Pages: 1060-1063
Sheelam Jain (Career Mentor, Mahakal Institute of Management, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh)

The study explores the relationship between self-esteem, life satisfaction and happiness. The study was carried out on 215 undergraduate students of technology. Females had a significantly higher mean score of self-esteem and life satisfaction than their male counterparts. Females were also high on mean scores of happiness than males but without any significant variation. All the inter-correlations between the three variables were significant and positive. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the main predictor of happiness was life satisfaction. Self-esteem also predicted happiness but to a lesser degree. Life satisfaction accounted for 33% of the variance in predicting happiness, while self-esteem accounted for 19% of the variance in predicting happiness. It implies that high self-esteem and better life satisfaction in individuals leads to happiness.

Pages: 1067-1073
Minkesh Chowdhary and Masroor Jahan (Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kankee, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Since times immemorial, science has made significant progress in understanding the nature, causes and treatment of schizophrenia but still we are lagging behind and this condition continues to cause significant disability among the individuals with this condition. Apart from psychopathology in terms of various positive and negative symptoms, a large number of these patients tend to experience throughout their life significant disability in different walks of life, they have to face external and internal stigma of mental illness, they are prone to have poor quality of life, poor self-esteem, poor well-being and frequent re-hospitalizations. One potential reason for all these problems in patients with schizophrenia is non-adherence to prescribed medications which in turn leads to worsening of psychopathology with other issues. To deal with this issue of non-adherence several psychological approaches were introduced out of which acceptance and commitment therapy is relatively new entry. In the present study efforts were made to establish its applicability in improving medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the applicability of acceptance and commitment therapy in patients with schizophrenia in improving their medication adherence. A Pre-test and post test with control group design was used in this study. Equal number of patients was randomly assigned to acceptance and commitment therapy group (TAU + ACT) and treatment as usual group (TAU). Patients in the TAU+ACT condition received approximately 8-10 one hour long sessions of individual ACT twice in a week during their stay in the hospital while patients in treatment as usual group (TAU) received standard treatment. To monitor their progress they were assessed with Medication adherence rating scale and with other measures on pre-intervention phase, post intervention phase and at follow up phase. As a result of ACT application, significant improvement was noticed in terms of medication adherence related behaviours. The overall results of this study show that application of acceptance and commitment therapy in patients with schizophrenia brought significant positive changes in medication adherence. The gains that were attained at post intervention phase were maintained at follow up, hence, it can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy was efficacious and effective in bringing up positive changes in different outcome variables in patients with schizophrenia. Effects of this intervention were found durable which suggest that this intervention has potentials that can be utilized to improve the condition of patients with schizophrenia or with other psychotic disorders.

Pages: 1078-1084
Akanksha Devi, Aayush Kumar, and Swaran Lata (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

To promote the positive academic outcomes among school students, it is very essential to develop and enhance academic buoyancy and academic resilience among them. The objective of this review was to explore the empirical literature related to academic buoyancy and academic resilience among school students along with highlighting the major findings of the studies. To collect the relevant studies, databases-Google scholar, Sage, Science direct, ERIC, Psyc INFO, and Taylor and Francis Online were explored. Eighty three studies related to resilience and adults were found. Out of them, only seven studies could qualify the inclusion criteria to assess the academic resilience and academic buoyancy among school students. These studies found the importance of factors- self-efficacy, control, planning, persistence, low anxiety, family and community support that are associated with academic buoyancy and academic resilience. Future research direction include: further research from non-western countries; use of qualitative and mixed methods for analysis; and examination of the effect of demographic variables like SES, family structure and parents' education level.

Pages: 1093-1101
Ritu Raj, Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari, and Pramod Kumar Rai (Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh)

The study examined the interdependent happiness of senior secondary school teachers of various management setups with different organizational cultures. Employing a correlational design, 118 males (Mage = 45.86, SDage= 10.71) and 120 females (Mage= 43.24, SDage = 9.79) were chosen by a convenient sampling. The findings of the study showed gender and school type differences in the achievement of scores on the clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchy cultures as well as interdependent happiness. There was a positive correlation between the scores of the clan culture and interdependent happiness of the school teachers run by central government while negative correlations were observed between these scores of teachers working instate run and private school organizations. The negative correlations were also recorded between adhocracy and interdependent happiness of central govt. and private organization teachers whereas a positive correlation was observed between these scores for provincial school teachers. The negative correlations were found between market culture and interdependent happiness of central and provincial school teachers. The negative correlations were also reported between hierarchy and interdependent happiness of central and private school teachers whereas a small positive correlation was recorded between these scores for provincial school teachers. The findings showed that gender, central school type and clan organizational culture contributed significant variance to the interdependent happiness of the male and female teachers. In essence, gender, central government type school organization and clan organizational culture emerged as significant predictors for interdependent happiness. The conclusions of the study may have significant implications for researchers, educationists and policymakers.

