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Pages: 298-301
Davinder Singh, Prabhjot Kaur, and Pankaj Kumar (Department of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

A scale was developed to measure the attitude of farmers towards use of Laser Land Leveller Technology in agriculture. Likert's summated rating scale technique was followed for the construction of attitude scale. In the processes of forming the scale items used with reference to the experts' views, a total of 22 statements were selected and given to 48 adopter farmers of Laser Land Leveller technology in Punjab, India. The scale developed finally consisted of 19 statements including positive and negative statements. The reliability and validity of the scale indicates its precision and consistency of the results.

Pages: 298-301Davinder Singh, Prabhjot Kaur, and Pankaj Kumar (Department of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University…

Pages: 296-297
Rekha Sapra (Department of Human Development and Family Empowerment Bharati College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The paper tries to explore concept formation in children from a cognitive perspective. The concept of Zone of Proximal Development from Vygotsky's cognitive theory has been adapted to promote concept formation in children. Most important objective of the educational system is to help children in their potential actualization. Based on my major research on social and emotional skills for children and conceptual development. A model has been developed to enhance motivation levels in children. The main objective in the present paper is to focus on concept attainment, enhancing self-esteem and motivating the child to perform well. De-emphasis on the grades, coupled with positive motivational strategies have been found to be of great help. Most children fail to try out techniques or answer in class because of the fear of failure. In the paper I am proposing a model in a concise form for confidence building and motivating children to perform better.

Pages: 296-297Rekha Sapra (Department of Human Development and Family Empowerment Bharati College, University of Delhi…

Pages: 292-295
Kritika Dudeja and Shanti Balda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I.C. Collage of Home Science, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

The present study was conducted purposively in Bhiwani district of Haryana state. Chang village from Bhiwani block was selected at random. Rural sample was selected from Chang village and urban sample from block headquarter, Bhiwani. One private and one government school was selected at random from rural and urban area. From each school 30 boys and 30 girls in the age group of 14 to 16 years were selected at random, thus, 60 children from each school. Total sample constituted of 240 children, 120 from rural area and 120 from urban area including 120 children from private and 120 from government schools, representing both the sexes in equal number. Parental involvement was explored using Parental Involvement scale by (Chauhan & Ganotra-Arora, 2001). Study habits of students were assessed by Study Habit scale developed by (Rani & Jaidka, 2015). Results revealed that about half of rural and majority of urban respondent perceived moderate level of parental involvement. Findings further showed that higher the parental involvement in study habits of their children, better were the study habits of children. There was significant association between parental involvement and overall study habits of children. Parental support and involvement in their children's education are crucial for children's success in school and their lives. This study will help in better understanding of relationship between parental involvement and study habits of school going children.

Pages: 292-295Kritika Dudeja and Shanti Balda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I.C. Collage…

Pages: 287-291
T. Nivetha, T. Samsai, and M. Kandeeban (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

India is an agricultural country with huge farming population depending heavily on agriculture and allied activities. Nearly 92 % of operational holdings in Tamil Nadu being small and marginal holdings they have limited capacity to mobilize credit, adopt latest technologies and add value to their agricultural produce. Market inefficiency that reduces the producers share in consumer's rupee giving less remunerative prices to the farmers. Farmer producer company (FPC) is one such and relatively new legal entity of the producers of any kind, viz., agricultural produce, forest produce, artisan products, any other local produce where the members are primary producers. This study explored the status and marketing practices of FPCs followed in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. The sample respondents are FPCs and retailers who are involved in the sale of FPCs products. Purposive sampling method was used for collecting data by using structured interview schedule. Percentage analysis and Garrett's ranking techniques were used in analyzing the data. The results showed that the processors in FPCs should try to reduce the cost of their produce, so that it could attract all income peoples to purchase FPCs products. The profit percentage has been less for retailers through FPCs products. The retailers should have to develop competitive market promotion measures to create awareness to the consumers about the FPC value added products. Providing discounts , offers and new combo packs for FPC products should be promoted to attract the consumers.

Pages: 287-291T. Nivetha, T. Samsai, and M. Kandeeban (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil…

Pages: 282-286
Pooja Rani, Saroj Yadav, Neelam M. Rose, and Vandana Bhandari (Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar, Haryana)

India had always been known as the land that portrayed cultural and traditional vibrancy through its conventional arts and crafts. Folk art in India apparently has a great potential in the international market because of its traditional aesthetic sensibility and authenticity. Madhubani painting is the one of those folk art forms known for its beauty and elegance. Thirty designs developed using traditional Madhubani motifs were arranged on stoles in different styles and five colour ways for each selected placement were prepared. Five stoles were developed through screen printing and hand embroidery using selected design placements and colour ways. The prepared stoles were assessed by a panel of 30 consumers on different assessment parameters, viz., motifs, designs, placements and colour ways for their potential marketability. The average weighted mean score of all the developed stoles ranged from 2.49 to 2.58 indicated that all the developed stoles were very enthralling and accepted by consumers on different assessment parameters. The cost of the stoles ranged from Rs 1300/- to 1450/- which was rated appropriate by all the consumers. Thus, the effort provided an imaginative and fresh collection to the consumers who want to adopt their tradition with minute modernization. Also this would help in the preservation of painting tradition as well as broaden the marketability of the designed products.

