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Pages: 50-52
S.K. Goyal, Nitin Goyal, Subodh Agarwal, and Megha Goyal (Department of Business Management, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits in the world. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze growth and to estimate the level of variability/instability in area, production and productivity of major fruit crops grown in India using the data for the period 2010-11 to 2018-19. The instability was estimated using Coppock's instability index. The study revealed that orange recorded highest growth rate in production (7.80%) followed by guava (7.01%), total citrus (6.97%), grapes (6.53%), etc. Banana is the only fruit crop under study which recorded negative growth in productivity (-0.35%). However, production increased at annual growth rate of 1.15percent which is due to area growth of 1.49 percent. The study further revealed that grapes recorded highest instability in production whereas orange recorded highest instability in area. In case of lemon and papaya instability in area contributed more than instability in productivity for causing instability in production whereas in case of orange, the instability in area and productivity was almost same. In case of all other fruit crops, instability in productivity contributed more than instability in area for causing instability in production. The growth rate of production of fruits can be increased through price incentives, farmers' education through extension services, better marketing infrastructure facilities, etc.

Keywords: compound growth rate, coppock's instability index, fruits, instability

Pages: 50-52S.K. Goyal, Nitin Goyal, Subodh Agarwal, and Megha Goyal (Department of Business Management, CCS…

Pages: 46-49
Anil Kumar Malik (Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
A.K. Godara (Department of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Sunil Kumar (Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Sube Singh and Ashok Kumar (Extension Education, Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Radio plays a very significant role in the lives of young people, as it informs, educates and entertains its audience, and information derived from radio is used for decision making, logical argument, and more. Considering its importance, an exploratory study was carried out with 200 agricultural students selected from three constituents colleges of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar through proportionate random sampling method using a structured interview schedule. Empirical data were tabulated and analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical tools by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings of the study revealed that almost two-fifth of the students (39.68 %) listened radio 'rarely' for 'up to 30 min per day'. Moreover, majority of students (93.65%) listened radio for entertainment purpose, followed by current affair information and news channels, etc.

Keywords: agricultural students, radio, utilization pattern

Pages: 46-49Anil Kumar Malik (Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)A.K. Godara (Department of Extension…

Pages: 40-45
Swati Garbyal and Sukhjeet Kaur (Department of Extension Education and Communication management, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The study entitled “Job satisfaction: Comparative analysis of rural and urban government school teachers” was undertaken with objectives to study the level of job satisfaction of government school teachers and to find out the mean score of difference of rural and urban respondents under dimension of Herzberg's Motivation (intrinsic) and hygiene(extrinsic) two factor. The study was conducted in schools randomly selected from one rural block namely Pakkowal and one urban block Ludhiana-East of Ludhiana district of Punjab. Results of the study shows that majority of the teachers were female in middle adulthood stage of life, married, and were graduate with B.Ed. degrees. Results further revealed that rural teachers are more satisfied with intrinsic factors like 'Scope for Professional growth' and 'Work itself' as compared to urban teachers. Whereas urban teachers are more satisfied with extrinsic factors like 'Fringe benefits' and 'Management policies and set up' as compared to rural teachers. But satisfaction level in case of extrinsic factors are at medium level. Results further elucidate that majority of respondents from both urban and rural area are moderately satisfied with their job.

Keywords: job satisfaction, intrinsic, extrinsic, motivation, hygiene

Pages: 40-45Swati Garbyal and Sukhjeet Kaur (Department of Extension Education and Communication management, PAU, Ludhiana…

Pages: 34-39
H. M. Swamy, U. K. Sharma, and V.P. Luhach (Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Joginder Malik (Department of Agricultural Extension, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
D. S. Dahiya (Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Ram Niwas (Department of Sat & Physics, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

After the independence Indian agriculture focused mainly on the food security issues targeting more of food rains, but in the recent decades Indian agriculture able to meet food demand and became net food grain exporter, this was achieved from technology called green revolution, till then agriculture in India was of subsistence in nature but in the recent decades agricultural concern shifted from food grain crops to commercial or non-food grain crops to meet economic and financial demand of farmers. The results of the analysis indicated that Southern region witnessed composite entropy index value crossing 50 per cent in case of cereals (0.63) and total crop sector (0.62) during 2005-17 periods. While, Western region revealed an average of five periods composite entropy index of 0.53, 0.52 and 0.51 in case of total food grains, oilseeds and total crop sector. Northern region shown significant improvement in diversification index from 0.27 to 0.41 during 1955-65 to 1985-95. Thereafter, downfall in the diversification index was noticed. Exactly the reverse trend was seen in case of pulses and oilseeds. Commercial, fiber crops and over all crop sector revealed consistent increase in diversification index from 0.16 to 0.32, 0.21 to 0.29 and 0.40 to 0.49.In the eastern region cereals and pulses drawn the significant increase in diversification index value from 0.35 to 0.49 and 0.42 to 0.54 during study period. North eastern region all crop groups have showcased remarkable progress in terms of diversification index which was 0.24 to 0.46 in cereals, 0.01 to 0.47 in pulses, 0.24 to 0.46in total food grains, 0.06 to 0.42 in oilseeds, 0.10 to 0.19 in commercial crops, 0.12 to 0.34 in fiber crops and 0.41 to 0.43 during study period. At all India level composite entropy index for cereals, pulses, oilseeds and fiber crops have shown a slight improvement, but commercial and over all crop sector have witnessed significant improvement having diversification value of 0.22 to 0.46 and 0.42 to 0.51 for commercial and overall crop sectors, respectively. Thereby, clarifying a clear message of diversification going on towards commercial crops, at the same time maintaining area under other crops as well, this might be due to increased cropping intensity and other such factors.