Pages: 1105-1107
Bindia Gautam and Shalini Singh (Department of Psychology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Adolescence is the most rapid phase in human growth. It is also known as young people and a vital part of any society in the world. This period is often between the ages of 10-19 or between 10-24 years old (WHO, 2002). Most of adolescents are healthy, but there is still health related problems among adolescents. During this stage both the changes individual as well as the environment influence occur. Due to these changes adolescents have health related effect in their life not only in this particular age but it also effect over the life time. This time adolescents may be mainly susceptible due to their capacities are still rising and they are start to move outer from their family. Self efficacy relates to an individual's confidence in achieving and maintaining behavioral change. Self efficacy is defined as an individual's thought that he or she has the strength and ability to control tasks or events in the immediate environment (Bandura, 2001). This study explores the relationship between self-efficacy and health. For this purpose, the study group consisted of 200 adolescents from different schools of Haryana. Generalized Self Efficacy Scale by Jerusalem and Schwarzer (1992) and General Health Questionnaire-28 (Goldberg, 1978) scale were used as measuring instruments. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the data collected. Findings suggest that there is negative correlation between self- efficacy and health.

Pages: 1112-1117
Dinesh Singh (D.R.D.O. Scientist-D, Selection Center Central, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh)
Bhupinder Singh (Department of Psychology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh)

Tobacco dependence is one of the most wide spread addictions among the school students and also a significant public health issue faced by the world today. According to WHO estimate, there are nearly twenty-five corers tobacco users in India out of which, approximately 5500 adolescents start using tobacco in either Smoking or Smokeless (chewed) forms every day. Cognitive behavioural approaches used by practitioners were primarily focused on maintenance of treatment gains and management of relapse, rather than developing psychological strengths and skills. This research aims to develop a collaborative model of psychoeducation and cognitive and behavioural intervention, which could aid in the treatment plan by increasing knowledge of smokeless tobacco use and its harmful effects and also skills of effective craving management. A pre and post control group intervention was conducted among 80 adolescents smokeless tobacco users, aged 10-19 years in Bhopal, India. A control trial of cognitive behavioural intervention for reducing smokeless tobacco dependence in addition to psychoeducation was imparted to interventional subjects in four interactive sessions held in two months. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST) was used to assess smokeless tobacco dependence. The impact of the programme was measured by comparing the experimental group from control group before the first intervention (pre-intervention), the second intervention (post-intervention) and after follow-up. Over time, a significant reduction in smokeless tobacco dependence was observed in experimental group in comparison to control group. Mean (±standard deviation) pre-intervention smokeless tobacco dependence scores were decreased from 4.55 ± 1.51 to 2.63 ± 1.55, post-intervention. Similar results were obtained in follow-up, i.e., 3.52 ± 1.48 (smokeless tobacco dependence). The differences in mean scores of interventional and control groups of smokeless tobacco dependence were significant (p < 0.000, df = 71), suggesting that the intervention had a major positive impact. Cognitive behavioural intervention programmeis effective in reducing smokeless tobacco dependence and helpful in increasing knowledge of smokeless tobacco use and its harmful effects and effective craving management among adolescents.

Pages: 1122-1126
Ashwani Pundeer and Masroor Jahan (Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, Jharkhand)

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the applicability of MBCT module on symptoms severity (OC symptoms and severity of anxiety) in patient with OCD. The study was conducted in the Behaviour Therapy Unit of Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, Jharkhand. A hospital based confirmatory study was conducted in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder using Pre Test and Post Test Control Group Design. A total of 20 patients, age range of 20 to 45 years with Obsessive-compulsive disorder as per ICD-10 DCR Criteria and those who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study. The severity of OCD and anxiety were assessed through YBOCS and HAM-A. Specific module of MBCT for OCD was prepared and used as an intervention tool. The significant improvement was found on the symptoms severity (OC symptoms & anxiety) in patient with OCDin pre, post and follow up assessment. MBCT module may be applicable and efficacious in reducing symptoms severity in patients with OCD.

