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Pages: 447-451
Sampurna Baruah, Abha Singh, and Anuradha Sharma (Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

The mastery of parenting competency influences how each parent interprets his/her own behaviour and his/her child's behaviour. This paper discusses about the significant effect of parental competency on children's academic achievement and prosocial behaviour. The aim of the study was to assess Parental Competency as a predictor of Children's Classroom Achievement and Pro-social Behaviour. The objectives were to study the effect of Parental Competency on Children's Classroom Achievement and on Children's Pro-social Behaviour and to assess the differential effect of Parental Competency on Classroom Achievement among male and female adolescents as well as on Pro-social Behaviour among male and female adolescents. The study consisted of total 464 samples where 232 children of age 10-14 years from government as well as private schools along with their 232 parents. It was hypothesised that there will be a significant effect of Parental Competency on Children's Classroom Achievement; there will be a significant effect of Parental Competency on Children's Pro-social Behaviour; there will be significant differential effect of Parental Competency on Classroom Achievement of male and female adolescents and there will be significant differential effect of Parental Competency on Pro-social Behaviour of male and female adolescents. The findings of the study were: (i) there is a significant effect of Parental Competency on Children's Classroom Achievement. (ii) There is significant differential effect of Parental Competency on Classroom Achievement of female adolescents. (iii) There is significant differential effect of Parental Competency on Pro-social Behaviour of male and female adolescents. Thus it can be concluded that parental competency plays an important factor on classroom achievement and prosocial behaviour of children, irrespective of both male and female. These skills are undoubtedly developed once being parent. But for the all-round development of children, parents should refine these skills through reading, training and rehearsing from time to time.
Pages: 452-455
Manju Agarwal (Dean Student Welfare, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)
Irfan Fayaz (Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Science Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The present paper examines the correlation between the aggression, suicidal ideation and positive life orientation among adolescent boys of Kashmir. The sample consists of 100 adolescent boys (n= 100) from two different schools of Kashmir. Aggression questionnaire by Buss and Perry, Multi attitude Suicidal Scale (MAST) by Isreal Orbach and Positive life orientation scale by Agarwal and Dalal was used for data collection. The results revealed significant correlations among the dimensions of aggression with all the dimensions of suicidal ideation. The results also showed that hostility is negatively correlated with positive life orientation. The results showed significant correlation between positive life orientation and two dimension of suicidal ideation: attraction to life while repulsion by life.
Pages: 456-459
Satpal Kumar (Jaharveer Goga Ji Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Chhani Bari, Hanumangarh, Rajasthan)

The present paper is an attempt to find out the major factors influencing the agricultural productivity during the period of 1998-99 to 2015-16 in Northwestern Haryana. The district wise time series data has been obtained from secondary sources. District wise agricultural productivity has been calculated with the help of Bhalla and Tyagi method (1989). To examine the factors influencing the agricultural productivity multiple correlation and step wise regression has been calculated. In Northwestern Haryana agricultural productivity is positively correlated with density of tubewells, consumption of fertilizers and proportion of net sown area at 1 percent level of significance. Agricultural productivity is negatively correlated with percent area of food grains under HYV seeds and consumption of pesticides at 1 percent level of significance. Stepwise regression shows that in Northwestern region of the state modern agricultural inputs are the main determinants of agricultural land productivity.
Pages: 460-462
Himalaya Tiwari (Department of Basic Science and Humanities, PSIT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh)
O. P. Sharma, Pragati Chaturvedi, and Bodhraj Kumkaria (Department of Psychology,University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The purpose of the present study was to identify the gender differences in burnout between male and female counselors. A sample of 100 male and 100 female counselors was collected from different psychiatric centers, schools and family courts of Rajasthan. 't' test was used to assess the significance of difference. The results of the study revealed a higher level of burnout in female counselors.
Pages: 463-466
Chetna and Nov Rattan Sharma (Department of Psychology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Psychological well-being is concerned with living a good life and working in a best possible way in all aspects of life whereas positive psychological capital can be explained as the constructive and ongoing plight in a human beings life which is achieved by combining high level of hope, self-efficacy, resiliency and optimism. The current investigation was designed to study the interrelationship between positive psychological capital and psychological well-being among young adult students. The sample for the current investigation consisted of 300 young adult students within the age range of 20-25 years and all of them were from colleges and universities of NCR region. For this purpose; Hope Scale, The General Self-Efficacy Scale, Resilience Scale and The Life Orientation Test Revised were used to assess Positive Psychological Capital and Psychological Well-Being Scale was applied to assess Psychological Well-being. Inter-correlational analysis was used to see the associations between the two sets of the variables. It was observed that components of Positive Psychological Capital positively and significantly contribute towards Psychological Well-being. Results were discussed in terms of its implications.
Pages: 467-470
Sukhamjit Kaur and Sunita Gupta (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab)

