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Pages: 175-181
Ranjan Kumar (Department of Psychology, RRS College Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar)
Masroor Jahan (Department of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Ranchi, Jharkhand)
Kangkan Pathak (Department of Psychiatry, LGBRIMH, Tezpur, Assam)

Somatization disorder is a major public health issue for which effective treatment is rarely delivered. Several models of psychotherapy are being practiced in treatment of somatization disorder. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of multimodal psychotherapy package for management of somatization patients on different psychological variables and to see the durability of the therapeutic gains. This study was a center based study using the pre - post design with control group. 30 OPD patients with somatization disorder were selected by purposive sampling technique and divided into two groups' i.e. intervention group and control group using simple random sampling method. Intervention group was given twelve sessions of management package i.e. Symptoms monitoring form, Scheduling of daily activity, Sleep hygiene, Diaphragmatic breathing, Psycho-social Intervention, Psychodynamic individual psychotherapy, Cognitive restructuring (approximately 3 to 4 months). Efficacy and durability were measured by The Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI), General health Questionnaire-28 GHQ-28), Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) and Sack's Sentence Completion Test (SSCT). For baseline analysis of the study variables Mann Whitney U test and Chi square test were done. Wilcoxon Sign Rank test and Mann Whitney U test were done to assess the changes at different time intervals. Results reveals that there is significant differences found among intervention group in comparisons to control group in context of somatic complaints (Bradford Somatic Inventory), quality of life (WHO-Quality of life scale), level of depression (Beck Depression Inventory), and in level of anxiety (IPAT Anxiety Scale). Significant improvement also found between post intervention & follow-up of the intervention group on different study variables. The present study findings established that multimodal psychotherapy program is effective in the improvement of psychological functioning and improvement is also sustained, maintained and improving till follow up sessions.
Pages: 182-187
Nidhi Sharma (Department of Psychology, K. G. Campus, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand)

The purpose of this study was to compare the mental health of Indian and Foreign participants as an effect of meditation, as a stress management technique. Total 40 participants were assigned randomly and divide them into two groups namely Indian participants (20) and Foreign participants (20). Each group of participants further, bifurcated into males (10) and females (10). In this study we included only those participants who are practicing meditation at least from three months ago and having age between 45-65 years. We administered mental health inventory constructed by Jagdish and Srivastava (1983). The inventory measures mental health in six dimensions such as Positive Self-Evaluation, Perception of Reality, Integration of Personality, Autonomy, Group Oriented Attitude and Environmental Mastery. Data were collected from different meditation centers of Haridwar, Rishikesh, and Dehradun districts of Uttarakhand State. Results showed significant difference between Indian and Foreign participants on all the six dimensions of mental health. Gender of each group did not show any significant difference on any dimension of mental health, however significant difference found between both groups of males as well as females on almost all the dimensions of mental health. Interaction between participants and gender of both the groups found to be significant on the dimension of perception of reality whereas, gender of both groups showed significant difference on all dimensions of mental health.
Pages: 188-193
Lakhvir Singh (Department of Social Work, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The term discrimination means that differentiating people negatively can do injustice with the people on the basis of caste, sex, colour, creed, religion, language and many more. In this regard social and economic justice, security, equality of status and opportunities, assurance of the individual's dignity are sure by the constitution of India for the entire citizen among other things. The social and economic deprivation among Scheduled Castes had been most common during pre and post-Independence. The constitution of India is enriched with several provisions for schedule caste and schedule tribes to safeguard and promote their cultural, social, educational, economic and political interests in order to bring them in mainstream of the nation. So the present paper attempts to present the socio-economic conditions of the respondents like their sex, income, age, sub-caste, education, religion, marital status, occupation etc besides an overview of the discriminatory practices and other problems in the social life of the Scheduled Castes.
Pages: 194-198
Trapti Pathak and Krishna Kumar Mishra (Institute of Behavioural Science, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat)

Mental health is not merely an absence of mental illness; instead it is a dynamic state of internal equilibrium which enables individuals to use their abilities in harmony with universal values of society. Mental Health includes our emotional, psychological and social well-being, and it also affects our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It also determines our ability to handle stress, relate to others and take decisions. In the present research issues related with mental health (Psychological distress) on the basis of life experiences (family relationship) are planned to explore in domestic violence affected and non-affected women. 100 domestic violence affected and 100 non-affected women from different NGOs from Himanchal Pradesh State. Findings of the study suggest that violence affected women have higher levels of anxiety, hopelessness, and depression with compare to non-affected women.
Pages: 199-201
Renuka Joshi (Department of Psychology, D.A.V (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand)
Goldee Sharma (Department of Psychology, Pacific University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

