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Pages: 106-109
Kassa Gulie Worku and Solomon Melesse (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies, College of Education and Behavioural Sciences Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)

The present study focuses on critical analysis of diversity inclusion strategies reflected in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian constitution adopted in 1995. Specifically, the main intent of the study was to examine whether or not the constitution addresses diversity issues in the country. Hence, the study tried to explore the inclusion of societal diverse interests in the constitution by considering the context of many dimensional diversity issues of the society in the nation. The units of analysis, thus, include articles and sub articles of the document. These units of analyses were included in the analysis of the document as long as the articles and sub articles refer to issues such as diversities on ethnicity, gender, nationalities, language, culture and religion. Furthermore articles and sub articles in the document were critically examined in search of different expressions that deal with the diversity issues on one hand or on the other, followed by the interpretation of the meanings and messages manifested through words or phrases such as equality, recognition, empowerment, valuing, tolerance, respect, diversities, appreciation of differences, mutual understanding, conflict management and resolution, mutual coexistence and others related to these themes. Finally based on major findings solicited, conclusion and recommendation were forwarded.

Keywords: multicultural education, diversity, conflict management, integration, coexistence

Pages: 106-109Kassa Gulie Worku and Solomon Melesse (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies, College…

Pages: 102-105
Richa Tiwari (Department of English, Govt. Modal Science College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh)

According to Mahatma Gandhi, “English is the language of international commerce, diplomacy and it contains a rich literary treasure.” English is a language which is treated as a world language because of its great reach and influence all over the world. In the present world of globalization and industrialization the ratio of people communicating in English is increasing at a fast pace. In the education system of India English introduced from primary schools to learn this language requires constant practice and patience the kind of feelings that it arouses it is not possible for a non English speaker to achieve fluency or mastery. English occupies a place of prestige in India, even after more than six decades since the Britishers left us. No indigenous language however has come up to replace English, either as a medium of communication or as an official language. For many decades English has been taught in our school and colleges. It occupies the second language in the school curriculum and for the higher education. Teaching English to the Indian student is the biggest challenge. This is so because of the large population of the country, bleak economic conditions, the cultural and social diversities and insufficient men and material. One of the main reasons for the poor standard of English is lack of clear cut policy. There have been frequent changes in the policy of government towards the teaching and learning of English. Most of the Indian students do not get adequate opportunities either to listen to or speak in English. This naturally results in a poor competence in the language. This paper is attempt to trace an over view on English language learning and the challenges face by the Indian students and people and what are the necessities of English language in present world.

Keywords: L1- First language, L2- Second language, ELT (English language teaching)

Pages: 102-105Richa Tiwari (Department of English, Govt. Modal Science College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh)

Pages: 98-101
Somy Thettayil and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

The aim of the present study was to qualitatively analyze upper primary school teachers' perspectives about the behavior problems of aggressive boys in the class room. Among the different types of qualitative research methods, phenomenology design was used in the study. The participants of the group interview were chosen purposively based on their class levels in which they teach. The data collected by using group interview technique. In phenomenological method thematic analysis includes coding, categorizing and making sense of the crucial meanings of the phenomenon. This study revealed that aggressive boys mainly experience expressive, inexpressive and relational issues and they felt difficulties in coping with these types of cognitive and social issues.

Keywords: aggression, perspectives, upper primary school teachers

Pages: 98-101Somy Thettayil and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila…

Pages: 92-97
Berhanu Asress (Faculty of Humanities, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)

This study investigated the effects of reciprocal teaching (using its basic reading strategies: predicting, questioning, clarifying & summarizing) on EFL students' reading comprehension and the challenges that EFL teacher and students face during the intervention in a large class. Fifty-six grade 9 EFL students (intact group selected from ten sections using a lottery) at Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia, took the intervention for eight weeks. The reciprocal teaching instruction was delivered by the researcher in a whole class setting. Eight expository texts representing a range of topics which were selected from Grade 9 student textbook currently in use but were independent of the topics that have been covered earlier by their classroom teacher have been used for the intervention. The participants took pre-test and post-test measures of reading comprehension passage. Paired samples t-test was used to compare group means of the two scores obtained (i.e., before-after intervention means). The results indicated that there was statistically a significant difference in students' reading comprehension after the reciprocal teaching intervention.

Keywords: reciprocal teaching, reading comprehension, modeling, guided practice

Pages: 92-97Berhanu Asress (Faculty of Humanities, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)

Pages: 84-91
Solomon Mellese (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies, Bahir Dar University Ethiopia, East Africa)
Belaynesh Kassanew (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University Ethiopia, East Africa)

This study aimed to describe how balancing model can support students' understanding of linear equations with one variable. This article is a part of a larger study on learning design of linear equations with one variable using algebra tiles combined with balancing model. To achieve this research objective, design-based research approach was chosen. The target population of the study was grade five students at Bahir Dar town one governmental primary school. From this population, the participants of the study were grade five section A students randomly selected. The data were gathered through test and classroom observation and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Findings showed that most students performed better in the post-test as compared to the pre-test, and most students have developed more flexible strategies to solve linear equation after a series of learning attempts through balancing model. Therefore, teaching through balancing model method has developed students' conceptual understanding of linear equation. So in order to develop students understanding of mathematics concept, mathematics educators' should design and implement continuous professional development program for primary school teachers in order to improve their pedagogical skills and re-design primary school curricular materials in such a way that they could smoothly integrated into the student's real-life situations.