The aim of the present study was to assess the difference between participants having high or low scores on religiosity with regard to two strategies of emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal & expressive suppression) and two dimensions of moral identity (internalization & symbolization). The present sample consisted of 56 females in the age range of 18 to 24 years. All the participants completed the questionnaire measures namely Religiosity Scale (Bhusan, 1970); Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003); and Moral Identity Inventory (Aquino & Reed, 2002). Data was analyzed by independent sample t test. The results clearly revealed that high religious individuals used expressive suppression as emotion regulation strategy more than low religious participants. Findings also suggested that participants high on religiosity considered moral identity internalization more important than low religious participants.
Pages: 471-474
Himalaya Tiwari (Department of Basic Science and Humanities, PSIT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh)
O. P. Sharma and Bodhraj Kumkaria (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The purpose of this review article was to put light on the concept of emotion work with the help of Indian and Western psychological perspectives. Similarities as well as differences in both perspectives were taken into account. Indian psychological perspective is based on Shrimad Bhagwat Gita and Ramcharitmanas, holy books of Indians. Views related to emotion, emotional management and task effectiveness are also being discussed in the present article.
Pages: 475-478
Singlai Thouman (Department of Sociology, Holy Cross College, Agartala, Tripura and Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The world ecosystems are fast breaking down. And, humanity is at stake. The only way out is a 'sustainable development' with proper appropriation of resources. But, it takes a mindset- the mindset of sustainability in every consumer's mind. Our 'Blue planet' is the only known planet endowed with life due to water. Out of 2.5% of fresh water available on earth which are mostly trapped in ice caps, only a fraction of 0.3% is accessible for human consumption. A 7.5 billion strong population is after 0.3%. As 'Resources and Population' are inversely proportional, 'water wars' are bound to happen. So much so is its scarcity and vitality, water is no more treated as a natural resource but a commoditized item now. What was oil in 20th Century is now 'water' in the 21st Century. It has earned a name tag of 'oil' of the new 'century. Therefore, it has become a new 'gold rush'. So, people tend to protect and control this precious liquid through power politics. People began to see water as power. In the light of global water scenario, a hydraulic life of the hills of Northeast India in the conservation of fresh water is presented here.
Pages: 479-483
Abhipsa Mohanty (Faculty of Human Resource, International Institute of Management & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha)
Pratima Sarangi (Department of Good Governance and Public Policy, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha)