The present study was undertaken to know the impact of parental encouragement on emotional intelligence among adolescents. The total sample consisted of 300 subjects equally divided into boys and girls and on the two levels of parental encouragement (High & Low). Factorial design (2x2) was used where two levels of parental encouragement (High & Low) were matched with two levels of sex (Boys & Girls) to yield four conditions. The subjects were selected using stratified random sampling technique from the schools of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Parental Encouragement Scale developed by Sharma (2010) was used to assess the degree of Parental Encouragement and Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Hyde, Pethe, and Dhar (2002) was used to measure Emotional Intelligence of the subjects. The data was analysed using standard statistical packages. Findings revealed that higher level of parental encouragement promotes emotional intelligence. Gender difference was also found on the level of emotional intelligence and its dimensions namely Self Awareness, Managing Relations and Value Orientations.
Pages: 202-205
Z. Tehseem Fathima, B. Nandhika, and Ayesha Arif Zinna (Department of Psychology, JBAS College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

The study examined the relationship between fear of negative appearance evaluation and body esteem among male and female students. The study also investigated if there were any gender differences in fear of negative appearance evaluation between male and female students. The sample consisted of 120 high school and college students out of which 60 were male and 60 were female. The students were selected from 2 colleges and 2 schools in Chennai city. The students were administered the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale by Cooper, Lundgren, Anderson, and Thompson (2004) and Body Esteem Scale revised by Frost, Franzoi, Oswald, and Shields (2017). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the fear of negative appearance evaluation and different dimensions of body esteem. Independent samples t-test was used to examine the gender differences in fear of negative appearance evaluation. The analysis revealed that there were no significant gender differences in fear of negative appearance evaluation among male and female students. The fear of negative appearance evaluation and weight concern were significantly, negatively correlated among female students. There was a significant negative relationship between fear of negative appearance evaluation and physical condition among female students. There was no significant relationship between fear of negative appearance evaluation and sexual attractiveness among female students. There was no significant relationship between the fear of negative appearance evaluation and sexual attractiveness, upper body strength and physical condition among male students.
Pages: 206-208
P. Udhaya Kumar (Department of Social Work, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu)
V. Vithya (Department of Applied Psychology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu)
P. Srinivasan (Department of Education, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu)

Emotional intelligence plays a significant role in an individual's life. Research on emotional intelligence suggests that it is associated with managing emotions, better academic performance, improved self-motivation and social skills. Students with higher emotional intelligence show more positive social functioning. The present study aims to assess the emotional intelligence of rural undergraduate students. 100 rural undergraduate students from Thiruvarur district was selected for the study using random sampling technique. Standardised instrument was used to assess the Emotional intelligence of the students. Findings revealed that the majority of the students were classified as experiencing 'high level' in terms of managing their emotions and 'high' in terms of self-motivation and social skill as well as empathy and self-awareness scores. There was no gender difference seen among the rural undergraduate students on emotional intelligence.
Pages: 209-216
Raunaq Chawla (Department of Applied Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Vibhuti Gupta (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Knowledge hiding is a new construct in organizational research. Knowledge hiding assumes significance in the context of the “knowledge workers,” a term coined by Drucker who predicted employees' knowledge to be the most important asset of any organization in the 21st century. However, the organization has no ownership over the intellectual assets of its employees. Thus, it cannot compel them to transfer their knowledge to other organizational members. Thus, the present research examines relationship between knowledge hiding behaviour and individual factors (personality, Machiavellianism, psychological ownership of knowledge), attitude/ behaviour resulting from organizational membership (organizational commitment & organizational citizenship behaviour) and organizational climate (openness, collaboration & trust) in IT organizations. For this study, data 150 IT was collected from employees through a non-random purposive sampling. Correlational results show that all organizational climate factors, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and personality dimensions (conscientiousness, agreeableness & openness to experience) share a negative relationship with knowledge hiding. However, some individual factors such as Machiavellianism and psychological ownership of knowledge share a positive relationship with knowledge hiding behaviour. Regression model shows that 61% variance in knowledge hiding is explained by the predictor model [F = 56.85 (DF Between = 142, DF within = 149) =, p<.000]. Limitations are small sample size, unequal gender participation, non-random sampling method, and use of self-report data. Findings can help practitioners develop intervention for curbing knowledge hiding and improving knowledge management.
Pages: 217-219
Renu Yadav and Annu Kumari (Department of Education, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana)

