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Pages: 292-299
Ruchi Singh (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)
Akbar Husain (Department of Psychology, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Human-beings suffer from so many psychosocial problems that in turn affect their inner peace and loose inner strength. Inner strengths derived from prayer and reading sacred scriptures are often ignored in present day. The aim of the present article is to discuss the significance of spiritual practices like- prayer and reading religious scriptures- for developing inner strength. Scriptures clearly discusses concepts, values and practices. Reading scripture is crucial to the whole process of development. Human beings have unique perspective. Reading scripture implies to the execution of human duties, both spiritual and social. Reading scripture is an act of evolved beings. Hindu sacred texts can be classified as the six scriptures: (1) Srutis, (2) Smritis, (3) Itihas, (4) Puranas, (5) Agamas and (6) Darsanas. The Holy Qur'an is sacred to Muslims.
Pages: 300-302
Syed Zafar Sultan Rizvi (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

In the onset of puberty adolescence experiences raging and intemperate behavior. Some time sudden outburst of emotions that end to an inappropriate ferocious behavior. Touch has a eminent role for improving cognition, psychological wellness and physical growth. Our experience to Physical stimulus is linked with various neurological pathways which carriers signals from external environment to the central nervous system and there are underline mechanism of every aggressive behavior that includes prefrontal lobes, neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopaminergic system plays a crucial role for expression of aggressive behavior. It's also shown touch deprived childhood cause led to violent behavior later in adolescence. Touch deprivation causes the delays in psychological growth and cognitive development; it may cause behavioral problems later in life.
Pages: 303-305
Farzana Shehla (Department of Education, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana)

Learners are important component of teaching-learning process. It is very important to understand the behaviour exhibited by learners everyday; in various activities specially the learning behaviour. Learning gets influenced by the learners' interest in the content taught, their readiness, their chronological age, social and emotional factors and cognitive aspects. Various parts of brain help in different forms of learning. Similarly, mind which is different from brain also influences learning. This paper discusses the role of brain and its parts in learning, role of mind in learning and combined role of mind and brain in learning.
Pages: 306-309
Dolon Dawn (Department of Psychology, Victoria Institution (College), Kolkata, West Bengal)

The code red is a bleeding woman's experience of menarche in relation to the broader cultural, religious, and societal environment reveal secrecy to be a defining feature of many lives. Celebration and rituals are unique to every society and culture. Every culture through the function to celebrate events is different but the underlying goal is the same, and the rituals are symbolic and meaningful and perform some specific purpose. A series of transition mark life of every individual from one social status to another and every culture prescribes some rites (rituals) to depict and accompany that individual in transition (Gennep,1960). The review is a peep into a world that still carries shame around women's functional, biological process and yet has a place for celebration of the bleeding goddess and women.
Pages: 310-312
M. Syed Ibrahim (Department of History, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu)

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam established a unique connection between science and spirituality. He believes that Science is the recent boon of God and science has bestowed upon mankind. Our duty is to invent the scientific concepts and use it for the benefits of all. It is how science is used by man that makes it a blessing or a curse. For instance nuclear energy can be used for generation of electricity and also for making bombs. Fertilizers can be used for agriculture to improve the yield while the same chemicals can also be used for chemical weapons. Science leads to technology and the leaders in the society decide how to use that technology. The convergence of science and technology with spirituality is touted to be the future for both science and technology, and spirituality. The science that we work with today must have the innovativeness, foresight and the vision for it to be the center of technology that we develop tomorrow. Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb, infrastructure, and research on related technologies have been undertaken by India since World War II. Origins of India's nuclear program dates back to 1944. After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966, the nuclear program was consolidated. In 1980, the return of Indira Gandhi to power and the nuclear program began to gain momentum. While Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship, the nuclear program of India continued to the advance level. Initiation the launch of the missile programme began under Dr. Abdul Kalam, an aerospace engineer. Pokhran-II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in 1998. This Paper focuses on the Scientific contribution of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in a detailed manner.
Pages: 313-316
Swati Sharma (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi)

