Bharti (Department of Psychology, A.N.D.N.N.M.M., University of Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh)
Pallavi Bhatnagar (Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

'Caregiver' is defined as an individual responsible for caring for a sick or dependent individual, who helps this individual to perform daily tasks such as eating and personal hygiene, in addition to administering routine medication and accompanying the individual to health care services or other services, necessary in their daily routine, excluding techniques or procedures identified as being exclusive to other legally established professions. Several researches have focused on Objective burden, coping strategies, stigmatization of families with mentally ill patients and other specific issues about caregivers of mental patients in the last few years. Lack of training and awareness about the bizarre behaviour adds to the burden of the caregiver and adversely affects their quality of life and relationships. With poor knowledge about the disorder, caregiving often adds more pain to the patient. A Ex-Post Facto research was undertaken to assess the burden, using purposive sampling technique among of 50 family caregivers of person with Schizophrenia, Personality Disorder, Bipolar affective disorder, Anxiety and Depression from the psychiatric hospital at Lucknow. Demographic data sheet, Self developed burden interview schedule were administered to the caregivers. Finding revealed that Females caregivers experience higher levels of caregiving stressors, little social support and poor psychological and physical health. They reported greater interference and limitations in their work and social life due to caregiving, less positive outlook and greater need for external support than counterparts.
Pages: 1693-1700
Sujay Bhandary (Department of Psychology, Rishi Dayaram & Seth Wassaram National College of Arts and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

A study was done to investigate the relationship between Approval Motivation and Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice. Questionnaires, Marlow and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale (1960) to measure approval motivation and Schmitt, Neumann and Montanda's inventory to measure Dispositional Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice (1995) were administered on undergraduate college students (n=102). The responses were then analyzed using Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and a moderate negative correlation was found, significant at p <0.001. Cohen's d was calculated (using Pearson's r), indicating a medium effect size and a linear regression analysis was carried out to make prediction for Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice due to Approval Motivation. The author thus concludes that need for approval plays a considerable role in lowering of sensitivity to events that are seen as unjust to oneself. The findings could be useful to help increase this sensitivity by lowering approval motivation through which unjust social behaviors might be internalized.
Pages: 1701-1706
Ranjit Singh (Department of Public Administration Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Ravneet Kaur (Department of Distance Education Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

After 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, Panchayati Raj Institutions became strong and legal bodies containing clauses for ensuring adequate representation to all the sections of the society. But, age old taboos, negative attitude, prevailing thinking and practices in the society had become strong hindrances in the way of women to be empowered. In present paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the level of participation of rural women folk in governance of local areas in Punjab. Thus, serious efforts need to be made to ensure women participation at all levels of governance particularly in the local bodies so as to make these bodies truly representative of local people.
Pages: 1707-1712
Priyanka and Shriya Vashisht (Amity Institute of Behaviour and Allied Sciences (AIBAS), Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana)

Youth addiction is a quotidian issue nowadays, daily reported and debated. The extreme glamorization depicted in the movies and in advertisements instils excitement among youngsters further seducing them to try harmful drugs like nicotine, tobacco, alcohol, etc because of their inevitable want and their inability to quit it, posing a fret for themselves and the people surrounding them. Even after being completely aware of the harmful effects, followed by the persistent use of it they are still not able to quit because more than physical attachment, the psychological forces driving their needs take over. Hence addiction is a condition in which a person engages in use of a substance or in behaviour repeatedly despite detrimental consequences. The main aim of this research is to find out the factors that trigger the addicts to get involved in behaviours which have proven to be fatal now and in past. For the present study a sample of 100 college students (Private University, Gurgaon) were taken which was further divided into two groups (Regular & occasional users) using CRAFT (2009); and were later assessed on the dimensions of Attitude towards Home and Family by Saraswat (2002); and Loneliness scale by Meenakshi (2010). Results revealed the impact of attitude towards home and family and loneliness on the Addiction behaviour and the significant statistical differences between the two groups.
Pages: 1713-1718
Kahkashsan Hashmi and Basheer Hasan (Department of School of Studies Psychology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)

The objective of the present review was to examine the relationship between psychological capital, and job satisfaction on the basis of empirical studies. Literatures have been scanned from different scientific database, viz., j-Gate, JSTOR, science direct, INFLIBNET, PsychINFO, Springer, Scopus, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The authors acknowledge 40 studies (full text) covering the period from 2007 to 2018 with certain inclusion criteria. Search terms were psychological capital, hope, optimism self efficacy, resiliency and job satisfaction. After examining different aspects of 40 empirical studies based on different organizations, different levels of employees and different countries this review article was prepared. When all the four dimensions taken together relationship between psychological capital and job satisfaction were reported by almost all the researchers. Same results were obtained when every single dimension of psychological capital was taken to consideration.
Pages: 1719-1728
Shaharban N. V., Sibnath Deb, and Fathima Sehra (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu)