In the present context of business environment with Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA), organisations are knocked by technological, legislative and social changes which can amend, radically their internal structure and their stakeholders' relationship. The necessity to adapt to a hastily changing business environment prescribes that organizations shall make best use of all existing talent. This whole process would need a change and it has been always known that all humans have an emotional reaction to change. Therefore, instead of ignoring or resenting the emotional reaction and claiming the people as “over-emotional” or “change resistant”, emotional intelligence is applied to help the employees cope up with the process of change. This paper is an effort towards studying the notion of organizational metamorphosis model focusing on structural changes integrating mechanisms to develop a better culture in the organisations as well as to identify the impact applying emotional intelligence in their structure and the system of management. Random Sampling from the hypothetical and pragmatic contributions to find the association between Emotional intelligence and work-related resilience in an organisation. Experiential data is utilised to offer an assessment of the thought and their relationships. Emphasizing the VUC A environment authors tried in this research paper to release up innovative potential for the considerate the emotional intelligence, where organisational innovation and metamorphosis including the development and application of new technologies as well as human process innovations. The proposed paper indicates its result depending on the type of change related to emotional intelligence which is frequently associated with work related resilience in the organisation. According to association rules and Apriori algorithm where the association among the data together with support and confidence can be analyzed. The finding will measure the level changing effects after the use of Emotional Intelligence between the colleagues in the work environment.
Pages: 484-486
Ankit Kumar, Ravi Rathee, and Sunil Kumar (Department of Psychology, PDM University, Bahadurgarh, Haryana)
Shalini Singh (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Self-esteem is the reflection of the overall evaluation of subjective emotions of an individual which are worthy. Self esteem is the attitude of the individual towards his/her self. It contains the beliefs about oneself, as well as the emotional states like joy, hopelessness, pride and shame. The present study was conducted to explore the association between personality traits and self esteem among young adults. For the purpose of the study, samples of 100 students belonging to age group 18-25 years were randomly selected. The NEO-FFIand Self Esteem Inventory was administered on the subjects. A correlational design was used in the present study. Results of the study showed that neuroticism trait is negatively correlated with self esteem, on the other side; Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extra version and Openness to experience are positively related with self esteem.
Pages: 487-489
Fahim Ul Hassan, Jayakumar C., and K. Sekar (Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Bengalur Karnataka)

Social work values to maximize the well-being of individuals with disabilities by advocating for their human rights, facilitating their empowerment and enabling them to achieve their needs and aspirations in a dignified manner. Literature has highlighted the profession still has a lot to achieve in the area of disability, especially in the Indian scenario. The article examines the theoretical underpinning, contemporary progressive legislation, enhanced role and future implications for social work practice in the area of disablement. The article implies integration of life span perspective and intersectoral approach in social work practice to achieve more efficient, effective and sustainable health outcomes in the area of disabilities.
Pages: 490-494
Sankul Gaur (The IIS University, Gurukul Marg, SFS, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

There is a time-honored interest in the literature connecting the ideas of religiosity, spirituality and happiness. The beneficial effects of spirituality with regard to individual well-being have been documented in different populations. Thus spirituality has emerged as a major predictor of happiness in the contemporary era. A systematic review of 33 studies (2000-2016) on spirituality, religiosity and happiness was conducted. Two major approaches to study the relationship between spirituality and happiness were classified: 1) studies emphasizing the negative or antagonistic relation between spirituality and negative emotional states. 2) Studies emphasizing the positive relationship between spirituality, happiness and well-being. Majority of the well-conducted studies found that higher levels of spiritual and religious involvement are positively associated with indicators of psychological well-being, happiness and lowered negative emotions. It was manifested that spiritual involvement is usually associated with enhanced well-being and happiness.
Pages: 495-497
Sajad Ahmad (Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh)
Neetu Saini (National Centre for Disability Studies Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi)

This study examines the effect of age and driving expertise on the drivers' on-road behavior. Drivers' on-road behavior is examined in terms of driving errors (i.e., slips & lapses) mistakes, and violations by using Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) (Reason, 1990). 48 drivers voluntarily participated in this study. The results demonstrated that in comparison to expert drivers, novice drivers committed significantly more number of on-road driving errors and violations. The results also suggest that there is an insignificant difference between different categories of age with respect to driving errors and violations. This study also identifies the five most frequently committed on-road errors and violations that could potentially lead to on-road crashes or near crashes.
Pages: 498-503
Pratima (Department of Applied Psychology, South Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Adverse childhood experiences often contribute to adverse health outcomes across life span. Apart from these, it also affects overall mental health including classroom performance of the child. The present study aims to do detailed analysis of literature and understand various types of childhood adversities and its impact on scholastic performance of the child. Long- term medical illness, specific learning disability, below average IQ, ADHD, poor socio-cultural home environment, psychiatric disorders, difficult temperament, poverty, large-size families, lack of school engagement, and neighborhood quality are some of the reasons to underperform at school. In various studies, childhood adversity significantly affected student's level of adjustment and resilience and increased distress. It also lead to poor academic performance and somatoform complaints. The article will also suggest literature related to resilience building and self- regulation enhancement as a strategy to overcome and cope with those adversities and have better scholastic performance.
Pages: 504-506
Uma Rani (Department of Psychology, SPW Degree & PG College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh)