Keywords: crop diversification, composite entropy index, temporal, spatial

Pages: 34-39H. M. Swamy, U. K. Sharma, and V.P. Luhach (Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS…

Pages: 31-33
Nigam Rani and Shanti Balda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I.C. College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

The present study was carried out in two cultural zones of Haryana state. One thousand primary school children in the age group of 6 to 10 years were selected from two cultural zones of Haryana state Khadar and Mewat cultural zones. These children were selected from Government primary schools. All these children were assessed personally by the investigator with the help of class teachers for their developmental status in six developmental domains- gross-motor, fine-motor, cognitive, language, social and emotional development. A checklist of developmental milestones of 6-10 years old children were used as tool of data collection. On the basis of obtained score, developmental status in different domains was categorized in three different categories, below average, average and above average. Children who fall in below average category consider a child with developmental delay. Results shows the percentage of children from both the zones found developmentally delayed in different domains: gross-motor 19.1%, fine-motor 21.3%, cognitive 18.3%, language 22.9%, social 20.7% and emotional 18.3% respectively. Results pin points that in Khadar zone for gross-motor19.2%, fine-motor 22.2%, cognitive 16.2 %, language20.4%, social21.0% and emotional17.4% children were found developmentally delay. Whereas in Mewat zone for gross-motor19.0%, fine-motor 20.4%, cognitive 20.4 %, language 25.4%, social 20.4% and emotional19.2% children were found developmentally delay.

Keywords: development, developmental domains, developmental delay

Pages: 31-33Nigam Rani and Shanti Balda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I.C. College…

Pages: 28-30
Shallu Rana and Sheela Sangwan (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I. C College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

The development of reading and writing skills during the early years is vital for sound foundation of learning among children. There is ample amount of research backed evidence which suggest that emergent literacy skills facilitates the seamless transition of child to formal learning environment and understanding of new concepts. The assessment was carried out on 400 rural children from the six government schools of Hisar and Fatehabad district of Haryana state. The results of mean comparison as per mother's education highlights that no significant mean difference was observed among children's reading and writing skills. Significant mean differences existed among children's reading writing skills when compared as per father's education. Children whose fathers were more educated than others had higher scores in aspects like vocabulary, visual perception and copying test.

Keywords: parental education, reading-writing skills, school children

Pages: 28-30Shallu Rana and Sheela Sangwan (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I. C…

Pages: 23-27
Michael P. Vallavanthra (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

The empirical result of the study shows that there is no significant difference between the professional and non-professional college students with respect to the styles of thinking. A total number of 120 college students are taken for the study including 60 professional and 60 non-professional males and females in equal proportion. Thinking Style Inventory [TSI] of Sternberg (1997) is used for the study. The inventory measures 13 different styles of thinking. They are legislative, judicial, executive, monarchic, hierarchic, oligarchic, anarchic, internal, external, global, local, liberal, and conservative thinking styles. The comparative evaluation on the basis of statistical analysis reads that professional college students are not better in thinking styles compared to non-professional college students. Only in the case of legislative style of thinking there is interactive effect between course (education) and the style of thinking at .005 level.

Keywords: thinking styles, professional college students, non - professional college students

Pages: 23-27Michael P. Vallavanthra (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Pages: 18-22
R. Ranjith Kannan and A. Rohini (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)
S. Angles (Agricultural College and Research Institute, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu)
D. Murugananthi (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

India is largest producer of medicinal and herbal plants after China and has about 2000 species of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants form the main base for the manufacture of drugs of Indian Systems of Medicine. There is a growing choice for typical and plant-based medicinal merchandise throughout the globe. The present study was undertaken to analyse the production and marketing of Coleus in Tamil Nadu. Salem district has been selected purposively based on area under cultivation of Coleus. Attur block of Salem district was chosen based on this crop area and 40 farmers selected at random as sample respondents. 12 market intermediaries were contacted for data collection. Analysis of Cost and Returns and Marketing Efficiency, Markovian analysis and Rank Based Quotient were the tools employed. Total cost of cultivation of coleus was one lakh. Three different channels prevailed in the study region. The marketing channel III was found to be most efficient channel for the farmers with the higher efficiency ratio. Inadequate quantity of produce and high wage rate were the major constraints. Regarding the direction of trade in coleus, USA was found to be stable importer of herbal extract and coleus extract. Coleus has huge potential both in domestic and international markets and remunerative to the farmers.