Dealing with various challenges in school along with academic performance requires socio-emotional skills for both teachers and students. The teacher plays a key role in practices the social and emotional learning among students in their classroom teaching learning process. The objective of this study is to find out the status of implementing social and emotional learning by school teachers. The researcher took a sample of 40 teachers randomly from Govt. and Private schools of Rewari, Haryana. An open ended questionnaire is used for collecting data. The findings of the study revealed that they only talks about SEL but they need some training and expertise in order to apply it practically in classrooms.
Pages: 220-223
Vinayak R. Pathak and R. S. Mhaske (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)

This study was aimed at analysing the relationship between five factors of personality and anxiety among college students. The study also wanted to examine whether the personality factors can predict anxiety. The sample of 441 college students in the age group of 18 to 21years was collected from various colleges in the city of Pune using incidental sampling method. The Pearson correlation, t-test, and regression analysis were used for analysing the data. The study revealed that neuroticism was significantly positively whereas extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness were significantly negatively correlated to anxiety. Agreeableness showed marginally significant negative relationship. Multiple regression analysis revealed that neuroticism significantly positively whereas openness and conscientiousness significantly negatively predicted the anxiety. Extraversion and agreeableness could not predict the anxiety. The study did not reveal significant gender differences in anxiety.
Pages: 224-227
Deepika Kushwaha (Department of Psychology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh)
Taresh Bhita (Department of Psychology, D.V. College, Orai, Uttar Pradesh)

Adolescents age is the critical stage of the human period, various factor affects the adjustment of adolescents at this time. Parental expectation is the major factor which affect the adolescences adjustment as most of their time is spend at home with siblings and parents. So their love and support matter a lot for adolescences. This study is based on adolescences which crucial purpose of the research to show the effect of parental expectation on adolescences various aspect of the life which includes their home adjustment. Social adjustment, health adjustment, emotional adjustment and educational adjustment. 500 students have been selected for the study of Allahabad city. Result of the study showing that parental expectation has significant effect on adolescences adjustment.
Pages: 228-233
R. Anbarasi, J.P. Sharanya Nambisan, and Ayesha Arif Zinna (Department of Psychology, JBAS College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

The study compared job satisfaction and perceived stress among government and private sector employees. The study also examined the relationship between job satisfaction and perceived stress among government and private sector employees. The study also investigated if there were any gender differences in job satisfaction and perceived stress among employees working in the government and private sectors. The sample consisted of 160 male and female employees, out of which 80 were from government sector and 80 from private sector. The samples were selected from 2 government organizations and 2 private organizations. The employees were administered the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (short-form) developed by Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967) and Perceived Stress Scale developed by (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between Job satisfaction and Perceived stress. Independent samples t-test was used to examine gender differences and to compare job satisfaction and perceived stress among government and private sector employees. The analysis revealed that job satisfaction and perceived stress were significantly, negatively correlated. There was a significant difference in job satisfaction and perceived stress among employees working in government and private sector. The employees working in the government sector experienced more job satisfaction compared to the employees working in the private sector. The employees working in the private sector experienced greater perceived stress compared to the employees working in the government sector. No significant difference was seen in job satisfaction among male and female employees. But there was a significant difference in perceived stress among male and female employees. Female employees experienced more perceived stress than male employees. There was no significant difference found in job satisfaction among male and female employees working in the government sector. But there was a significant difference in perceived stress among male and female employees working in the government sector. Female employees experienced more perceived stress than male employees working in the government sector. There was no significant difference in job satisfaction and perceived stress among male and female employees working in the private sector.
Pages: 234-237
Gagan Prit Kaur (Department of Psychology, R. S. K. D. P. G. College, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh)
Richa Singh (Department of Psychology, Vasanta College for Women (Krishanmurti Foundation of India), Rajghat Fort, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