Education is the right of every child because it equips him to meet the challenges of life. The children with disabilities (CWD) need this all the more, to supplement their differential talents so that they can prepare themselves for a happy productive and useful life. Efforts to educate children with disabilities began soon after independence in India. An India has made impressive economic gains in the last few decades and currently has the 4th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. Despite this improvement, more than 260 million people in India live in poverty. The reciprocity of poverty producing disability, and disability resulting in poverty (Rao, 1990) creates unique challenges for the integrated education movement in India.
Pages: 507-509
P. Bhaskar (Department of History, S. V. Arts College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh)

Higher education system plays an important role for the country's overall development which includes industrial, social, economic etc. Education is the basic need of every society. Higher education caters to the education in colleges and universities. Earlier higher education used to be seen as a luxury, which was available to few only, but now it is proved that it contributes effectively in national, social and economic development. Basic level education makes the person literate while higher education makes him stand out and makes him realizes his true potential also give power to the individuals to get better employment, higher salary, propensity to consume and save. Indian higher education system is third largest in the world. The role of Indian higher educational institutes such as colleges and universities in the present time is to provide quality based education in the field of education, research etc to empower youth for self sustainability. The study is also unique as it throws a gainful insight on the analyses the present position of higher education system in India and the opportunities and challenges faced by the higher education in India. The time has come to address the proper procedure to deal with, only then we can transform our country from a developing Nation to a developed Nation.
Pages: 510-512
Mridula Apte (Clinical Psychologist, Vidula Psychological Consultancy, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune and Department of Psychology, Faculty, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
V. R. Shinde (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)
S. R. Barve (Consultant Psychologist, Vidula Psychological Consultancy, Pune, Maharashtra)

The effects of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) on social anxiety have been well documented in scientific literature. A 19 year old girl hailing from upper middle socioeconomic status nuclear family , with professionally qualified parents, and no significant family history or past history, temperamentally quiet and shy, presented with symptoms of feeling extremely anxious with people around her, except her parents, leading to severe forms of avoidance behaviours, treatment at various places having yielded mixed and temporary results. CBT was used for this purpose, Behavior Therapy (BT) techniques like time scheduling, relaxation techniques, Systematic Desensitization(SD), in vivo exposure to social situations with co therapist, were used along with identification of errors, thought restructuring techniques, and psycho education about the problem as it has been chronic and the client was unable to comprehend it fully. Minimal dose of antidepressants was ongoing since several years. Treatment yielded positive results until client started reporting fleeting delusional symptoms intermittently. Psycho diagnostic assessment confirmed psychotic symptomatology of a delusional nature. Medication was started for the same. After an adequate period of medication, CBT was restarted and client responded well. Currently client has made a great deal of progress in terms of joining up for classes to learn new things, joining up for a regular college to finish her studies, client is also doing academically well there. Client has made new acquaintances, as well as a close friend in college. Treatment period lasted for over 2 years, and follow up is ongoing. Client continues to have anxious feelings while meeting new people, but tends to feel better in a short span of time, as against earlier.
Pages: 513-518
Siksha Deepak (Department of Psychology, Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi)
Harpreet Bhatia (Department of Psychology, Keshav Mahavidyalaya, Pitampura, Delhi)
N. K. Chadha (Research and Doctoral Program, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, Haryana)