Pages: 282-286Pooja Rani, Saroj Yadav, Neelam M. Rose, and Vandana Bhandari (Department of Textile and…

Pages: 278-281
Adem Ahmed (Department of Mathematics, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)
Solomon Mengistie (Department of Curriculum, Education and Behavioral College, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)
Tadele Wondimuneh (Department of Mathematics, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)

The purpose of this study was to look into students' higher-level reasoning skills in a high school mathematics class through cooperative problem-solving learning activities. The participants were fifty-five students in the experimental group and fifty-five students in the control group. The study included a pretest to find out students' reasoning skills before the new teaching strategy. The experimental group encountered cooperative problem-solving learning and higher-level questions over six-weeks period. The changes were directed at helping them reach higher levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. The control group received conventional teaching style. At the end of the six weeks, students in both groups were given a post-test to find out if they could answer higher-level questions. Analysis of paired t-test was employed to determine the results, which were substantial and establishing that the experimental group achieved at higher levels of Bloom's Taxonomy than the control group. It is recommended for schools to incorporate the higher levels of Bloom's Taxonomy on a more frequent basis so that students will improve higher reasoning skills.

Pages: 278-281Adem Ahmed (Department of Mathematics, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)Solomon Mengistie (Department of…

Pages: 273-277
Zelalem Temesgen (Department of Inclusive Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)
Sewalem Tsega (Department of Special Needs Education, Special Needs Support Office, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia)

The purpose of this metha analytic review is to map the journey of education of persons with disabilities in Ethiopia. Metha analysis of about twenty reviews were done to provide a more comprehensive description of a phenomenon and generating analytical themes that emerge from and step beyond the descriptive themes. This could be the basis for development so long as persons with disability are effectively included in the education agenda. The journey is from mountainous churches where students attend Orthodox Church education (theology instruction) under trees and in small huts to fenced and relatively favorable classrooms. Ethiopians experience less inclusion today than previously within the earlier Christian education system under the Orthodox Church, which did not discriminate based on ability/disability. All students learned by encircling their church education teacher (“Yenetta”) at the centre. The teacher “Yenetta” being within the circle, instructs each learner according to his/her learning pace. The system didn't allow someone's ability to influence the other learner. Hence, all learners learn according to their own velocity. The purpose of this article is to highlight professionals in the field of special needs education about the nature of the delivery of early church education for persons with disabilities, how it was associated with early Christianity and to make comparison between the historical development of special needs education in Europe and ancient Ethiopia.

Pages: 273-277Zelalem Temesgen (Department of Inclusive Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)Sewalem Tsega (Department of Special…

Pages: 264-272
Solomon Melesse Mengistie (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies, College of Education and Behavioral Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)

Ethiopia, with its diversified cultural groups, has its own distinctive calendar, writing, art, music, poetic forms and numeration system (Alemayehu & Solomon, 2017). This seems to have laid a foundation to establish traditional education for the purpose of transmitting these cultural heritages to the next generation. In addition, the introduction of different religious beliefs into Ethiopia has also led to the introduction of religious education in the country. These social and cultural foundations were influential factors that made the philosophy of Ethiopian education to be the training of the child in the beliefs and social values of the society. Hence the purpose of education became the transmission of worthwhile cultural heritages of the past to reconstruct the education system of the present. By doing so, retainable and worthwhile cultural heritages can be scrutinized and sustained; nonscientific and dogmatic beliefs and harmful cultural practices can be eliminated or at least be minimized. At the same time, knowledge of modern school system is to be used as a frame of reference to evaluate the merits and demerits of the traditional school system. This paper, after having outlined a review of the history of Ethiopian education past to present, has suggested some relevant recommendations.

Pages: 264-272Solomon Melesse Mengistie (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies, College of Education and…

Pages: 256-263
Ali Khosh Iqbal Fard and Mohammad Hasan Mirza Mohammady (Department of Education Science, Shahid University, Iran)
Masoud Masoudi (Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Afghanistan, South Asia)

The present study purpose is to obtain new educational implications derived from the adaptation of Farabi and Moren votes about science. This study has been done by a comparative procedure and using progressive inference method to discover educational implications. The study explains the findings after explaining the Farabi and Moren general idea, providing the quad questions and expressing the research method. According to these findings, Farabi it has perceived science is based on certainty, equal to value, united with philosophy, and considers and Moren science come from uncertainty with complex entanglements under the criticism of science in the modern world . Farabi and Moren have common opinions through training about the unity of science while multiplicity, the unity of science and philosophy, trans disciplinary training, increasing the authority of the student, and building an ideal society. They also have significant differences in the teleology, the place of logic in science and learning, the type of science unity, and the teleology of science. Significant implications have been provided to design a new educational pattern based on these recognized features of adaptation of the two philosophers' views on the subject of science in the final section. There is a new approach in designing the curriculum among this adaptation, which not only can solve the crises caused by specialization, but also by changing the viewpoint to science nature provide a possibility of synergy between specialists of various sciences from the learning stage.

