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Pages: 79-83
Fahima Jamiulahmadi and Catherine Nazaryan (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors affecting learning mathematics of middle school children of Herat City. The study was to help the schoolteachers and scholars of the major to teach in effective ways and make the students learn in deep for permanent. A descriptive and survey method used for the study to explain the factors affecting the dependent variable. The statistical population was including three categories: 1. university professors, 2. Schoolteachers, 3. senior students of bachelor in science. Cochran sampling formula used to determine the sample size. The sample size was 346 participants in total, 218 schoolteachers, 108 senior students, and 20 university professors. The study found that there are various factors affecting learning mathematics such as teaching methods, curriculum, teachers, students, etc. The research also found that learning mathematics is a multidimensional process in which there is a need to coordinate all together. If one of the dimensions is distracted then the entire learning process is distracted.

Keywords: learning mathematics, curriculum, teachers, teaching material, teaching methods, middle school
Pages: 79-83 Fahima Jamiulahmadi and Catherine Nazaryan (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat…
Pages: 75-78
Shaina Jain and Sukhmani (School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

High quantum of crop residue, i.e., paddy straw in Punjab is attributed by increased levels of productivity of paddy crop. Paddy straw is often burnt by the farmers which does not only results in environmental degradation, health issues etc. but have adverse effect on soil fertility also. To manage this residue effectively is a serious challenge, thus highlights the importance of paddy straw management. A study was conducted in district Ludhiana of Punjab to assess the perception of farmers and challenges faced by them towards paddy straw management. The study was undertaken in Ludhiana district as it is second largest producer of paddy in Punjab and data from sample of 200 farmers was collected using a structured questionnaire with a five-pointlikert scale and analysis was done using statistical analysis. The study revealed that most of the farmers were aware about worth of paddy straw, environmental impacts of burning straw, government's policies regarding paddy straw management and utilization. Important source of information for farmers was found to be cooperative societies and social media. Technical solutions were majorly categorized into: On-farm (in-situ,) among which farmers were found to be aware mainly about straw chopper, super SMS, happy seeder, etc. and Off-farm (ex-situ), among which very little awareness was found among farmers for techniques like power generation, cardboard making. Only a few farmers were found to have used alternative management techniques esp. mulching, zero tillage, happy seeder, etc. and found these methods effective. The main problem faced by farmers during management of paddy straw was found as cost, time, handling, supply chain discontinuities, lack of knowledge and guidance regarding management techniques.

Keywords: paddy straw management, perception, technical solutions, challenges
Pages: 75-78 Shaina Jain and Sukhmani (School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)
Pages: 71-74
Adem Mohammed Ahmed (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)
Solomon Melesse Mengistie (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Instruction, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)
Tadele Ejigu Wondimu (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa)

The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the cooperative problem-solving strategy and the conventional technique and study their effects on mathematics performance. Various investigations have indicated that students experience mathematics anxiety which is an inclination of pressure and dread that meddles with mathematics learning. This might be ascribed to the encouraging strategies applied in the classrooms. Through the cooperative problem-solving learning strategy, every student in the gathering is dependable to impart insights and work together to take care of a mathematical problem. Then again, the conventional technique is teacher-focused guidance. The quasi-experimental research design configuration was utilized and the samples were assembled into A and B named experimental and control groups respectively. The experimental time frame was five weeks with an all-outnumber of twenty-five hours of exercise conveyance for each group. The experimental group was taught utilizing cooperative problem-solving techniques while the benchmark group was taught utilizing the customary strategy. To find the effects of cooperative problem-solving, it was analyzed using the paired t-test. The study uncovered that the experimental group has a mean score that is essentially higher than that of the benchmark group. The research, for the most part, uncovered that the experimental group performed superior to the benchmark group. The outcomes uncover that students are progressively effective when systematic problem solving on Polya's four stages strategy is joined into cooperative learning. Furthermore, the results suggest that the cooperative problem-solving method leads to better mathematics performance compared to the traditional method. The study, therefore, recommends that the training of mathematics teachers should incorporate the various strategies of presenting mathematical activities to Ethiopian high school students, especially the cooperative problem-solving strategy.