Reproductive and sexual health is an integral part of adolescents' well-being, the absence of which leads to tension and storm in all realms of life. Any compromise on this factor can really harm the individuals in multiple ways such as bringing teenage and unwanted pregnancy, increasing maternal mortality rate, sexually transmitted diseases, drug abuse among adolescents etc. Thus people should be thoroughly and accurately educated about their sexuality and all the other aspects related to it especially when lots of myths and misconceptions are in practice. But in many societies, it is believed that giving proper sexual education to the children brings more harm than good. This concern is really wrong. Parents, teachers and other health workers can play a great role in educating the adolescents on their sexual and reproductive health. But how far the parents and teachers are aware of this matter is a question. Hence the present study examines the knowledge and perceptions of parents and teachers on adolescent reproductive and sexual health education. A group of 62 teachers and 40 parents were selected from various parts of Pondicherry using incidental sampling technique. A structured questionnaire developed by a group of ICMR professionals was used to collect the data and this data was analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The findings show that the level of knowledge and perceptions about adolescent reproductive health issues among teachers and parents is poor and there was not much discussion regarding this issue between adolescents and their parents and teachers, which calls for the introduction of a systematic and comprehensive adolescent reproductive and sexual health education at school levels for molding a healthy generation.
Pages: 1729-1736
Shoma Chakrawarty (Department of Psychology, Nanavati Womens College, Mumbai, Maharashtra)
Dhanalakshmi D. (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu)

Today, we have an unprecedented number of families dealing with cancer. Research exists to support the fact that cancer is increasing in prevalence across the globe, and that it is more devastating in developing nations. This could, in part, be linked to the socio-demographic context of caregivers in the developing nations. To explore this facet, a cross-sectional survey of 190 primary family caregivers of cancer patients was surveyed using the General Health Questionnaire, Caregiver Quality of Life-Cancer Scale, and the Brief COPE along with a detailed socio-demographic form. Results of inferential tests and post-hoc analysis revealed that caregivers with better education, employment, and economic stability experienced better general health and fewer disruptions in quality of life. In contrast, low-literacy caregivers and financially distressed caregivers used significantly elevated levels of dysfunctional coping strategies. The results clearly indicate the need to extend supportive services, like counselling and psycho-education, to cancer caregivers in hospitals. More research like this could be used to make informed suggestions for macro-level policy measures, like paid caregiving leave or other affordances for caregivers to cope effectively.
Pages: 1737-1743
Sunil Kumar (Energy Security and Overseas Investments Research Div Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi)
Niti Nandini Chatnani (Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi)

Access to reliable and affordable supplies of energy is an imperative for economic growth and human development. Oil and gas have remained the dominant sources of primary energy in the energy portfolio of India. The concept of energy security has gained prominence for India, given its high dependency on oil imports, and the highly volatile oil prices. This paper examines India's energy position in light of some objective and measurable indicators of energy security. The paper further studies India's energy diversity and energy intensity to establish its precarious energy security position. A framework for measuring country's energy security is proposed. The paper concludes with recommendations for ensuring India's energy security given the specific challenges faced by India on that front.
Pages: 1744-1748
S. Srividya (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Researches on Learning Disability have shown that the stigmatized attitude causes several functional difficulties among adolescents in their social environment. A planned intervention has been cited as a remedy to overcome stigmatized attitude towards disability especially in early adolescents which would help in a developing an optimistic future. The present research work has tried to explore whether a planned integrated holistic intervention would be able to bring about a change in the Attitude towards Disability among school Children. The Attitude towards Disabilit.y was measured using Attitude toward Disability Scale as measured by Power, Green and World Health Organization Quality of Life Group, 2010. The sample which were chosen based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, (n=100, Boys (n=81) and Girls (n=19) aged between aged 13-15 were given forty sessions on Specific Skill Development Intervention for reading, writing and arithmetic and besides interpersonal relations and communications. A pre-post-follow up research design was followed and the results showed that the Integrated Training Program (ITP) was able to bring about differences in the Gains, and Prospects dimension and not in the Discrimination dimension of Attitude towards Disability. Based on the results, several policy implications have been discussed.
Pages: 1749-1753
M. Mahalakshmi, K. Sumaiya, and Ayesha Arif Zinna (Department of Psychology, JBAS College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