The purpose of analyzing the film called Joggers Park is to analyze the issue of interpersonal attraction between man and a woman and the nature of relationship that culminates the feelings of love and respect for each other, out of the social institution called marriage also keeping age as a non issue as shown in the film, as a behavioural science topic chosen for a psychological inquiry.
Pages: 1-7
Sujit Kumar Yadav (Department of Psychology, M. V. College, Buxar, Bihar)
K. S. Sengar (Department of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Adolescent undergoes from mental health problems at one time or the other during their developmental period. Numerous of these complications are of transitory in character and are usually not distinguished from their day to day behaviour. The objective of the current research is to assess the prevalence of mental Health problems among school going tribal and non-tribal adolescents in Gumla district (Jharkhand). The present study is a cross sectional descriptive study design. Schools were selected from Gumla district, Jharkhand. Socio-demographic data sheet and Clinical Disorder of Adolescent Psychopathology Scale (APS) were administered to the respondents. Simple random sampling technique (random number table method) was used for selection of tribal and non-tribal students. A total of 1000 male (500 Tribal & 500 Non-Tribal) students participated in the study. Mental health problems were more prevalent in Tribal adolescents than Non-Tribal adolescents. The coalition of neglected Mental Health issues and the insufficiency of mental health facilities in country like India, increase the probability of precipitating scholastic disappointment and arising offending conduct in male adolescents. There is necessity to lift up public cognizance with respect to the prevalence of these often "hidden" mental health problems in tribal and non-tribal Indian adolescents.
Pages: 8-11
Mona Makhija and Promila Singh (Department of Psychology, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)

In one third part of India, socio cultural and economical development is severely affected due to maoist movement, but the biggest loss is young generation's not getting elementary amenities to grow well. Youth is deprived of getting good education and fearless environment. State Government established six residential schools where students from Maoist conflict exposed districts get education and other basic facilities. Present study tends to explore the degree to which intellectual capacity, emotional and social intelligence would collectively and comparatively predict adjustment among these Maoist conflict exposed youth. The sample comprised of total 360 students, 225 male and 135 female with the age range of 16 to 18 years identified from Prayas, residential schools. All the students have passed high school and are from officially declared maoist hit districts. Students are randomly selected from four different schools. Descriptive statistics including Mean, Standard Deviation, Product Moment Correlation and Multiple regression analysis were obtained. The results indicated significantly high association between the independent variables and adjustment with intelligence taking the lead(r=0.69) followed by social intelligence (r=0.68) and lastly emotional intelligence (r=0.60). Also, all the three independent variables are significantly inter correlated. Emotional intelligence and social intelligence was positive and significant (r=0.73), Emotional intelligence and intelligent quotient was positive and significant (r=0.67); social intelligence and intelligence quotient was also positive and significant (r=0.84). Total contribution of all the three intelligences is 52.2% to the criterion variable, while comparative contributions as revealed by the Beta results showed abstract intelligence contributed more (B =0.36) than Emotional Intelligence (B = 0.16), Social Intelligence (B = 0.23). Findings of study indicate that psychosocial correlates play important role in the process of adjustment.
Pages: 12-14
Krishna Sharma and Sujeet Kumar (Department of Education, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh)

Life satisfaction is an overall assessment of feelings and attitudes about one's life at a particular point in time ranging from negative to positive. The present study was conducted to measure the life satisfaction among working and non working women. A sample of 300 women (150 working &150 Non working) was drawn randomly from the population of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Sharma and Mishra (2018) was used for data collection. Mean, SD, and F ratio was computed for the statistical analysis of the data. Findings indicate that there was significant difference between working and non working women. Working women have higher life satisfaction in compare to non working women.
Pages: 15-20
Sanchita Ghosh (Department of Psychology, School of Social Science Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal)
Pritha Mukhopadhyay (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal)