Keywords: cooperative learning, problem-solving, teaching-methods, traditional teaching method and Ethiopia
Pages: 71-74 Adem Mohammed Ahmed (Department of Mathematics Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, East Africa) Solomon Melesse…
Pages: 66-70
S. Senthil Vinayagam and K. Akhila (Division of Education Systems Management, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, Telangana)

Teachers should regulate the use of technology to enhance the ongoing learning experiences. Using of educational technology was very helpful for effective classroom teaching. The study was based on competency analysis among faculty of Agriculture Universities in using educational technology. The explorative type of research design was used. The data was collected from six Agriculture Universities. The total sample size was 180. The statistical tools used for the analysis are percentage, coefficient of correlation, Multiple regression. Most of the respondents are from urban background (62.2%). Majority of respondents fall under medium level of category in case of the following characteristics, viz., knowledge on application of ET tools, information seeking behaviour, infrastructure facilities, teachers expertise in technology use, mass media ownership, mass media exposure, extent of use adoption of ET and job satisfaction in teaching. The most of respondents have somewhat favourable attitude towards adoption of ET and moderately aware about ET. The knowledge on application of ET tools, information seeking behaviour, attitude towards ET, Job satisfaction in teaching and training needs related to ET shows significant relationship with adoption of educational technology in teaching process at 0.01 level of significance. The other characteristics of teachers such as teachers expertise in technology use, infrastructure facilities and awareness about ET shows significant relationship with adoption of educational technology in teaching process at 0.05 level of significance. Keywords: teachers/faculty, adoption of technology, agriculture universities, educational technology
Pages: 66-70 S. Senthil Vinayagam and K. Akhila (Division of Education Systems Management, ICAR-National Academy of…
Pages: 63-65
Rupal Hooda and Kiran Singh (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Smart phones have become very useful in many ways. New technologies facilitate one to use mobile as a pocket computer. Using smart phones has become popular and inescapable among people in the modern world. Despite the importance of the adoption of various mobile applications, very little research has been conducted concerning the factors affecting the acceptance of mobile applications by the students of Hisar city. A Pre-structured questionnaire was distributed among students belonging to different colleges of Hisar city. The questionnaire comprised of three sections. Section “A” focused on the users' profile such as gender, age, and study level etc. Section “B” covered the student's awareness and usage of mobile technologies and the Internet. Finally, section “C” examined the purpose and usability of mobile applications with the role and impact of mobile applications in education. The present survey revealed that the role of mobile applications is increasing among students learning. The results indicated that the mobile learning applications can be very useful in the education environment. Furthermore, the results showed that the students had adequate knowledge and awareness to use mobile technology and the internet in the educational environment of their college campus.

Keywords: smartphone, mobile applications, technology, education environment
Pages: 63-65 Rupal Hooda and Kiran Singh (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS CCS Haryana Agricultural…
Pages: 58-62
Kumarswamy A. Hiremath (Department of Agronomy, AEEC Nalwar (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)
Krishna S. Maraddi (College of Agriculture, Kalaburagi (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)
B. Arunkumar (Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Bheemarayanagudi (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)
Vijayachandra S. Reddy (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Kalaburagi (UAS Raichur), Karnataka)

The findings reveals that, among selected farm universities in Karnataka state, the preferred research areas in subject of plant sciences like department of agricultural microbiology, genetics and plant breeding, plant pathology and seed science and technology, has focused research on biofertilizers, heterosis and combining ability, characterization of disease and seed testing respectively as major researchable areas in farm university in case of University of agricultural Sciences, Raichur and which more or less similar in all remaining universities such as University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and Bangalore. The study also reveals that, post graduate research relevance was highest in plant pathology and least relevance was found in seed science and technology. Hence, study suggests that, research areas should be focused on current regions of overall agriculture development and research relevance to be focused on present problems which can address the farming communities ongoing issues.