Early life experiences can have a significant impact on later life experiences. There is increasing evidence that suggests that negative experiences in childhood seemed to be linked to emotional and psychological difficulties in later life. The study examined the relationships between early life events, loneliness and fear of negative emotions among high school, undergraduate and postgraduate students. The study also investigated if there were any differences in loneliness, fear of negative emotions, and early life events between high school, undergraduate and postgraduate students. The sample consisted of 150 female students, out of which 50 were high school students, 50 were undergraduate students, 50 were postgraduate students. The students were selected from 3 schools and 2 colleges in Chennai city. The students were administered the UCLA loneliness scale developed by Russell, Peplau, and Ferguson (1978). Early Life Events Scale by Gilbert et al. (2003) and the fear of negative emotions scale developed by Gilbert, McEwan, Catarino, and Balao (2014). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between loneliness, early life events and fear of negative emotions. ANOVA was used to examine the difference in loneliness, early life events and fear of negative emotions among high school students, under graduate students and post graduate students. The analysis revealed that loneliness was significantly, positively correlated with early life events and fear of negative emotions. There was a significant positive correlation between early life events and fear of negative emotions. There were no significant differences in loneliness and early life events among high school, undergraduate and postgraduate students. High school students had significantly higher fear of negative emotions compared to postgraduate students. There were no significant differences in fear of negative emotions between high school and undergraduate students and between undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Pages: 1754-1756
Sweta Pathak (Department of Psychology, TNB College Tilkamajhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar)
Shubhra Sinha (Department of Psychology, VKM Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

The present paper reports the development and psychometric properties of the Hindi version of the newly developed self-disclosure scale for adolescents'. Qualitative interview schedule was developed and administered on 50 parents (both father & mother) and 50 adolescents (both boys & girls). Initially 46 items (for 7 domains i.e., like/ dislikes, studies/ career, money, friendship, physical changes, personality & attitude/opinion) were written and on the basis of reliability analysis, some psychometrically poor items were deleted, and only 29 items were included in final scale. After that, through Factor analysis, 18 items were retained and classified in two components, named as Personal self-disclosure and Relational Self-disclosure. The psychometric properties of the Self-disclosure scale were evaluated on a sample of 300 participants. Item analysis of the scale revealed that some items were psychometrically adequate and retained in final scale, whereas psychometrically poor items were removed from final scale. However, the reliability of the scale was found to be highly satisfactory for both components of self-disclosure (alpha = .84 for relational self-disclosure & 0.60 for personal self-disclosure). Overall, the findings revealed that this newly developed self-disclosure scale is a reliable and valid tool to measure the level of adolescents' self-disclosure with their parents.
Pages: 1757-1759
Kanika Garg, Mukesh Sharma, Nikhil Galhotra, and Souvik Pal (Department of Management Studies, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana)

The purpose of the study is to analyse the customer satisfaction. The research has been done with the objective of measuring the level of satisfaction among Xiaomi Smartphone users. To achieve the objective 98 questionnaire distributed and out of it 91 respondents remark have been analysed and appropriate sampling technique has been used. After analysing alldata the study concluded that most of customers are very satisfied with their phone on some statements like price, easy to operate and battery life whilesome are satisfied on features, looks and design and some are dissatisfied on crashes of display. In majority phone users are satisfied with Xiaomi smartphones.
Pages: 1760-1763
Kavitha Durairaj, R. Murali, and J. Rukumani (College of Nursing, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Gorimedu, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu)
M. Muthulakshmi and P. Venkataraman (SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu)

The present study was undertaken to the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and dietary calcium and sun exposure among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital. This is a cross-sectional analysis of the serum 25(OH) D levels in pregnant women at SRM Hospital, a tertiary level hospital at booking-in appointment in the antenatal clinic. Pregnant women were enrolled between January to November 2016, at booking-in appointment in the antenatal clinic. The total number of pregnant women recruited during this period was 200. The subjects were included based on criteria such as from first registration, singleton pregnancy, live foetus with Cephalic presentation and parity between one and five. Women with pre-existing DM, glucose clearance test (OGCT) values of fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl or 2 h post glucose> 200 mg/dl or those taking metformin for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were excluded from the study and women with bad obstetric history (>3 spontaneous abortions), hypertension, renal, or hepatic dysfunction were also excluded. Among the pregnant women, 129 were having normal BMI, 67 were overweight and obese and 4 were underweight. Moderate level of anaemia was found with 114 cases studied. 96% of women were found to be having inadequate Vitamin D intake in their diet.94.5% of maternal women are pre-diabetic which may due to impaired insulin secretion. This protocol entails, identifying at risk women, also screening all pregnant women and treating those found to be vitamin D deficient. We recommend other hospitals do similar studies to look at the incidence in their own district population and therefore consider screening and treating for this major health problem.
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