Love is a strong emotion and a basic individual needs of humans. Since love is a much pursued emotion, it has a profound impact on the individuals who experiences it. Wide variety of literature throws light on the fact that love provides oneself with a strong sense of subjective well-being. Because of this, love is given great significance in the field of positive psychology. Though its effects could be negative as well as positive, this paper describes the positive influences of experiencing the various types of love. These include romantic love which involves a sexual intimacy, and other forms of love which do not involve sexual intimacy, one example of which is parental love. The healing effects of love cannot be denied as it proves to be an enduring support system during the times of stress. It is also associated with the release of endorphins in the body which are frequently referred to as the 'happy hormones'. True love of a partner provides depth to the relationship and strength to the person towards whom it is directed. At the same time, when one experiences love, there is an expansion of the self as one incorporates the other in one's own self-concept. There are additional health benefits of experiencing this intense emotion. All these aspects of love will be discussed in the present paper.
Pages: 519-526
Padma Dalal (Department of Geography, Govt College, Dujana, Jhajjar, Haryana)

In this study an attempt have been made to prepare a land use and land cover classes using visual interpretation approach and the physiographic of the Tons watershed was prepared. The modern remote sensing techniques using space-born sensor in visible, thermal and microwave region of electro-magnetic spectrum, have been found to be valuable tool in evaluation, monitoring and management of land, water and crop resources Land suitability for wheat crop in general and land capabilities for field crops in particular were analyzed and presented .With this Land capabilities have been accessed for the study area using FAO land capability scheme. The area has been analyzed for wheat crop suitability using FAO criteria in this analysis of soil texture, drainage intensity, stoniness, slop gradient were consider for the suitability classification.
Pages: 527-529
Sanjay (Department of Applied Psychology, GJUS&T Hisar, Haryana)
Ravinder Singh (Chhaju Ram College of Education, Hisar, Haryana)
Ravi Singh Hooda (Department of Applied Psychology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

The biological or physical outcomes related to living in poverty are predominantly observed in early childhood development, including low birth weight (Bradley et al., 1994; US Department of Health & Human Services, 2000) and lead poisoning (Cecil et al., 2008; Needleman et al., 1990) which precipitate issues with brain development and overall healthy functioning. The present paper explores findings on psychological and sociological impact of poverty and various coping strategies for poverty.
Pages: 530-535
Dipti Salhuria (Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh)

Art cinema portrays the lives and circumstances of women, through a realistic representation of their status, social construction and culture, and attempts to address issues of rights and dignity, freedom, respect for authority, violence, and other issues impacting women. The three movies taken up for analysis in the present study focused on three major women's issues in present Indian society, viz. women's identity, declining sex ratio and its consequences, and finally rape and a travesty of justice as faced by victims of rape. The movies portray the apathy of a society, insensitive to women's trials and tribulations, as well as the strength of the women who rise above their problems with courage and fortitude, as Aditi does in Astitva, Kalki in Matrubhoomi and Sanwari in Bawandar.
Pages: 536-544
Hasrat Dhanjal (Department of Psychology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

The present study seeks to examine age and gender differences in the sources of meaning in life. Another aim of the study is to find out if age, gender and sources of meaning can predict happiness. For this purpose,120 individuals were taken and were divided into three age groups: young adults (18-29 years), middle age adults (30-59 years) and older adults (60 and above years) with n=40 each &gender: females and males with n=60 each. The scales used for the study were: Personal Meaningful Profile-Brief (PMP-B) by McDonald, Wong, and Gingras (2012) and Subjective Happiness Scale by Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999). The significance of age and gender differences in the seven sources of meaning namely Achievement, Relationship, Religion, Self-transcendence, Self-acceptance, Intimacy & Fair treatment were calculated using Two-way MANOVA. The results indicated that age and gender had a statistically significant interaction effect on Achievement only at p=0.005 level. Intimacy (p=<0.001) and fair treatment (p=<0.05) were statistically significant with age as both variables increased with age. Achievement (p=<0.001) as a source of meaning had a statistically significant relationship with gender where males scored higher than females. The regression analysis indicated that all the sources of meaning together with age and gender produced 29.9% variance in happiness.
Pages: 545-548
Rimpy Monga (Department of Psychology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)
Sunita Malhotra (Ex. Dean Academic Affairs, M.D.University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The quality of life (QOL) male and female, the connections that they build up, and their work have changed significantly in the previous 50 years. QOL is influenced by different angles, for example, individuals' physical and emotional well-being, family and social relationship, or networks .Some investigations displayed steady discoveries proposing that the dimension of the QOL is fundamentally influenced by age , instructive dimensions, and occupation and education .Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the principle affecting variables on QOL vary by gender difference. An employee is being largely affected by his or her quality of life. Therefore, intentions of the researchers in the field of executive field is to focus on the quality of life of an employees who are responsible for executive decision making Thus, the identified factor could be affecting the level of employee’s quality of life are their gender. The present investigation was conducted with the main aim to evaluate the gender difference on the QOL and their domains -“physical, psychological, social & environmental”.A sample of 300 employees( 160 males and 140 females ) working in various multinational IT companies located in NCR – Delhi, Gurgaon, and Noida were selected for the presents study. WHOQualiy of life (WHOQOL – BREF, World Health Organization (1996)) was administered on the sample. The descriptive statistics was calculated which includes the mean and range for scale. Comparison of male and female managers on QOL and their domains– “physical, psychological, social & environmental” were computed by using t-test. Results reveals that males scored high on physical QoL (t = -3.098; p ≤ .002), psychological QoL (t = -2.471; p ≤ .014), social QoL (t = -4.938; p ≤ .001), environmental QoL (t = -3.412; p ≤ .001).
Pages: 549-552
Lakshmi Pandey (Department of Psychology, TM Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar)