Keywords: education, agriculture, relevance, post graduate, plant science
Pages: 58-62 Kumarswamy A. Hiremath (Department of Agronomy, AEEC Nalwar (UAS Raichur), Karnataka) Krishna S. Maraddi (College…
Pages: 53-57
Hajar Khabaz (Department of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran)
Fatemeh Moradi (Department of Applied Psychology and Counselling Center University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

This study is based on modelling measures for children's moral behavior. We provided the initial items of moral behavior measures based on theoretical frameworks and questionnaires of the moral subject and scales relevant to the present scale, such as Borba's moral intelligence questionnaire (2001); Kendall and Wilcox's self-control assessment measure (1979); Moral components in Mofid and Kafili Moghadam's research (2012); Lotf Abadi's research on measuring moral development (2005); the measure of moral development for students (Manavi Poor, 2012) and providing operational definitions. The content validity of the questionnaires was evaluated by expert opinion and the items approved were 75% of them. The questionnaire implemented on a sample of 382 parents of pre-school children (4-6 years old). In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, we used the internal consistency method (Cronbach's & Spearman Brown's alpha) where Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was 0.90 and Spearman Brown was 0.88. For factor analysis, we used the main components method using orthogonal rotation of type VRMIX. Three main factors including empathy, self-respect and respect were identified. Totally 12.41% of the questionnaire variables predicted moral behavior. The valid factor analysis indicators of the structural equations model showed that, in general, the pattern has a suitable situation for explanation and fit. Finally, this questionnaire can be used for evaluating children's moral behavior in order for carrying out various researches.

Keywords: measure, moral behavior, children
Pages: 53-57 Hajar Khabaz (Department of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran) Fatemeh Moradi…
Pages: 50-52
S.K. Goyal, Nitin Goyal, Subodh Agarwal, and Megha Goyal (Department of Business Management, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits in the world. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze growth and to estimate the level of variability/instability in area, production and productivity of major fruit crops grown in India using the data for the period 2010-11 to 2018-19. The instability was estimated using Coppock's instability index. The study revealed that orange recorded highest growth rate in production (7.80%) followed by guava (7.01%), total citrus (6.97%), grapes (6.53%), etc. Banana is the only fruit crop under study which recorded negative growth in productivity (-0.35%). However, production increased at annual growth rate of 1.15percent which is due to area growth of 1.49 percent. The study further revealed that grapes recorded highest instability in production whereas orange recorded highest instability in area. In case of lemon and papaya instability in area contributed more than instability in productivity for causing instability in production whereas in case of orange, the instability in area and productivity was almost same. In case of all other fruit crops, instability in productivity contributed more than instability in area for causing instability in production. The growth rate of production of fruits can be increased through price incentives, farmers' education through extension services, better marketing infrastructure facilities, etc.

Keywords: compound growth rate, coppock's instability index, fruits, instability
Pages: 50-52 S.K. Goyal, Nitin Goyal, Subodh Agarwal, and Megha Goyal (Department of Business Management, CCS…
Pages: 46-49
Anil Kumar Malik (Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
A.K. Godara (Department of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Sunil Kumar (Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Sube Singh and Ashok Kumar (Extension Education, Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Radio plays a very significant role in the lives of young people, as it informs, educates and entertains its audience, and information derived from radio is used for decision making, logical argument, and more. Considering its importance, an exploratory study was carried out with 200 agricultural students selected from three constituents colleges of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar through proportionate random sampling method using a structured interview schedule. Empirical data were tabulated and analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical tools by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings of the study revealed that almost two-fifth of the students (39.68 %) listened radio 'rarely' for 'up to 30 min per day'. Moreover, majority of students (93.65%) listened radio for entertainment purpose, followed by current affair information and news channels, etc.

Keywords: agricultural students, radio, utilization pattern
Pages: 46-49 Anil Kumar Malik (Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) A.K. Godara (Department of Extension…
Pages: 40-45
Swati Garbyal and Sukhjeet Kaur (Department of Extension Education and Communication management, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The study entitled “Job satisfaction: Comparative analysis of rural and urban government school teachers” was undertaken with objectives to study the level of job satisfaction of government school teachers and to find out the mean score of difference of rural and urban respondents under dimension of Herzberg's Motivation (intrinsic) and hygiene(extrinsic) two factor. The study was conducted in schools randomly selected from one rural block namely Pakkowal and one urban block Ludhiana-East of Ludhiana district of Punjab. Results of the study shows that majority of the teachers were female in middle adulthood stage of life, married, and were graduate with B.Ed. degrees. Results further revealed that rural teachers are more satisfied with intrinsic factors like 'Scope for Professional growth' and 'Work itself' as compared to urban teachers. Whereas urban teachers are more satisfied with extrinsic factors like 'Fringe benefits' and 'Management policies and set up' as compared to rural teachers. But satisfaction level in case of extrinsic factors are at medium level. Results further elucidate that majority of respondents from both urban and rural area are moderately satisfied with their job.