Reality television show has become a dominating social phenomenon. It transforms regular people into celebrities. Particularly, reality shows of child performers, focusing on singing are enjoying a wide spectatorship. Many participants face immense pressure during the time of filming affecting their psychological well being. The aim of the present study is to explore I) the temperament and character profile; and II) direction of aggression and reaction to frustrating situations of two groups, namely, junior reality television show performer group and control group children. To reach the objectives, both male and female children between 7 to 13 years of age have been chosen and matched on relevant variables. The tools used for this purpose were Rosenzweig picture frustration study (RPFS) and junior temperament and character inventory (JTCI). Data were evaluated using independent sample t- test and Pearson correlation of coefficient. Results indicate that the, junior reality television show performer group has higher novelty seeking, higher intropunitiveness and lower ego defence than control group children. High novelty seeking of the RSG performers may direct them to take part in the reality television shows and low ego defence helps them to learn and accept the daily struggle which they are likely to face before every performance on reality show. Correlation between the scores on RPFS and JTCI reveals that the reality show performers' obstacle dominance (RPFS) is positively correlated to their reward dependence score and persistence (JTCI) score.
Pages: 21-26
Jwmwishree Boro (Department of Psychology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam)
Dhanalakshmi D. (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Tamil Nadu)
Shoma Chakrawarty (Department of Psychology, Maniben Nanavati Womens College, Mumbai)

India is often touted as a young country with a sizeable population dividend. However, Indian adolescents, who will be the working population in the future, are fraught with several personal, social, and emotional challenges. The current study aimed at examining how perceived stress, optimism, and self-concept were associated and their relative significance in predicting mental health. The Perceived Stress Scale, Life Orientation Test- Revised, Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and the Mental Health Inventory were used to survey 670 adolescents in Puducherry. The results showed that perceived stress was positively associated with negative domains of mental health, while optimism was positively associated. The regression analysis revealed that perceived stress, optimism, and all domains of self-concept except physical appearance significantly predicted mental health. Boys reported better life satisfaction and more freedom from anxiety, while girls reported higher levels of intellectual and school status and popularity. The results underscore the need to consider how adolescents view themselves and their future to help them cope effectively with the normative life-course challenges they face along with the various parental, societal, and peer influences which cause them distress.
Pages: 27-31
Monika Arora, Navdeep Aggarwal, and Mohit Gupta (Department of School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The basic purpose of this paper is to study the impact of companies' annual results announcement on optioned stock returns relative to returns from stocks without options. If the proposition of information reflecting in options market earlier than spot market holds good, then there should be least impact of any information on returns from stocks with options relative to stocks without options. Using Standard Event methodology suggested by Brown and Warner (1985) and Kothari and Warner (1997) we find convincing evidence that announcement of companies' annual results do not significantly influence the returns from stock with options. However, returns from stocks without options have been significantly influenced by annual results announcement. This reinforces the observation that any stock related private information gets reflected in the options market before it gets reflected in stock market. However, in case stocks without options, as there are no other venues to act upon any private information, the impact of the same gets reflected in stocks prices themselves.
Pages: 32-38
Binay Tudu (Dy. Manager (HR), Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), Kolkata, West Bengal)
Binit Lakra (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

'This paper is an empirical study conducted in the Santhal Pargana division of the state of Jharkhand. A survey was carried out across the six districts of Santhal Pargana region to assess the socio-economic conditions and difficulties faced by the Santhal women in their own region as well as migrant labourers in nearby Bengal region. Structured schedule was employed during field visit along with informal open ended discussions. The study concludes that Santhals are on the brink of development process and face poverty and destitution in various ways. Their vulnerability is much evident from the findings of the study particularly related to wages, health, safety nets provided by the government and various forms of harassment they encounter as migrants. Their migrant nature of work as agriculture labourers makes them more vulnerable towards sexual abuse and harassment at the hands of the landlords. Such harassment can be of multiple forms from physical to economical and others. Many times they often end up in huge debts from the landlords. Similarly, in their own region they have very different type of issues particularly related to poor agriculture lands and irrigation facilities, minimal financial support and often large families to feed. Hence, the findings shows that conditions of Santhal women remain more or less the same as compared to earlier timed as discussed in the literature review. There is huge scope for improvement through some of the policy approaches, developing micro and mini enterprises at village levels and proactive engagement from state machineries.
Pages: 39-43
Siji, M. S. (Department of Community Science College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Kerala)
Aneena, E. R. (Department of Community Science College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala)