Madrasas, the indigenous system of education, through which the community ensures that its future generations acquire knowledge of Islam, has become a symbol of Muslim identity in India. In this paper an attempt has been made to ascertain the role of Madrasas as a mechanism to provide education to the Muslim community and to highlight the quality of Madrasas in Bihar. The present study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The study based on the secondary data collected by U-DISE 2014-15. The findings of the study shows that lack of incorporation of physical inputs of modern education were found in most of the Madrasas. Condition and especially availability of physical facilities can have an effect on education quality. Finally, it is concluded that the lack of female teachers, lack of trained teachers and poor infrastructure affects students’ ability to learn in Madrasas are largely unknown and left unaddressed.
Pages: 553-556
सुनीता नेगी एवं बीना सकलानी (मानव विज्ञान विभाग, हे.न.ब.ग. (केन्द्रीय) विश्वविद्यालय, श्रीनगर गढ़वाल)

प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र में ग्रामीण समाज में मातृत्व एवं शिशु स्वास्थ्य के रखरखाव में दाई की भूमिका का अध्ययन किया जायेगा किस प्रकार से प्रसव वेदना एवं गर्भावस्था में सघ्ंार्ष के दौरान जैसे सुदृढ़ आर्थिक स्थिति का अभाव, सड़क या गाॅव से स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र की दूरी, अचानक प्रसव पीड़ा होने पर कुशल कर्मियों के उपलब्ध नही होने से आपातकालीन स्थिति में दाईयां घर घर जाकर अपनी सेवायें देती है। गर्भावस्था के दौरान ग्रामीण महिलाओं को कृषि कार्य एवं पशुपालन हेतु चारे की व्यवस्था करने के दौरान शारीरिक परिश्रम के कारण समस्यायें जैसे पेट दर्द, कमर दर्द एवं जांघों में दर्द होने पर 42 प्रतिशत महिलायें दाई से सम्पर्क करती हैं, तथा 68 प्रतिशत महिलाओं ने प्रसव पीड़ा में दाई द्वारा सेवायें ली है। समाज में दाई प्रसव एवं गर्भावस्था के अतिरिक्त नवजात का पेट दर्द हेतु परम्परागत रखरखाव भी करती हंै। प्रशिक्षित एवं प्रशिक्षित दाई की कार्यशैली में अन्तर पाया गया है। उपर्युक्त तथ्यों के बावजूद डब्ल्यू.एच.ओ. मातृत्व एवं शिशु स्वास्थ्य को ध्यान में रखकर प्रसव हेतु दाई को छोड़कर कुशल कर्मी नर्स या डा.ॅ की सिफारिश करता है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र प्राथमिक स्त्रोतों पर आधारित हें जिसमें वर्णनात्मक एवं साख्ंियकीय तथ्यो का विवरण है।
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