IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review

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Effect of dance movement therapy on body image and body perception of people with total visual impairment Pages: 1751-1753 Mahua Chatterjee (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal) The two most important things we possess as our personal property are “our body” and “our mind”. We perceive our body and create an image of it in our mind. We also perceive others' bodies. This body perception and body image generally develops through visual observation and because of this, people with visual impairment, sometimes face difficulties to perceive the body correctly. On the other hand, dance movement therapy talks of movement and it is used as a therapeutic tool for development of body image and body perception through innovative movement therapies. In the present Study, Five (3 females & 2 males) complete visually challenged participants ranging from 10 years to 45 years were given eight sessions of Dance Movement Therapy to see the effect of it on body image and body perception. Participants were given modeling clay and asked to create a human body before and after DMT session. The features of the clay models were analysed following qualitative content analysis method. The result shows that for the present participants, DMT sessions created a positive effect. The movement effect is clearly visible in the after session models. Thus, current study may help in future to overcome difficulties and to strengthen body movements in people with total blindness. Read more Get Access
Domain-distinction arguments of creativity and imagination in cultural-historical activity theory: An analysis Pages: 1754-1758 Kiran S. (Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi) Imagination as a term is used to describe mainly two meanings. The first meaning is, as something that is not accessible to reality or alternative to reality and the second meaning is as the reality building component as emphasised in Cultural-Historical Activity theory. Michael Cole, largely deriving from Vygotskian perspective defines imagination as a process of image making that resolves gaps arising from biological and cultural-historical constraints, and that enables ongoing time-space coordination necessary for thought and action. His concept of imagination (Voobrazhenie) is advancement of Vygotsky's concept of imagination. But Cole presents evidences, though empirical, for his claim as this is concretely a true achievement which happened only in this century despite the fact that it has been a debated topic throughout the centuries. This work details the domain-distinction argument of creativity and imagination provided based on formulations in the Cultural-Historical Activity theory. The method used is Content analysis. The works of Lev Vygotsky and Michael Cole are consulted to extrapolate conceptions of imagination and creativity. The article elaborates on the concepts of Social Proprioception and Voobrazhenieto substantiate the domain-distinction argument. Imagination and creativity are different developmentally and in adaptability. The findings suggest that Imagination is largely individual- centric process that contributes to creativity whereas creativity is largely a cultural- historical process. The gap filling capacity of imagination helps the individual to form an image whereby he/she acts on the world. Read more Get Access
Peer co-worker relationships and its consequences in the organization Pages: 1759-1762 Shivani Mishra and Deepti Mishra (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) Peer Co-worker relationships at the workplace are an important part of every organization. Peer co-worker can be considered as an important dynamic in the organization that influences the efficiency of employees. The objective of this paper is to present an outline of researches that have been done in this area. This paper also attempts to analyze the unfilled gaps that have not been explored by previous researches in this area. On the bases of findings of literature review, it can be concluded that consequences of peer co-worker relationships in the organization can be categorized into two categories. First category is individual consequences such as an employee's satisfaction, employee's commitment, employee's engagement, employee's adjustment. Second are organizational consequences such as organizational performances, organizational turnover, and organizational citizenship behavior. These consequences can be influenced by nature of peer co-worker relationships, as well as nature of organization. Read more Get Access
Popular Punjabi music and its impact on audience: Some empirical findings on the basis of age and gender Pages: 557-562 Kiranbir Kaur (Department of Political Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh) The themes in popular music changed drastically over the last decade. One of the root causes of this change is the changes in socio-economic conditions of the region especially after green revolution. And these changes are reflective in the changes in popular culture and ethos of Punjab. The breakdown of traditional self-identity and community relations are mirrored in the themes of recent Punjabi songs. The new themes in songs reflects the cultural shift in Punjab. Earlier there were songs on birth and marriage, love, village lifestyle, songs of war and bravery, and songs glorifying legendary heroes of the past. But now these themes are replaced by new ones, pop music industry providing entirely new themes to its new audience because the ethos of traditional culture is becoming irrelevant to youth. The lyrics of last decade songs are become more explicit in their references to drugs, guns and violence, brands, celebration of Jatt dominance, and objectification of women. The present study explore the relationship of this music as a cultural commodity and its consumption by audience/ viewer ship. Read more Get Access