Keywords: balancing model, linear equation, conceptual understanding

Pages: 84-91Solomon Mellese (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies, Bahir Dar University Ethiopia, East…

Pages: 79-83
Fahima Jamiulahmadi and Catherine Nazaryan (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors affecting learning mathematics of middle school children of Herat City. The study was to help the schoolteachers and scholars of the major to teach in effective ways and make the students learn in deep for permanent. A descriptive and survey method used for the study to explain the factors affecting the dependent variable. The statistical population was including three categories: 1. university professors, 2. Schoolteachers, 3. senior students of bachelor in science. Cochran sampling formula used to determine the sample size. The sample size was 346 participants in total, 218 schoolteachers, 108 senior students, and 20 university professors. The study found that there are various factors affecting learning mathematics such as teaching methods, curriculum, teachers, students, etc. The research also found that learning mathematics is a multidimensional process in which there is a need to coordinate all together. If one of the dimensions is distracted then the entire learning process is distracted.

Keywords: learning mathematics, curriculum, teachers, teaching material, teaching methods, middle school

Pages: 79-83Fahima Jamiulahmadi and Catherine Nazaryan (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat…

Pages: 75-78
Shaina Jain and Sukhmani (School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

High quantum of crop residue, i.e., paddy straw in Punjab is attributed by increased levels of productivity of paddy crop. Paddy straw is often burnt by the farmers which does not only results in environmental degradation, health issues etc. but have adverse effect on soil fertility also. To manage this residue effectively is a serious challenge, thus highlights the importance of paddy straw management. A study was conducted in district Ludhiana of Punjab to assess the perception of farmers and challenges faced by them towards paddy straw management. The study was undertaken in Ludhiana district as it is second largest producer of paddy in Punjab and data from sample of 200 farmers was collected using a structured questionnaire with a five-pointlikert scale and analysis was done using statistical analysis. The study revealed that most of the farmers were aware about worth of paddy straw, environmental impacts of burning straw, government's policies regarding paddy straw management and utilization. Important source of information for farmers was found to be cooperative societies and social media. Technical solutions were majorly categorized into: On-farm (in-situ,) among which farmers were found to be aware mainly about straw chopper, super SMS, happy seeder, etc. and Off-farm (ex-situ), among which very little awareness was found among farmers for techniques like power generation, cardboard making. Only a few farmers were found to have used alternative management techniques esp. mulching, zero tillage, happy seeder, etc. and found these methods effective. The main problem faced by farmers during management of paddy straw was found as cost, time, handling, supply chain discontinuities, lack of knowledge and guidance regarding management techniques.

Keywords: paddy straw management, perception, technical solutions, challenges

Pages: 75-78Shaina Jain and Sukhmani (School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

Pages: 71-74
Adem Mohammed Ahmed (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)
Solomon Melesse Mengistie (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Instruction, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)
Tadele Ejigu Wondimu (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)

The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the cooperative problem-solving strategy and the conventional technique and study their effects on mathematics performance. Various investigations have indicated that students experience mathematics anxiety which is an inclination of pressure and dread that meddles with mathematics learning. This might be ascribed to the encouraging strategies applied in the classrooms. Through the cooperative problem-solving learning strategy, every student in the gathering is dependable to impart insights and work together to take care of a mathematical problem. Then again, the conventional technique is teacher-focused guidance. The quasi-experimental research design configuration was utilized and the samples were assembled into A and B named experimental and control groups respectively. The experimental time frame was five weeks with an all-outnumber of twenty-five hours of exercise conveyance for each group. The experimental group was taught utilizing cooperative problem-solving techniques while the benchmark group was taught utilizing the customary strategy. To find the effects of cooperative problem-solving, it was analyzed using the paired t-test. The study uncovered that the experimental group has a mean score that is essentially higher than that of the benchmark group. The research, for the most part, uncovered that the experimental group performed superior to the benchmark group. The outcomes uncover that students are progressively effective when systematic problem solving on Polya's four stages strategy is joined into cooperative learning. Furthermore, the results suggest that the cooperative problem-solving method leads to better mathematics performance compared to the traditional method. The study, therefore, recommends that the training of mathematics teachers should incorporate the various strategies of presenting mathematical activities to Ethiopian high school students, especially the cooperative problem-solving strategy.