Keywords: job satisfaction, intrinsic, extrinsic, motivation, hygiene
Pages: 40-45 Swati Garbyal and Sukhjeet Kaur (Department of Extension Education and Communication management, PAU, Ludhiana…
Pages: 34-39
H. M. Swamy, U. K. Sharma, and V.P. Luhach (Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Joginder Malik (Department of Agricultural Extension, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
D. S. Dahiya (Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Ram Niwas (Department of Sat & Physics, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

After the independence Indian agriculture focused mainly on the food security issues targeting more of food rains, but in the recent decades Indian agriculture able to meet food demand and became net food grain exporter, this was achieved from technology called green revolution, till then agriculture in India was of subsistence in nature but in the recent decades agricultural concern shifted from food grain crops to commercial or non-food grain crops to meet economic and financial demand of farmers. The results of the analysis indicated that Southern region witnessed composite entropy index value crossing 50 per cent in case of cereals (0.63) and total crop sector (0.62) during 2005-17 periods. While, Western region revealed an average of five periods composite entropy index of 0.53, 0.52 and 0.51 in case of total food grains, oilseeds and total crop sector. Northern region shown significant improvement in diversification index from 0.27 to 0.41 during 1955-65 to 1985-95. Thereafter, downfall in the diversification index was noticed. Exactly the reverse trend was seen in case of pulses and oilseeds. Commercial, fiber crops and over all crop sector revealed consistent increase in diversification index from 0.16 to 0.32, 0.21 to 0.29 and 0.40 to 0.49.In the eastern region cereals and pulses drawn the significant increase in diversification index value from 0.35 to 0.49 and 0.42 to 0.54 during study period. North eastern region all crop groups have showcased remarkable progress in terms of diversification index which was 0.24 to 0.46 in cereals, 0.01 to 0.47 in pulses, 0.24 to 0.46in total food grains, 0.06 to 0.42 in oilseeds, 0.10 to 0.19 in commercial crops, 0.12 to 0.34 in fiber crops and 0.41 to 0.43 during study period. At all India level composite entropy index for cereals, pulses, oilseeds and fiber crops have shown a slight improvement, but commercial and over all crop sector have witnessed significant improvement having diversification value of 0.22 to 0.46 and 0.42 to 0.51 for commercial and overall crop sectors, respectively. Thereby, clarifying a clear message of diversification going on towards commercial crops, at the same time maintaining area under other crops as well, this might be due to increased cropping intensity and other such factors.

Keywords: crop diversification, composite entropy index, temporal, spatial
Pages: 34-39 H. M. Swamy, U. K. Sharma, and V.P. Luhach (Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS…
Pages: 31-33
Nigam Rani and Shanti Balda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I.C. College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

The present study was carried out in two cultural zones of Haryana state. One thousand primary school children in the age group of 6 to 10 years were selected from two cultural zones of Haryana state Khadar and Mewat cultural zones. These children were selected from Government primary schools. All these children were assessed personally by the investigator with the help of class teachers for their developmental status in six developmental domains- gross-motor, fine-motor, cognitive, language, social and emotional development. A checklist of developmental milestones of 6-10 years old children were used as tool of data collection. On the basis of obtained score, developmental status in different domains was categorized in three different categories, below average, average and above average. Children who fall in below average category consider a child with developmental delay. Results shows the percentage of children from both the zones found developmentally delayed in different domains: gross-motor 19.1%, fine-motor 21.3%, cognitive 18.3%, language 22.9%, social 20.7% and emotional 18.3% respectively. Results pin points that in Khadar zone for gross-motor19.2%, fine-motor 22.2%, cognitive 16.2 %, language20.4%, social21.0% and emotional17.4% children were found developmentally delay. Whereas in Mewat zone for gross-motor19.0%, fine-motor 20.4%, cognitive 20.4 %, language 25.4%, social 20.4% and emotional19.2% children were found developmentally delay. Keywords: development, developmental domains, developmental delay
Pages: 31-33 Nigam Rani and Shanti Balda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I.C. College…
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