Relationship of different dimensions of home environment and academic achievement of adolescents Pages: 563-568 Gumpul Rana (Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha) The primary objectives were to study (i) the relationship between the different dimensions of home environment and academic achievement of adolescents; and (ii) to predict academic achievement from the dimensions of home environment. Correlational design was used on a group of 60 adolescents (30 males & 30 females) studying in a +2 college. 'Home Environment Inventory' (HEI) developed by Mishra was used and the average of last two percentage of examination scores were used as academic achievement scores. The correlation of the ten dimensions of home environment and academic achievement revealed that four dimensions of the home environment namely social isolation, reward, deprivation of privileges and rejection significantly correlated with academic achievement at 0.01 level; and two dimensions namely control and punishment significantly correlated with academic achievement at 0.05 level. Step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple correlation coefficient (R) of the four significant predictor variables namely deprivation of privileges, reward, rejection and protectiveness with academic achievement was 0.864. The value of 'R square' was found to be 0.747, which means these four dimensions explained 74.7 % of the total explainable variance of the criterion variable. The values of regression coefficients (B) were, -0.320 for deprivation of privileges, 0.714 for reward, -0.500 for rejection and -0.293 for protectiveness. The value of intercept or constant was found to be 74.715. Read more Get Access
Effect of chakras on father-daughter relationship: Case study approach Pages: 569-577 Soni Kewalramani (Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) Anindya Nag (MA Counselling Psychology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) The emotions that play an integral part in any relationship are a form of energy exchange that are transmitted through our fields of perceptions and chakras. The energy principle claims that emotions are form of energy and must have a particular frequency and hence a color be attributed to. This energy flow if are imbalanced or blocked will create disruption of accurate perception of the relationship and emotions (in the form of energy) coming from the other person. Furthermore a sustained imbalance will manifest as physical illness as the concerned chakra becomes more affected. This paper aims at understanding those emotional blockages considering the developmental theory of chakras. Techniques include consciously feeding of specific colors in everyday life i.e. by eating fruits and vegetables of required colors and changing the habitat according to a specific prescribed color and color meditation and chakra specific yoga. Read more Get Access
Mental health and marital quality of infertile women Pages: 578-582 Zainab Ahmed (Clinical Psychologist, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of West Bengal) Sanjukta Das (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal) ,br> Infertility is a global health issue affecting 8-12% of couples worldwide with incidence of 12-13.5% among married couples in India. The objective was to study the relationship between mental health and marital quality of infertile women.30 married infertile women (diagnosed with female causes for infertility) and 30 married fertile women were assessed using GHQ 28 and Marital Quality Scale. The data was statistically analysed and conclusions drawn. Interviews of the infertile women were recorded, transcript prepared and Thematic analysis done. There is no significant relationship between fertility status and marital quality. However a significant positive correlation exists between mental health and fertility status, with the infertile women having more poor mental health. There is a significant positive relation between mental health and marital quality in the infertile as well in the fertile group but no significant difference in this relationship exists between the groups. The themes identified from the infertile women's perception of their marital life, were maladaptive self appraisal and focus on effective marriages. In the field of counselling of infertile women, it would be useful to focus on their psychological health which in turn will improve the quality of their marital life. Read more Get Access
Pattern of sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh Pages: 583-585 Anubandh (Department of Geography, CRM Jaat College, Hisar, Haryana) The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males in the population. It is the basic biological characteristic of a population that exercises considerable influence on the various aspects of the composition and structure of a population. The sex ratio at conception, birth and mortality are primary, secondary and tertiary respectively. The sex ratio of Himachal Pradesh is 972 in 2011 census which is more than sex ratio of India. The objective of present paper is to study the sex ratio pattern of Himachal Pradesh and to analyzing urban and rural sex ratio of the state. The study is based on the secondary data collected from census of India. The study shows that the sex ratio of Himachal Pradesh for the last twelve decades shows a constant improvement in the favor of female. District Hamirpur have highest sex ratio in the state while Kinnaur have lowest sex ratio. The study shows that rural areas of Himachal Pradesh have high number of females than the males. Read more Get Access