Middle-age is filled with challenges and unique stress particularly for working women, which affects their psychological well-being and health status. An assessment of work- life stress, household stress and psychological distress among middle aged working women was studied, by standardizing a scale using scientific procedure. The results of percentage analysis showed majority of the respondents (50 per cent) with moderate levels of stress, while the remaining half of the respondents are equally distributed in the (25 per cent) high stress and (25 per cent) low stress categories. The result indicates the adoption of strong interventions and lifestyle modifications to minimize the adverse physiological and health implications of life stress among working women. In conclusion, the developed scale was found to be valid, reliable and a clear instrument to measure the life- stress of working middle aged women to the maximum precision possible.
Pages: 44-49
Sweta Matonkar (Department of Psychology, MES College, Zuarinagar, Goa)

The present study was executed to assess the Coping Strategies and Quality of Life among Emergency Service Employees in Goa. The study consisted of 90 emergency service employees from the department of police, fire-fighters and ambulance, selected across north, south and central districts of Goa through a stratified convenient sampling technique, wherein the influence of age range, department, years of experience, designation, marital status, nature of work, qualification and districts were assessed. The tools used for data collection mainly comprised of personal data sheet, the Coping Strategies Inventory by Tobin and Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF by World Health Organisation. The data collected was classified, tabulated and statistically analysed for Karl Pearson's Product Moment Correlation, t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS version 20). Findings of the study suggest that there exist a positive correlation between coping strategy of engagement and quality of life among emergency service employees. Also it was found that there exist a positive correlation between coping strategy of disengagement and quality of life among emergency service employees. Significant differences were found in coping strategies and its dimensions with regard to department among emergency service employees. With respect to quality of life partial significant differences were observed in the dimensions of quality of life with regard to department among emergency service employees. Suitable and necessary intervention strategies were formulated for the sample group at personal and professional level.
Pages: 50-53
Baby Rani (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)
Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is the ability of human beings to acclimatize and self-sustenance when facing mental, physical, emotional and social health. Well-being is the state of being happy, healthy and successful. Physical exercise plays a key role to determine health and well-being. To examine the impact of physical exercise on health and well-being, we have taken the data of 120 adults (60 sports & 60 non-sports persons 60 with an equal number of male and female on the basis of availability. PGI Health and PGI well-being questionnaire were administered uniformly to all the respondents. ANOVA and correlation are used to analyze the data. The result shows a significant impact of physical exercise on health and well-being.
Pages: 54-55
Mini Jain (Department of Psychology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh)

The present study was conducted to explore gratitude among college student across gender, faculty of education, and domicile. It was hypothesised that there will be no significant difference in gratitude with consideration to the above mentioned variables. The total number of participants were 430 college going students (212 males & 218 females), with age range of 18-24 years and mean age of 20.34 years. Gratitude questionnaire by McCullough et al. was used to collect the data. With the help of t-test, the findings revealed that there was a significant difference between male and female, and between students of pure science and non-science faculty of education. No significant difference in the of level of gratitude between students belonging to rural and urban areas was found.
Pages: 56-59
Rajni Suri (Department of Psychiatric Social Worker, District Mental
Health Programme, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh)
Manisha Kiran (Department of Psychiatric Social Work RINPAS, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Alcohol related problems cause a tremendous social and public health burden worldwide. It is as cob web and spread in our society day by day. People know the worst effects of alcohol but can't stop. Government plays a vital role for the prevention and awareness programmes regarding addiction but despite this they can't reach up to the mark. It effects our every aspect of life whether it is psychological, financial and social. This study compared depression, anxiety and stress in persons with alcohol dependence syndrome with normal population. 60 samples (30 persons with alcohol dependence & 30 normal people) were selected for the present study on the basis of purposive sampling technique. Results showed that the alcohol dependence persons had high level of depression, anxiety and stress as compared to normal population. There is need to create general awareness that due to excess intake of alcohol people suffered from psychiatric problems as depression, anxiety and stress.
Pages: 60-62
Heena Mittal and Jaswinder Kaur (Department of Education, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab)

