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Pages: 226-230
Pallawi Kumari (Department of Economics, Patna University, Patna, Bihar)

Bihar's economy is basically agrarian and small and marginal farmer based. With the onset of economic reforms, it was thought that Globalization would immensely benefit agricultural sector giving boost to its export and increase in agricultural production and productivity. But contrary to expectations, both the production and productivity of Bihar's agriculture has decelerated due to severe problems grappling agricultural sector like poor tenancy reforms, low public investment in agriculture, fragmented holdings, lack of mechanization, poor institutional support and lack of credit availability. However, despite various shortcomings, Bihar has the potential of becoming major exporting hub by concentrating on its dynamic crops like Litchi, makhana, mango, sugarcane, potato and tea.

Pages: 226-230Pallawi Kumari (Department of Economics, Patna University, Patna, Bihar)

Pages: 231-233
Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Last year, Indian Railways, the fourth largest railways network of the world, took the plunge to carry out major restructuring in line with recommendations of several committees namely the Prakash Tandon Committee (1994); Rakesh Mohan Committee (2001); Sam Pitroda Committee (2012); and Bibek Debroy Committee (2015). More than 160 years old, Indian Railways has failed to match the growth rate of the country. Operating ratio has gone up from 74.7% in early sixtiesto 98.4% in last few years.Losing marketshare to road and airlinesin both passenger as well as goods traffic has put a lot of pressure on its profitability. As per recommendation of different committees, excessive departmentalization is identified as the biggest hurdle in the growth of Indian Railways. Traffic, civil, mechanical, electrical,signal and telecom,stores, personnel, and accounts are the important departmentsin IndianRailways, which are vertically separated.Each department isrepresented by a secretary level officerinRailwayBoard.This hasmade IR an extremely complex over departmentalized organization characterized by unhealthy and ugly competition among the departmentsforlimited resources andmanagement posts,resulting in poorteamwork and ineffective decisionmaking. Recommendation for organizational restructuring has always met with lot of resistance from officers as well as union and several administrative problems. Lastyear, in order to end depart mentalism and improve effective and smooth decisionmaking,restructuring ofthe IndianRailwaysleading to merger of eight of GroupAservices was given a green signal by the Cabinet. Now the concern is if merging the services would actually help in the growth of the Indian railways as there would be a lot of resistance from the officers as well as the union. If yes, then should the recommendation be modified or should the original plan be implemented?

Pages: 231-233Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Pages: 234-237
Akanksha Soni and Anshika Bhalla (Department of Psychology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab)

The current study examined the gender differences in perceived stress and coping strategies among college students'. Two Hundred college students' (100 females & 100 males) were included in the study. The Perceived Stress Scale and Ways of Coping Questionnaire scale were used to measure college students' perceived stress and coping styles. The results indicated that females experienced high perceived stress as compared to male college students'. In addition to this, during stressful situations males college students' employ positive coping strategies and females college students' implement negative coping strategies.

Pages: 234-237Akanksha Soni and Anshika Bhalla (Department of Psychology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab)

Pages: 238-240
Archana Mishra (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The present paper is attempt to analyses self-concept from the perspective of psychological theories in context of gender. The review has showed that there has been a developing interest and a recovery in the investigation of contrasts and similitudes among the qualities of individuals. One that grabbed the eye of numerous analysts and researchers is simply the investigation of Self has been consistently the subject of interest. The self-concept has a significant function in deciding the conduct of somebody so as to realize ourselves totally to determine clashes there is in him and to decipher the encounters they picked up. Consequently, the self-concept is vital for somebody to utilize it as a reference to life. The self-concept of a person is not innateness but is formed through the learning process from someone's growth period from childhood to adulthood. Other than the self-concept emerged from the cycle of individual collaborations with the condition consistently. The expression "self-concept" is just of the twentieth-century roots. The most pre-twentieth-century conversation of self was inserted in a bog of reasoning and strict doctrine. Such perspectives are evident in Homeric works. Such a record limits the self to the informal hypothesis in religious and philosophical terms.