Hardiness, self-esteem and perceived stress: A correlational study among Indian female wrestlers Pages: 586-590 Aditi Kadian and Sonia Malik (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana) Empowered women can have a huge impact in nation building. Women can be empowered to build up self confidence and decrease stress level but require some time. Physical activity and sports are the tool that can be used to empower women that have lost self confidence and to achieve the desired goal also. The variables chosen for present investigation method are Hardiness, Self esteem and Perceived stress. A correlational design was adopted; 180 female wrestlers across the wrestling facilities across Delhi and Haryana with mean age 20.76 ± 2.281 were selected. Self esteem inventory by Virk and Chauhan (2003) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) by developed Sheldon Cohen (1983); and Hardiness scale developed by Maddi and Kobasa (1984) were used for the present investigation. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations were used. Significant and positive correlations were found between the hardiness and self- esteem and also between the sub-scales of hardiness. Significant and negative relation was found between self-esteem and perceived stress; no significant relation was found between hardiness and perceived stress. It can be concluded that sports can be a great tool to enhance the self-esteem and hardiness levels of women and also decrease their stress levels. Read more Get Access
Application of cognitive restructuring therapy for improving coping style and quality of life of patients with schizophrenia Pages: 591-594 Archana Kumari Das and Masroor Jahan (Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand) The basic assumption underlying in Cognitive Restructure Therapy is that cognitive factors (e.g., beliefs, attitudes, perceptions) influence people's emotions and behavior. In other words, it is not an event per se that determines what individuals feel, but rather their perception of the situation. Cognitive Restructure theory has been empirically validated in hundreds of cognitive science studies, and the therapy itself has been demonstrated to be effective in hundreds of randomized controlled trials for a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, psychological problems, and medical conditions with psychological components (Beck, 2005). Five patient diagnosed with Schizophrenia at least 2 years of history were chosen from different inpatient department of RINPAS, Kanke using the simple random sampling technique. After taking informed consent from the patient, socio-demographic and Quality of Life Scale and Coping Style Questionnaire were administered. All the five patients were assessed in pre-level and then after intervention of 18 sessions, they were assessed at post-level. Data was analyzed with the help of Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results show significant differences (0.01) in these areas such as Physical Health, Physical quality of life, Social relationship, Environmental quality of life. The results also shows significant differences found in these areas i.e. Positive Reinterpretation and Growth, Mental Disengagement, Focus on and Venting of Emotion, Use of instrumental support, Religious support, Humor coping, Behavioural disengagement, Restrained, Use of emotional Social Support, Acceptance and Planning. The changes in overall quality of life impacted changes coping due to using Cognitive Restructure Therapy. Read more Get Access
Effectiveness of counselling in the management of anxiety among the elderly diabetic patients Pages: 595-598 Leena, S.T. (Department of Counselling Psychology, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) Raju, S. (Department, Department of Psychology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) The study aims to find out the effectiveness of counselling in reducing anxiety among the elderly who suffer from diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease which affects the health and psychological state of a person. In the present investigation 30 diabetic patients are studied. 15 patients were given counselling as an intervention to manage anxiety. Another 15 participants were kept as control group not exposing to any kind of psychological intervention. The study result shows a significant difference in level of anxiety after intervention, between control group and experimental group. The materials used are a personal data schedule, DASS 21, and MMSE. ANCOVA is used for the analysis of data. The study portray that counselling is effective in managing anxiety among diabetic patients. Read more Get Access