Computer technological innovation has reformed the Indian instructive framework. The fundamental goal of computer in training is upgrading the instructing learning process, however, computer phobia is among the true impediments. Computer phobia denotes different sort of phobia that teachers face in teacher learning process in the everyday life of theirs. This particular study was specifically targeted at seeing whether gender and also the parents' amount of training had some impact on their laptop attitude among teachers. The public with this research is composed of 250 teachers of Haryana, plus they had been selected by a random sampling technique. The instrument utilized for the current study is "Computer Attitude Scale" to attain a "computer attitude". While Descriptive analysis, mean value, Standard deviation, and also t test and f test methods have been utilized for statistical analysis. The outcomes on the analysis demonstrated that entire samples of teachers attitude towards info technology are favorable. Both female and male teachers attitude towards info technology are favorable. The students whose Socio Economic Status have positive attitude towards. Results suggested that there's no great unique between female and male pupils in their approach towards computer system, and computer attitude among teachers depending on their parent's academic level is additionally insignificant.
Pages: 63-71
Ruchira Gupta (Centre for Human Development Studies Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata, West Bengal)
Debolina Saha (Department of Economics, Rabindra Bharati University, Emerald Bower Campus, West Bengal)

According to UNDPs millennium development goal 2000, livelihood is an important factor in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and attaining a better human development and well-being goal. Present study is concerned with the textile workers who are working in various printing mills in Serampore region of West Bengal. The major aim of the study is to find out how these peoples subjective Well-being are affected by their present livelihood patterns at home front as well as workplace and thus how to sustain their livelihoods and well-being. Study reveals that workers are working under a deplorable work environment. Mismanagement from the owners and non-cooperation from government are also the barriers behind the development of this industry as well as the workers in this region. While assessing subjective well-being status of workers among different work categories and income groups it is also found to be unsatisfactory. But, workers' subjective well-being is positively affected by their income. It is found that a little increase in income level can enhance workers' feeling of happiness and well-being as well. Hence, in this paper we have tried to find out the remedies how livelihoods of the mill workers in the study area can be improved and in turn now this can help to survive the cotton textile industry in Serampore region as an important cluster of West Bengal.
Pages: 72-75
M. Subramanian and B. Revathy (Department of Commerce, Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu)

Today's e- era is characterized by excellence, competitions, quality, money and success. To achieve these women in general look in for lot of short cuts in their professional career to earn reputation among others. This lead to tremendous stress and pressure which is spilled over to others in form of abuse and at times ends up in violence. Along with stress, strain in human being and in a world that is changing at a tremendous pace, globalization had led to an increase in the growth of education institutions all over the world and the education scene in India is no exception and especially with the current scenario of trying to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) of providing basic education for all by 2018. To fulfill social, environmental, economical needs one has to face stress, strain and anxiety. The study concludes that organizational support towards teachers in enhancing job satisfaction is very important. All efforts should be taken to improve the job satisfaction of teachers.
Pages: 76-81
Ghausia Taj Begum and Meena Osmany (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi)

Work-life balance is a challenging issue for every women manager, which touches almost every aspect of her life, including her career, family and health. The present study explores the work-life balance issues and mental health of women managers working in different sector of organizations. The sample comprises 200 Indian women managers (100 from public sector organizations & 100 from private sector organizations) working in different organizations of Delhi and NCR. Analytical strategy included descriptive, t-test, correlation and linear regression analysis on SPSS 21. Results revealed that there is a significant positive correlation of work-life balance with psychological well-being and mental health while there is significant negative correlation of work-life balance with psychological distress of women managers. In addition, the two groups differ significantly on the dimension of work-personal life enhancement, psychological distress and mental health. Implications of the study for the two groups in context of different work-environment are discussed.
Pages: 82-85
Rohini Thapar and Naveen Kumar (Department of Psychology, DAV College, Sector 10, Chandigarh)