Inhibition of return (IOR) is a robust phenomenon that refers to slow response at previously seen location than new location. IOR helps attention to orient towards novel or uncued locations. In the present study effect of cue (valid & invalid cue) and task type (Discrimination & detection tasks) is explored on the IOR phenomenon during sustained attention tasks. A 2 (Task type: Detection & Discrimination Tasks) × 2 (Cue Validity: Valid & Invalid) × 3 (time period: blocks of 10 min) mixed factorial design with repeated measure on the last two factors has been employed. Correct detection and RT were taken as performance measures. Results revealed significant effect of cue on correct detection. Participants detected more targets under valid cue condition than invalid cue in discrimination task in all three blocks while in detection task after the first block participants detected more targets under invalid cue than valid cue. RT results showed that response was facilitated under valid cue than invalid cue condition. Thus, the findings showed that IOR was not seen in discrimination as well as detection task. Probably the SOA level was not sufficient to generate the IOR. Small sample size and nature of task also may be responsible for not generating the IOR.
Pages: 238-240
Sunita Negi and Bina Saklani (Department of Anthropology, H.N.B.G.U Central University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand)

The research paper presented is based on the availability of nutrition and nutritious food in which a comparative study of urban and rural women has been done, due to the hard work, women do not pay attention to their diet and rural women also after the animal husbandry Producers do not accept product, which is the main source of protein. In addition to this, financial status, geographical conditions and education and superstition prevailing from ancient time towards food in society affect female nutrition. The need for nutrition in women increases most during pregnancy because the fetus fulfills its nutritional requirements with pregnancy. In the absence of nutrition, women and child health is being affected. Rural women are not taking adequate amounts of protein, vitamins, iron, and calcium sources, fruits, vegetables, milk curd, meat ova, pulses, in which there is anemia, frequency of miscarriage and infant mortality rates in women.
Pages: 241-243
Madhu Bala (Department of Psychology, R.B.S. College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)

Emotional intelligence is your ability to gain and apply comprehension from your and others indoctrination and the indoctrination of others in order to be more prosperous and lead a more fulfilling life. Fazio (2018) define emotional Intelligence of executives as “the integration of feelings and thoughts, which allows you to read and influence yourself and others so you can drive results.” The Executive Emotional Intelligence model is designed to help people nurture their talents and grow their developmental areas in order to be successful leaders. This study investigated the effect of gender and aggression on emotional intelligence among executives. In order to pursue the above objective aggression and emotional intelligence scale were used to collect the data. The sample consisted of 100 executives (50 Male & 50 Female). Selected subjects were further divided into two equal sub groups according to aggression level. There were 50 high aggressive (25 Male & 25 Female) and 50 low aggressive (25 Male & 25 Female) executives. Subjects selected by stratified randomization from various cities. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Findings of the study revealed that gender and aggression significantly affects the level of emotional intelligence.
Pages: 244-248
G. Kiran Kumar (University Library, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka)
Chikkamanju (College of Agriculture, Vijayapur University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka)

The purpose of the study was to identify and analyse the information gathering habits among farmers in Vijayapur district in Karnataka. The population of the study consist of 1321 farmers having educational qualification of seventh class and above. The survey method was adopted using questionnaire as a tool for data collection. From the study it is clear that 567 (42.92%) of farmers prefer information in the area of Modern Cultivation System, 312 (23.62%) of respondents opine as they extremely prefer source of awareness about manufacture technical specialist, 415 (31.42%) of farmers strongly agree with the factor of long distance to the Information centres as barrier and 515 (38.99%) of farmers are satisfied with the information what they have obtained from various sources. It is clear from the study that farmers still prefer print format of information resources. Farmers depend mostly on traditional mass media like magazines, television and radio. It was observed that farmers are slowly shifting towards internet to access information resources.
Pages: 249-258
Mrinal Kanti Deb, Arobindo Mahato, and Joel Laltanpuia Darlong (Department of Rural Management & Development, Tripura University (A Central University), Tripura)