Role of personality traits in organisational commitment in bank employees Pages: 599-602 Vinod and Ravinder Kumar (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana) Kavita Sharma (PGDGC J.M.I. University, New Delhi) Naresh Kumar (Clinical Psychologist, N.H.B, Sector-1, Rohtak, Haryana) This present study examined the role of personality traits in organisational commitment among bank employees using correlational design. Data was collected from 120 employees belonging banking sector of Delhi. HEXACO short form (Ashton & Lee, 2007) for measuring personality traits and Allen & Meyer organisational commitment scale (1997) for organisational commitment were used for collecting data which was analysed using SPSS. Results showed a significant positive correlation between personality traits; conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and organizational commitment while significant negative correlation was found between emotionality/ neuroticism and organisational commitment. Honesty-humility and openness to experience did not show any significant correlation with organisational commitment. These findings can be used in organisations for recruiting people with the required personality traits that leads to high organisational commitment and ultimately helps organization in achieving goals. Read more Get Access
Personality traits and managing the emotions of others (MEOS) in undergraduate students Pages: 603-608 Ramdintluangi and Priyanka Musalay Thiagaamudhan (Department of Psychology, St. Francis College, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana) MEOS refers to managing the emotions of others which focuses on one's ability to manage others' emotions. Personality is a set of traits that characterises an individual. This study aimed to assess a relationship between personality traits and managing the emotions of others and the gender difference between the two. Study sample consisted of 112 undergraduate students between the age group 17 to 22 years. The tools consisted of Mini-IPIP and Managing the Emotions of Others Scale (MEOS). Analysis of data was done using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation coefficient and t-test which revealed that there is a significant relationship between the Personality traits and the dimensions of MEOS and also showed a marked difference between male and female where the latter is higher in Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientious, Neuroticism, Imagination, Enhance and Divert. Read more Get Access
Development of Facebook Identity Scale Pages: 609-613 Anjuman Bains and Sheema Aleem (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi) The present study attempts to explore online identity by the development of a measurement instrument for assessing the online identity of Facebook users. The scale is based on intensive literature review in the area of human identity in the context of social networking sites. The first phase of the study involved Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) which explored the underlying factor structure of the scale. The sample consisted of 400 undergraduate students from Delhi/NCR. The results of EFA showed that the scale has 4-factors making it a 12 item scale. For tool validation a new set of sample with 400 undergraduate students from Delhi/NCR was considered. The results reveled adequate convergent validity and discriminant validity. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the scale was a statistically sound measure. Read more Get Access
Is career satisfaction contingent upon personality profile? Pages: 614-619 Ankita Budhiraja and Punam Midha (Department of Psychology, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana) The choice of career is no doubt a crucial phase in one's life. Though it is quite apparent that career satisfaction is dependent upon one's aptitude/ skills and potentials, yet there is an invincible quest to explore the intrinsic personological basis of such satisfaction. Thus the present research work is an attempt to explore the relationship between personality traits and career satisfaction among lawyers. A purposive sample of 150 lawyers both male and female, aged 30 to 60 years practicing in trial courts (district courts), Punjab and Haryana High Court, and Delhi High Court was drawn with minimum of 5 years experience. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were computed. The findings revealed that lawyers were having above average tendency in four domains of personality (i.e., extraversion, honesty, conscientiousness & openness to experience) followed by average level in the traits of agreeableness and emotionality. Further correlation analysis revealed that honesty, extraversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness were positively significantly correlated with career satisfaction whereas emotionality and agreeableness were negatively significantly correlated with career satisfaction. Further stepwise multiple regression revealed that emotionality and agreeableness emerged as negative predictors of overall career satisfaction whereas extraversion and conscientiousness as positive predictors of overall career satisfaction. The current findings have highlighted the role of personality traits in determining the satisfaction with career among lawyers. Read more Get Access
Effect of socio-economic status and personality of the mother on educational rearing pattern Pages: 620-624 Sarika Patel (Talk Remedies, Indore, M.P.) Himalaya Tiwari (Department of Basic Science and Humanities, PSIT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) O.P. Sharma (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan) The purpose of the study is to see the effect of socio-economic status and personality of the mother on educational rearing pattern. This study examined the effect of low, medium and high socio-economic status and two dimensions of personality of the mother- introversion and extraversion on their educational rearing pattern. A sample of seventy-two mothers (n=72) whose children were studying in a range of fifth to ninth standard was selected through purposive sampling from Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan. Results indicated that extravert mothers were better on educational rearing pattern Read more Get Access