Pages: 1131-1133
Umang Narang and Nudrat Jahan (Department of Clinical Psychology, SGT University Gurugram, Haryana)

College is place where students have to make several adjustments. To reach the collage day scholars had to travel daily and Students living in hostel are struggling to adjust in different environment. For some students living in hostel or daily travel may not be challenging, but for others may cause stress. High level of stress or chronic stress can affect well-being of the person. Quality of sleep is one parameter which is found to be sensitive to stress level. It is very important to understand the level of stress, well being and sleep disturbance among students to maintain their academic performance and ensure mental and physical well-being. Therefore this study was carried with following objective. To study the stress, well-being and sleep disturbance among hosteller and non-hostellers. There would be correlation among stress, well-being and sleep disturbance. And, there would be significant difference between hostellers and non hostellers in their stress, well-being and sleep disturbance. Descriptive correlational design used for study and study was conducted on a sample of 100 college students from SGT University, among which 50 were hosteller and 50 were non-hostellers. For this study DASS-21 Scale, PGI Well-Being Scale and Sleep Quality Scale were used. Significant relation was found among stress, well-being and sleep disturbance (p<.05. & there was significant difference in stress, well-being and sleep disturbance among hosteller and non-hosteller students (p<.01). The level of stress and sleep disturbance was high among hostellers while level of well-being was high among non-hosteller. There was positive relation among stress and sleep disturbance and negative relationship were found between well being and stress and sleep disturbance.

Pages: 1138-1143
Sweta Smita Dash (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Sunil K. Verma (Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The present paper explains researcher's positionality in exploring the phenomenon of ambivalence and understanding the experiences associated. My doctoral research crafted in these years attempts to explicitly address how inevitable researcher's positionality role is, in choosing a particular topic, frame interview schedule, approaching participants, collecting data, and in doing analysis. Failing to authenticate own understanding can reduce the credibility of qualitative work. But with continuous self-criticizing and evaluative mindset of the researchers a relatively bias-free qualitative inquiry can be achieved. Qualitative research demands to step down from being an objective seeker to an interpretivist researcher. Thus, ascertaining positionality helped to gauge the authenticity of the research we conducted at each step by being an insider as well as an outsider.

Pages: 1151-1157
Aakanksha Tomar and Alka Bajpai (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

This study explored whether there is a relationship between reading books and wisdom. 103 participants in the age group of 20 to 40 years responded to Ardelt's Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale, a modified version of Stanovich and West's Author Recognition Test, and a Reading Habits Questionnaire. A correlational analysis showed a statistically significant positive relationship between the two study variables. A second hypothesis explored whether wisdom levels varied significantly between readers who read predominantly literary fiction versus those who read predominantly popular fiction or non-fiction. Respondents were categorized into these three groups based on their scores on the Author Recognition Test. A one-way analysis of variance however failed to show any significant difference between the readers of these different types of texts. Deep reading as a habit, which has been on a decline in the recent past, may be meaningfully related to wisdom, a quality universally acknowledged as desirable and worthy of pursuit. The implications of this relationship and the possibilities to study it further have been discussed.

Pages: 1166-1168
Raj Ratan and Radhey Shyam (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohatk, Haryana)

The spouses of serving personnel of military and paramilitary forces are integrated part of organizations and serve as backbone for them. The deployment of military and paramilitary forces has great toll on the mental health of the serving personnel as well on their spouses. The objective the present paper is to compare the deployment stress among working and non working spouses of military and Para military (n=300 ) in Haryana and NCR. Participants filled out researcher's self-developed scale of deployment stress to measure the variable under study. The finding suggested that there was significant difference in deployment stress (t=11.35, p <.05) among working and non - working spouses of military and paramilitary personnel. The study has implication in policy decisions related to military and paramilitary forces.

Pages: 1171-1176
Avneet Batra and Simran Kohli (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

The aim of the current study was to explore the experience and attitude of employees about various aspects of Sexual Harassment at workplace. Thus, a Sexual Harassment Survey was constructed by the researchers. The items in the survey were framed on the basis of the review of literature related to the topic of sexual harassment. It was ensured that the survey fulfills the organization's needs. The survey was administered on a sample of 140 employees (70 males & 70 females) belonging to the age group of 25- 40 years, with a working tenure of at least 2 years. After this, the results were computed and analyzed using percentage analysis. Overall the results indicated that at the experiential level sexual harassment in the form of un-welcoming sexual comments, jokes and gestures was prevalent in the organization. The female employees of the organization experienced these relatively more than male employees. However at the attitudinal level, it was found that most of the male and female employees believed that men are not always the perpetrator of sexual harassment and can also be victims of such an act. It was also found that employees do not make false allegations about sexual harassment with the intention to extort money from the employer.