The aim of the present research was to study life stress in relation to marital quality of couples in urban middle socioeconomic strata. A sample of 200 persons (100 married couples) was purposefully selected from Chandigarh and its neighbouring districts. Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES) by Singh et al. (1984) was used for measuring life stress (both for last one year and for the lifetime) and to measure marital quality, Relation Assessment Scale (RAS) by Hendrick (1988) was used. The average number of stressful events faced by these persons during their past one year and during lifetime came out to be 4.51 and 17.51, respectively. The average number of stressful events faced by these persons during their lifetime is more than the average number of events faced by an average Indian adult person without having these stressful events' adverse physical or psychological disturbance, but in case of the stress caused during the past year it is not so. When the couples were compared on life stress, husbands were found to be significantly more stressed than their wives. Overall marital quality was found to be high as experienced by both husbands and wives. Marital quality was found to have significant negative correlation with stress, both during the past one year (r= -0.223**) as well as for the lifetime (r= -0.152*).
Pages: 86-89
Shefali Mishra and Navdeep Singh Tung (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab)

Emotional and behavioural Problems are increasing all over the world at a rapid rate (Polaha, 2011). Juvenile crime is one of the major components of Emotional and behavioural problems. Earlier, adolescents were limited to in- fraction and were not often engaged in violation of law but nowadays they are committing heinous crime. The current study was interested in examining the role of personal factors in contributing emotional and behavioural problems among adolescents. The sample collected from 220 adolescents (13-18 years) from various schools of Delhi. Self-reported versions of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987); Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003); Coping Strategies Scale (Srivastava, 2001); Strength & Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) were used as data collection tool. Discriminant analysis was applied in order to find the personal factors contributing in high and low emotional and behavioural problems among adolescents. Variable of emotional regulation, coping strategy, attachment emerged as strongest predictors contributing to low emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents. In addition, factors predicting in high on emotional and behavioural problems is cognitive avoidance coping strategy i.e. emotion focused coping strategy and emotional suppression. The results are further discussed in the light of theoretical evidences and studies.
Pages: 90-94
S. Victor Anthonyraj and S. Sasikala (Department of Psychology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

Parental involvement has a positive influence on Adolescents' life, behaviour and achievements. Early adolescents often undergo various changes in the areas of social context, family bonding, friendships, ideologies and developmental processes. This phase of life is crucial and the adolescents are in indispensable need of parental support and guidance. Researchers have proved positive effects of parent involvement on children (Eccles & Harold, 1993). According to Henderson and Berla (1994), the most accurate predictor of a student's achievement in school is not income or social status but the extent to which that student's family is able to create a home environment that encourages learning, express high expectations for their children's achievement and future career and become involved in their children's education at school and in the community. Further, Epstein (1987) has developed a framework for defining six different types of parental involvement such as parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision-making and collaborating with the community. Contrary to this in the modern family set up there is a lack of interaction between parents and children. In most families both the parents are engaged in earning their livelihood. They focus on satisfying the material needs of their children and mostly involve in their children's academic areas but the other aspects are neglected leading to various emotional crises during adolescence. Therefore, the researchers identified the need to assess perceived parental involvement among adolescent students. After a thorough review of the literature, no appropriate and relevant tool was found to assess the perceived parental involvement of Indian adolescents that take into account the cultural constraints and disparity. Hence, the investigators aimed at developing a tool to assess the perceived parental involvement of adolescents. The present study made an attempt to develop and validate an inventory to assess the perceived parental involvement of adolescents. Initial items were generated using the existing tool, reviews, interviews and focus group discussions. 55 items were initially generated which was given to experts in the field of psychology and education. By incorporating the suggestions given by the experts, content validity was established. Test-retest reliability, split half reliability, and inter-item reliability were established. Through factor analysis, Perceived Parental Involvement Inventory emerged as a uni-dimensional scale which establishes construct validity of the tool. Finally, the tool was administered along with Perceived Parental Expectations Inventory for establishing convergent validity which also confirmed the validity of the tool. After the modification, the self-report inventory finally consisting of 30 items which are rated using five-point scale is ready to administer.
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