A factor analytical study of bullying among adolescents in context of family and school environment Pages: 625-628 Sujata Bhau and Suninder Tung (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab) Bullying among adolescents is a serious issue and a major public health concern all over the world. The social-ecological framework of bullying among youth (Swearer & Espelage, 2004) highlights the role of various contextual factors like family, peers, school and community that can influence bullying. Keeping in view the socio-ecological perspective of bullying, the present research aimed to study the role of family environment and school environment in bullying among adolescents. For this purpose, sample constituting of 614 adolescents (291 males & 323 females) of age 12-18 years with mean age of 14.36 years was collected from various schools of Jammu (J & K). Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moss, 1986); School Environment Scale (Misra, 2012); and Illinois Bully Scale (Espelage & Holt, 2001) were used for data collection. Factor Analysis was used to analyse the data obtained. The results reveal a structural relationship of cohesion, conflict, organization, rejection and bullying among adolescents. The obtained results are discussed in the light of available literature. Read more Get Access
Mindfulness in relation to positive negative affect and satisfaction with life Pages: 629-633 Aakanksha and Virendra Byadwal (Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) L. N. Singh (Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships of mindfulness with positive and negative affect along with satisfaction with life. The data were collected from two hundred forty one (120 male & 121 female) respondents from colleges and universities situated within Varanasi town of Uttar Pradesh. Analysis showed that the dimensions of mindfulness (observe, describe & act with awareness) are positively related with positive affect and satisfaction with life. On the other hand the dimensions of mindfulness are found negatively linked with negative affect. Whereas, on a factor of mindfulness, accept without judgment, it has been revealed that there is a significant negative relationship with positive affect. Read more Get Access
Role of yogic exercises in stress of hostelers Pages: 634-636 Chitra Gupta and Alpna Agarwal (Department of Psychology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of yogic exercises on stress of hostlers. For this purpose stress was measured with the help of student stress scale constructed by Bhatia and Pathak. The sample consisted of 30 girls (18-25 years age). The girls were selected from Rani Laxmi Bai Girls Hostel, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut. Yogic exercises were used as independent variable. Training of asana and pranayama was given them for 30 days (regularly in the morning). For analyzing the data mean, SD and t-value were calculated. T value is found significant at .01 level. On the basis of obtained results it can be said that yogic exercises reduce the level of stress. Read more Get Access
Suicide: Concept and its legal implications Pages: 637-641 Harprit Kaur and Amandeep Singh (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab) According to WHO, about 800000 persons worldwide lost their lives by suicide in 2014. India accounted for 258,000 (82%) of the suicides in the South-East Asia Region countries and suicide rate in the region was 17.7 per 100,000 populations. The understanding of suicide and suicide attempt remains a huge challenge for society, health care services and legal system. The present article aimed to review the concept of suicide and various terminologies related to suicide, to highlight the various psychosocial triggers related to suicide and to depict the legal understanding of suicide in Indian context. The new Mental Healthcare Act 2017 rescinds/revoked the existing Mental Healthcare Act 1987 which had been widely criticized for not recognizing the rights of a mentally ill person. From a legal perspective, the present article emphasized upon need for a comprehensive health program to reduce its incidence and role of government and the health sector in spreading anti-suicide awareness to eliminate taboo, stigma, shame and guilt attached with suicide. Furthermore, some preventive measures have been suggested that legislative system shall take into account before making any policies for ensuring the dignity of mentally ill persons. Read more Get Access
Psychological well-being among youth Pages: 642-645 Antony Vinoth Kumar K., Asha Latha Mathew, Sasikala S., and Karunanidhi S. (Department of Psychology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) Psychological well-being is a description of positive psychological and social functioning (Ryff & Keyes, 1995) which includes mastery over the self, having a positive and realistic understanding about the self and enhancing the meaning and purpose in life. Presently, young adults fail to comprehend the factors that can contribute to enhancement of psychological well-being in their daily life. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the influence of certain psychological variables that would help the young adults in the process. For this purpose, 89 young adults (50 Females & 39 Males) were identified using convenient sampling method. Pearson's product moment correlation was used to assess the relationship among the independent and dependent variables. It was found that Presence of meaning and Self-esteem were related to all dimensions of Psychological well-being. Search for meaning was not found to be related to any dimensions of Psychological well-being. Optimism was found to be related to Self-acceptance alone. Read more Get Access