During last two decades large scale of changes of livelihood pattern among Tribal farmers has been witnessed in Tripura. Over the last two decades Tripura has been witnessing large scale changes on livelihood pattern of tribal farmers; especially, from Shifting (JHUM) cultivation to Rubber cultivation or other farm activities. The study is an attempt to understand the changing pattern of livelihood among Kuki tribes and to measure the living standard of Kuki tribes keeping in view their changing livelihood pattern. The article also tries to understand the association between changing livelihood pattern and monthly income of respondents. The deal with objectives of the study before and after analysis has been done based on primary data with purposive random sampling. The study explored that after changing the livelihood pattern monthly income of respondents has been significantly increased along with overall living standard. The regression analyses found Rubber cultivation and Livestock rearing emerged as popular sources of livelihood as compare to Jhum cultivation.
Pages: 259-264
Ravindra and Shobhadevi R. Patil (PG Department of Studies in Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnatak)

HIV/AIDS is a serious menace prevailing in the county and other Asian countries as well. Although the prevalence rate of HIV is 0.91 percent in India the number of people living with the infection is 5.13 million. The near universal nature and the high intensity of stigma attached to HIV/AIDS may be attributed to its intimate connection with two subjects that are taboo (stigmatised) in most societies and certainly in South Asia sexual behaviour and death. Present research is an approach in understanding the social, economical and health condition of the HIV positive people with special reference to Dharwad district. The age group which generally sufferer with this deadly diseases is mid 30's , 40's and 50's. This is the age when the people are economically productive towards their family, towards the society and towards the county. The first case of HIV was detected in Chennai in 1986 and first sero-positive individual was detected and first AIDS case was also reported during the same year. There are around 16 districts in Karnataka which poses more than 1 percent prevalence of HIV/AIDS and Dharwad is also one among them. The factors which are causing the rapid growth in the prevalence rate has definitely affected the social and economic roots deeply. Hence its impact is severe on the social and economic consequences and affects a individual's family. To study the impact of demographic variables such as age, sex, education, marital status, religion, occupation, domicile, source of income, type of family, opportunistic infections, detection of HIV status, disclosure, ART treatment, side effects of ART treatment and any other treatment apart from ART. 200 respondents have been selected from Dharwad District of Karnataka State from age group 19 to 49 years and above which consisted of 82 males and 118 females. Majority of the respondents i.e 35.50 percent of them had obtained primary education. Majority of the respondents i.e. 62 percent of them were married, maximum of respondent's occupation was coolie in a rural locality with below Rs. 5000/- income per month. 84 percent of them had no opportunistic infections and stayed in a nuclear family.
Pages: 265-268
Subhendu Bhattacharya and Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Emergence of experience can be traced back to the end of 20th century which was propelled by service sector boom and industries competed to provide incremental value oriented services to attain customer satisfaction. The trend has got a new dimension in recent time. New millennial are having a different outlook towards life which is significantly different from their predecessors. Millennial are born and brought up in an environment where technological advancements were perceptible in every sphere of activity. They are well versed in computer application and plethora of privileges offered by digitally connected world. This generation is more tech savvy, socially connected and image conscious. Millennial do not prefer to be stuck-up in stereotype routine job. Gathering experience is more appealing than stockpiling material possessions. They are not happy with settling down and going through the daily rigor of sedentary life. It is more exhilarating for millennial to explore places and share with friends and close associates. Dynamic life is more meaningful and joyous compared to static life which is labeled as boring and outdated by them. This culture is gaining momentum where millennial are taking the lead and establishing as new trend. They believe that life is one chance and they want to make the most of it by experiencing intangible factors more ardently. Experiential economy has bright future prospect because of technological influence. It is feasible because travelling to hotel booking, to hiring a cab, navigating the location, pursuing online courses in virtual institute is fast and easy without any time restriction. Technological boom has brought tremendous opportunities of customized services which are flexible and facilitating for modern existence.
Pages: 269-272
Pooja Kumari and Preeti Masih (Department of Psychology, St. Johns College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)

Suicide is an enormous public health problem among adolescents and represents a major national health concern. Recent developments in research for suicide promise meaningful understanding of suicide and prevention. Addressing these calls, in this paper we provide are review of suicidal behavior and extent earlier reviews in this areas. A comprehensive search of relevant-psychological data bases was conducted to understand the causes triggers and prevention factors of suicide. From different database numerous papers were initially read and 8 papers were included in the review. This systematic review highlights the need for understanding the cause of this suicidal ideation. Intervention that addresses this issue should be done actively at both family and school level simultaneously. Intervention is the major preventive measure.
Pages: 273-275
Sujatha Venkatesh and S. Sabesan (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