Keywords: medicinal plants, coleus, production, marketing, export

Pages: 18-22R. Ranjith Kannan and A. Rohini (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu…

Pages: 14-17
Nidhi (Department of Business Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Saurabh (D.N. College, Hisar, Haryana)
Suman Ghalawat and Sunita Mehla (Department of Business Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

With the increasing usage of internet, online shopping is growing rapidly and it is preferred by large number of consumer for satisfying their needs. For this consumers have number of online platforms from which they make their online purchase. While making purchase decision on online platforms there are number of factors that influence them to buy the product from particular site. So this study has been conducted to identify the different factors which influence the consumer. In this study factor analysis technique is used to achieve the objective of the research. In this study primary data has been collected with the help of structured questionnaire from 100 respondents of Hisar city. By using factor analysis, it has been found that there are basically four main factors which influence the consumer to purchase online product. These factors are: Media Form, Buying Force, Sales Promotion and Test Marketing. Out of these four factor media form is one of the most important factor which influence the consumer. The Cronbach Alpha value for these factors are 0.872, 0.836, and 0.804 which are highly significant. Thus it can be concluded that the different online platforms work more and more on these factors to influence the consumer.

Keywords: online shopping, factors, media form, buying force and test marketing

Pages: 14-17Nidhi (Department of Business Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)Saurabh (D.N. College, Hisar, Haryana)Suman Ghalawat and…

Pages: 09-13
Jitender Kumar Bhatia (Directorate of Human Resource Management, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Parveen Kumar Nimbrayan and Swamy H.M. (NASF Project (ICAR), DHRM, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

The study was undertaken to examine the physical and financial performance of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in Haryana. The outcomes revealed that the number of households provided employment under MGNREGA has increased rapidly during the period 2008-19 respectively. The total funds available to the district administration and total expenditure incurred under have changed through time. Similarly, the percentage of expenditure to total funds available have shown an increasing trend. The number of job cards issued to rural households (RHH) more than five times in 2018-19 over 200809. The results conclusively revealed that the number of job seekers under this scheme has been increasing all through the study period. The results have highlighted increasing participation of women in MGNREGS. The income of the participating households working under scheme has been supplemented to large extent.

Keywords: MGNREGA, physical and financial performance, income

Pages: 09-13Jitender Kumar Bhatia (Directorate of Human Resource Management, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)Parveen Kumar Nimbrayan…

Pages: 06-08
Catherine Nazaryan and Fahima Jamiulahmadi (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan)

The mental illness is a disorder which appears with behavioral manifestations and significant discomfort and dysfunction caused by a biological perturbation, social, physical and genetics and other related issues. We are living in a country that most of the people have witnessed war for more than four dictates, therefore people has been suffering lots of problems in different aspects of their lives. One of which is mental disorders, the government of Afghanistan and the international organizations have revealed that most of the citizens in this country are facing mental health problems. The statistical report shows that mental health issues among Afghans are increasing day by day. The purpose of this study is to reveal the impacts of parent's mental illness on their children's math learning at primary schools in Herat city. The study was conducted from 30 elementary schools which are located in different districts in Herat city, it is a selective method, and the study is conducted on 450 students whose are dealing with mental health issues. To obtain information on their math learning status, their grades in subject were obtained from the department. There are a lot of factors which impact on their learning; the main factor which we focused was their parent's mental illness, which we pretend to be effective on the math learning. The result of the study indicates that there was significant difference between the scores of those parents are mentally well and those who are having mental illness, it also shows that those families which were high populated and low populated had significant difference.

Keywords: mental illness, math learning, schools, Herat province

Pages: 06-08Catherine Nazaryan and Fahima Jamiulahmadi (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat…

Pages: 01-05
Fatima A. Nadaf (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka)
Manjula Patil (Jr, Scientist, AICRP (CD), MARS, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka)

Social maturity means knowing what to do and striving for it by following role models to reach the desired level of acceptable social behavior. Personality comprised of pattern of feelings, thoughts, and activities that distinguishes one person from another. A study was conducted to examine the influence of social maturity on personality traits of urban and rural high school students. Randomly drawn 480 students studying in 8th, 9th and 10th classes of Kannada medium Government and private aided high schools of urban and rural areas constitute the sample for the study. Social maturity of students was assessed by using social maturity scale by Rao (2000) and personality traits of students was assessed by using million adolescent personality inventory by (Millon et al., 2004). On analysis, results revealed that, majority of the urban and rural high school students showed moderate behavior on social maturity and it was higher for urban students than for rural students. Significant differences was found on introversive, inhibited, cooperative, respectful and sensitive personality traits among urban and rural high school students. There was a significant positive relationship between social maturity and personality traits (cooperative, confident & respectful personality traits) in urban area, such that, social maturity enhances the positive personality development in students. In rural students, social maturity was positively correlated with confident personality trait and negatively correlated with introversive and sensitive personality trait, indicates, social maturity enables the quality of social engagement and enhance confidence in students.

Keywords: social maturity, personality traits, high school students

Pages: 01-05Fatima A. Nadaf (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Community Science…
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