Emotional maturity among sports and non-sports college students Pages: 646-648 Sharyu Suresh Kshirsagar and Ashwin R. Jaiswal (Department of Psychology, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, Maharashtra) Emotional maturity play a very important role in various aspect of life such as education, profession, family, social etc. There are various ways to improve emotional maturity like positive attitude, independent thinking, patience, and consistent effort. Present study aims to investigate what is the role of sports in the development of emotional maturity. Total 120 participants including 60 sports and 60 non-sports college students include in the study. Emotional maturity of the participant measured by Emotional Maturity Scale (1990) develop by Singh and Bhargava. T-test is used for analyzing the data. Findings of the study reveals that sports and non-sports college students significantly differ in their total emotional maturity as well as its five different factors i.e. emotional unstability, emotional regression, social maladjustment, personal disintegration and lack of independence. Read more Get Access
Manifold marginalities affecting women’s healthcare seeking in Nuh (Haryana): Evidence from the field Pages: 649-655 Bindiya Narang (Department of Social Work, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central) University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi) Progressive reflection on health and well being in relation to the marginalized groups is imperative to execute the sustainable development agenda. Several studies purport that women as a faction, are socially marginalized, with poor control over their lives and having to frequently confront the structural and systemic discrimination prevalent in the society. The foregoing paper seeks to explore the contextual marginalities and gender specific vulnerabilities that deter women's healthcare seeking in Nuh district of Haryana. In doing so, the paper, based on an inductive approach, draws its edifice from subjectivities gathered in the field, derived through group discussions, observation, participatory exercises and dialogue with women and key informants across several villages, substantiated with data from numerous secondary sources. A lower social status of women in this patriarchal commune was clearly palpable with abysmally low female literacy rates, unappreciated productive work, widespread tradition of early marriage, multiple pregnancies due to near absence of birth control, binding socio-religious norms and restricted mobility. It was discerned that all these factors coupled with inadequate and inaccessible health service infrastructure led to an appalling status of women's health. It is suggested that for a genuine achievement of health equity, these marginalities need to be addressed with strategic interventions across sectors. Read more Get Access
The Cameroon National Football Team and national unity (1972-2017) Pages: 656-660 Japhet A. Anafak (Department of History, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon Searcher, MMC, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium) This article on the Cameroon National Football Team and national unity, focuses on moments in which governments used the national football team results to consolidate national cohesion. Three great moments are referred in this article. First the Africa Cup of Nations from 1972 to 1988 that emerged in the context of instituting the United Republic of Cameroon (1972) and that of 1984 instituting the Republic of Cameroon. Then the 1990s and 1994 context of the World Cup claims and aspirations to democracy and finally the African football of Nations in 2017 in a context of the Anglophone Nationalists claims. It theoretically brings sociological debates on football as a social and political phenomenon. This article shows that football is not only a social fact, but also has political and economic dispensations to Cameroon. Read more Get Access
War strategy in different centuries Pages: 661-663 Kapender Singh (State NSS Officer, Directorate Higher Education Haryana, Panchkula, Haryana) War is hell. But somehow, we humans have found a way to make it necessary through the course of history. From a country trying to expand its territory to a dictator trying to rule the world, man has witnessed countless battles. Strategy is main object of the war .It is about how you defeat your enemy mentally. Some strategies are cruel, while some don't even need a bullet to be fired. Over time, there have been countless techniques employed and witnessed on the battlefield. Thus until the 17th and 18th centuries strategy included to varying degrees such problems as fortification, maneuver, and supply. In the 19th and 20th centuries, however, with the rise of mass ideologies, vast conscript armies, global alliances, and rapid technological change, military strategy became difficult to distinguish from "grand strategy," that is, the proper planning and utilization of the entire resources of a society military, technological, economic, and political. Read more Get Access

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