The present study attempted to find out the relationship between self-esteem and assertiveness among adolescent students. The sample consisted of 164 students drawn randomly from high schools located in Chennai. The tools used to measure the variables were Assertiveness Questionnaire developed by Erickson, Noonan, McCall, and Monroe (2015) and Self-esteem Scale developed by Rosenberg (1965). The data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the 't' test. The results of this study indicated that there is a significant relationship between assertiveness and self-esteem among adolescent students. It is further found that adolescent boys have higher assertiveness and higher self-esteem than Adolescent girls. They also do not differ significantly with respect to their assertiveness and self -esteem based on the type of family.
Pages: 276-279
Vasanth M.A.S. and Swaminathan Sabesan (Department of Psychology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu)

The objective of the present study is to examine the level of Disease Related Cognition (DRC) of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among primary school teachers with the case history of T2DM. The sample consisted of 54 teachers drawn randomly from primary schools located in Tamilnadu. DRC of T2DM is measured with the help of Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Centre's Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test. The data was subjected to appropriate statistical treatment Paired “t” test. The results of the study indicated that the overall DRC of T2DM among the selected primary school teachers was poor. It was also found that post graduate teachers had shown significantly higher DRC of T2DM than graduate teachers. It was further found that teachers who were taking insulin have shown significantly higher DRC of T2DM than those teachers who are taking only oral anti diabetic medications. However, primary school teachers did not differ significantly with respect to their DRC of T2DM on the basis of age and gender. The present study clearly indicates that there is a gap on DRC of T2DM among primary school teachers who have case history of T2DM. The present study also calls for a systematic DRC intervention program for those who have the history of T2DM for its effective management.
Pages: 280-282
Manisha Kohli (Department of Psychology, G.C.W., Gandhinagar, Jammu & Kashmir)
Arti Bakhshi (Department of Psychology, University of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir)

The stigma of childlessness is so great that infertile women are socially isolated and neglected. This article focuses on the women's experience with childlessness and its effect on their personality. This study includes 80 infertile females and 80 females with children (mothers). They were examined using Eysenck's personality questionnaire-R (EPQ-R). The effect of infertility (independent variables) was seen on the personality dimensions (dependent variable). Significant difference exists between infertile females and females with children in case of the psycoticism, neuroticism and extraversion as the personality dimension. These results show that infertile females are high on psycoticism and neuroticism and low on extraversion than females with children. For the childless females, the infertility or involuntary childlessness is the worst thing that could happen and is seen as the major life crises.
Pages: 283-286
Khyati Tripathi (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Death anxiety is one of the most common fears that humans have. Social scientists have been trying to study death anxiety from different perspectives and with different methodologies. This paper brings together the psychological perspective on death anxiety and tries to understand what it is and how it affects the individual. It throws light on different types of death anxieties and its multi-dimensionality. It also tries to explain different theoretical perspectives on death anxiety along with the various coping techniques individuals use to deal with it. The paper presents literature on how religion has been understood in the context of death anxiety and the relationship between death anxiety and religiosity.
Pages: 287-291
P. Loganathan (Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu)

The term "Journal" means a daily record, as of occurrences or observations. It includes a newspaper especially a daily one, a periodical or magazine especially published for a learned society. The Journals played an important role and awakened the people and infused them in the sense of patriotism and consciousness for nationality. Richard Johnston was the founder of the first newspaper in Madras presidency. His paper “The Madras Courier” came in to existence on 12th October, 1785. The Pioneer Tamil Journal was the “Tamil Magazine” which was published on 1831 started by the Madras Religious Tract Society. The Swadeshamitran, Hindunesan, India, Desabakthan, Prapanchamitiran, TamilNadu, were the foremost Tamil Journals in the path of the struggle against the Government. The above mentioned Tamil Journals were severely affected by the Government oppressive measures. The British Government passed many act against the Tamil Journals in Madras Presidency like Licensing Act of 1857, Registration Act of 1867, Act of India Penal Code of 1870, Vernacular Press Act of 1878, Newspapers Act of 1908, Indian Press Act of 1910. But the Tamil Journals brought about remarkable changes in politics during the initial decades of the twentieth century.
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