Pages: 256-263Ali Khosh Iqbal Fard and Mohammad Hasan Mirza Mohammady (Department of Education Science, Shahid…

Pages: 249-255
Solomon Melesse and Sintayehu Belay (Department of Teacher Education & Curriculum Studies, Bahir Dar University Ethiopia, East Africa)
Belaynesh Kassanew Likenew (Department of Mathematic Education, Bahir Dar University Ethiopia, East Africa)

This paper invigorates curriculum conceptualization and its development in the current Ethiopian education system in relation to renowned classical curriculum theories. In doing so, the whole policy and curriculum documents are reviewed vis-à-vis Beauchamp, Pinar, and McNeil's classifications of curriculum theories. In this regard, we feel that there are transparency illusions and ambiguities in setting a clear demarcation about curriculum conceptualization of various curriculum theories and theorists. Moreover, this paper is all about reflections on classical curriculum theories guiding curriculum conceptualization and its development in the current Ethiopian education system. In doing so, we tried to unite the curriculum theories that have almost similar views of curriculum conceptualization and its development. Throughout our reflections, we tried to depict our real life experiences and observations. The paper is organized to have an introduction, reflections against classical curriculum theories guiding curriculum conceptualization and its development in country Y, concluding remarks and critical recommendations.

Pages: 249-255Solomon Melesse and Sintayehu Belay (Department of Teacher Education & Curriculum Studies, Bahir Dar…

Pages: 245-248
Rajinder Kaur, Vandana Kanwar, and Seema Sharma (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

Today, joint families have been broken down to either nuclear families or extended families. Lack of elder members in the family make young parents more anxious, less patient, more work- oriented and have less interpersonal relationships. The research paper is intended to explore the perceived loneliness among undergraduate students. The total sample comprised of 400 college undergraduate students. Perceived Loneliness Scale (L-Scale) standardized scale was used to determine the degree and extent of loneliness perceived by the students. Results indicated that though the majority of the students perceived an average level of loneliness, but the trend was towards higher side in all colleges except in College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology as well as in all the years of their degree programme. Inter-college differences in mean scores of COAE and T significantly differ from the mean scores of all other colleges. Respondents of COHSc perceived the loneliness at higher level whereas respondents of COAE & T perceived less loneliness. Gender differences in perceiving loneliness showed that females perceived more loneliness as compared to the males.

Pages: 245-248Rajinder Kaur, Vandana Kanwar, and Seema Sharma (Department of Human Development and Family Studies…

Pages: 240-244
Qaera Rasoli (Vice Chancellor of Kabul Polytechnique University, Kabul, Afghanistan)

Role of practical works in lesson cooperation among chemistry students of Kabul education faculty is the topic selected to studied and research. The main objectives of this research are; distinguishing teachers' skills and competencies on using practical work method for create lesson contribution among students, finding students' interest rate for cooperation among each other, identifying the efficiency of laboratory works on lesson cooperation among students, furthermore, studying devices and materials needed for practical works in chemistry department of Kabul Education Faculty and challenges against lesson cooperation among students. In this research qualitative and quantitative (mixed) and review of the documents have been used. Data has been collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations. Population for this research is teachers and students of chemistry department of natural science faculty of Kabul University. The key results of the research are summarized as follow. Results in this research indicates using the method of practical and laboratory work in lesson contribution among students, making education and learning sustainable and permanent. Students are encouraged more through laboratory activities; they are more interested in lesson cooperation with each other. These contributions can cause lack of self-Confidence, insufficient encouragement by teachers, and mis-completion attitude among students. Findings revealed laboratory activities make lessons more interested and increases lessons' efficiency, make the students more confident on the reality of the topic. The most important challenges against this method are lack of location for laboratory activities and experiments, big number of the students in each class, lack of time for laboratory experiments, lack of sufficient laboratory supplements, lack of awareness and acquaintance of some the teachers from laboratory devices and lack of experienced laborants in the laboratory rooms. Learning chemistry is not sufficient, unless, using practical work method and it can lead students do not learn it based on action and experience and they (students) cannot use it their occupational and professional life. From the findings in this research it is inferred that increasing teaching time, materials and teachers' emphasis on the role of practical works in cooperation among students are effective. In addition, removing ethnical and religious prejudices and promoting the culture of educational contribution instead of mis competitions decrease the challenges against practical works, educational contribution among student. Findings of this research can, somehow, help to renovate education and teaching system for teachers, students and other stockholders in higher education. We hope the data of this research is used for implication of the idea to create educational contributions among students.

Pages: 240-244Qaera Rasoli (Vice Chancellor of Kabul Polytechnique University, Kabul, Afghanistan)
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