Keywords: cooperative learning, problem-solving, teaching-methods, traditional teaching method and Ethiopia

Pages: 71-74Adem Mohammed Ahmed (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)Solomon Melesse…

Pages: 66-70
S. Senthil Vinayagam and K. Akhila (Division of Education Systems Management, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, Telangana)

Teachers should regulate the use of technology to enhance the ongoing learning experiences. Using of educational technology was very helpful for effective classroom teaching. The study was based on competency analysis among faculty of Agriculture Universities in using educational technology. The explorative type of research design was used. The data was collected from six Agriculture Universities. The total sample size was 180. The statistical tools used for the analysis are percentage, coefficient of correlation, Multiple regression. Most of the respondents are from urban background (62.2%). Majority of respondents fall under medium level of category in case of the following characteristics, viz., knowledge on application of ET tools, information seeking behaviour, infrastructure facilities, teachers expertise in technology use, mass media ownership, mass media exposure, extent of use adoption of ET and job satisfaction in teaching. The most of respondents have somewhat favourable attitude towards adoption of ET and moderately aware about ET. The knowledge on application of ET tools, information seeking behaviour, attitude towards ET, Job satisfaction in teaching and training needs related to ET shows significant relationship with adoption of educational technology in teaching process at 0.01 level of significance. The other characteristics of teachers such as teachers expertise in technology use, infrastructure facilities and awareness about ET shows significant relationship with adoption of educational technology in teaching process at 0.05 level of significance.

Keywords: teachers/faculty, adoption of technology, agriculture universities, educational technology

Pages: 66-70S. Senthil Vinayagam and K. Akhila (Division of Education Systems Management, ICAR-National Academy of…

Pages: 63-65
Rupal Hooda and Kiran Singh (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Smart phones have become very useful in many ways. New technologies facilitate one to use mobile as a pocket computer. Using smart phones has become popular and inescapable among people in the modern world. Despite the importance of the adoption of various mobile applications, very little research has been conducted concerning the factors affecting the acceptance of mobile applications by the students of Hisar city. A Pre-structured questionnaire was distributed among students belonging to different colleges of Hisar city. The questionnaire comprised of three sections. Section “A” focused on the users' profile such as gender, age, and study level etc. Section “B” covered the student's awareness and usage of mobile technologies and the Internet. Finally, section “C” examined the purpose and usability of mobile applications with the role and impact of mobile applications in education. The present survey revealed that the role of mobile applications is increasing among students learning. The results indicated that the mobile learning applications can be very useful in the education environment. Furthermore, the results showed that the students had adequate knowledge and awareness to use mobile technology and the internet in the educational environment of their college campus.

Keywords: smartphone, mobile applications, technology, education environment

Pages: 63-65Rupal Hooda and Kiran Singh (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS CCS Haryana Agricultural…

Pages: 58-62
Kumarswamy A. Hiremath (Department of Agronomy, AEEC Nalwar (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)
Krishna S. Maraddi (College of Agriculture, Kalaburagi (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)
B. Arunkumar (Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Bheemarayanagudi (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)
Vijayachandra S. Reddy (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Kalaburagi (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)

The findings reveals that, among selected farm universities in Karnataka state, the preferred research areas in subject of plant sciences like department of agricultural microbiology, genetics and plant breeding, plant pathology and seed science and technology, has focused research on biofertilizers, heterosis and combining ability, characterization of disease and seed testing respectively as major researchable areas in farm university in case of University of agricultural Sciences, Raichur and which more or less similar in all remaining universities such as University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and Bangalore. The study also reveals that, post graduate research relevance was highest in plant pathology and least relevance was found in seed science and technology. Hence, study suggests that, research areas should be focused on current regions of overall agriculture development and research relevance to be focused on present problems which can address the farming communities ongoing issues.

Keywords: education, agriculture, relevance, post graduate, plant science

Pages: 58-62Kumarswamy A. Hiremath (Department of Agronomy, AEEC Nalwar (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)Krishna S. Maraddi (College…

Pages: 53-57
Hajar Khabaz (Department of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran)
Fatemeh Moradi (Department of Applied Psychology and Counselling Center University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

This study is based on modelling measures for children's moral behavior. We provided the initial items of moral behavior measures based on theoretical frameworks and questionnaires of the moral subject and scales relevant to the present scale, such as Borba's moral intelligence questionnaire (2001); Kendall and Wilcox's self-control assessment measure (1979); Moral components in Mofid and Kafili Moghadam's research (2012); Lotf Abadi's research on measuring moral development (2005); the measure of moral development for students (Manavi Poor, 2012) and providing operational definitions. The content validity of the questionnaires was evaluated by expert opinion and the items approved were 75% of them. The questionnaire implemented on a sample of 382 parents of pre-school children (4-6 years old). In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, we used the internal consistency method (Cronbach's & Spearman Brown's alpha) where Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was 0.90 and Spearman Brown was 0.88. For factor analysis, we used the main components method using orthogonal rotation of type VRMIX. Three main factors including empathy, self-respect and respect were identified. Totally 12.41% of the questionnaire variables predicted moral behavior. The valid factor analysis indicators of the structural equations model showed that, in general, the pattern has a suitable situation for explanation and fit. Finally, this questionnaire can be used for evaluating children's moral behavior in order for carrying out various researches.

Keywords: measure, moral behavior, children

Pages: 53-57Hajar Khabaz (Department of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran)Fatemeh Moradi…
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