Pages: 238-240Archana Mishra (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Pages: 241-245
Santosh and Mayuri Bora (Department of Extension and Communication Management Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam)

The present study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the impact of scholarship on students of higher education. Forty students from Assam Agricultural University of Jorhat were included for the study. Aquestionnaire was prepared for collection of data. Findings of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents felt that Scholarship gives a feeling of independence during study and it reduces financial burden on parents and decreases number and amount of loans needed to take for completing higher education. It was found that a large proportion of students perceive that scholarship puts a positive impact on their education. Majority of students experienced that scholarship creates more interest in college education, research and technical expertise.

Pages: 241-245Santosh and Mayuri Bora (Department of Extension and Communication Management Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat…

Pages: 246-251
Aruna Mathur (Department of Education, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

A good teacher is one who is able to inspire and motivate her/his students. For this, it is crucial for her/him to have excellent communication skills. Communication skills help teachers in motivating students, building an effective teaching-learning environment, using information and technologies, understanding students and making oneself understood, connecting with students and colleagues, collaboration, maintaining discipline, using resources effectively, facilitating class and out-of-class activities, etc. These skills are not only fundamental to teaching but also interacting with different stakeholders in the educational set up and beyond, and in all aspects of life in general. The objective of this research is to study the Status of Communication Skills of Prospective Teachers. Data was collected from a total of 400 prospective teachers from eight teacher training colleges of Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India, selected using the Stratified Random Sampling Method. A self-developed tool 'Communication Skills Questionnaire' was used for data collection using the survey method. The findings of the research indicated that overall, the Status of Communication Skills of the Prospective Teachers is unsatisfactory. As compared to Prospective Teachers from the Social Science Faculty, the Communication Skills of Prospective Teachers from the Science Faculty were found to be better. No significant difference was found in the Communication skills of Graduate and Postgraduate Prospective Teachers. In the context of Male and Female Prospective Teachers, no significant difference was found in their Communication Skills.

Pages: 246-251Aruna Mathur (Department of Education, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

Pages: 252-258
Jayatika Sinha (Department of Applied Psychology, Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)
Anjali Sahai (Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

Workplace demographics is changing significantly in the recent times. There has been an unexpected shift in the workforce composition as three to four generations coming to work together in most of the organizations. So the real challenge is to retain senior employees who are valuable but at the same time recruiting young and bright talents. This is dependent upon the understanding of the requirements of rewards, training needs, and the different motivational level of the generational cohorts. Currently five Generations make up the workforce. They are Traditionalist, Baby boomers, Generation X, Generation Y and a recent addition of Generation Z but the purpose of this study is to assess and compare the relationship between work motivation and burnout levels of Generation X and Generation Y. For this Work Motivation Questionnaire by Agarwal (1990) and Maslach Burnout Inventory by Maslach, Jackson, and Leiter (1981) were taken. Results indicate significant difference in the work motivation and burnout levels of Generation X and Generation Y

Pages: 252-258Jayatika Sinha (Department of Applied Psychology, Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity…

Pages: 259-264
Anusha and Ritu Mittal Gupta (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

Recent lockdown due to Covid-19 pandemic proved that e-learning overcomes the barriers of time space and location, when many institutes used e learning to continue education while their institutional buildings were shut down. Though the teachers managed to go for on teaching, students may be reluctant to use e learning due to many factors such as lack of self-efficiency, self efficacy and computer skills. The current research was undertaken to study access, usage pattern of e-learning services and the perception of students towards e-learning in Punjab state. Overall, most of the male and female students had access to e-learning devices such as smartphone, laptop and computer. The findings showed that on an average, students were using internet for more than three and half hours daily and they were using internet since more than five years. Students had positive perception towards perceived ease of use and usefulness of e-learning system. Overall, the students had positive perception towards e-learning and therefore teaching facultiesshould blend e learning in their day to day teaching to make learning more meaningful and interesting. Gender comparison showed that male have more positive perception than female for e-learning.

Pages: 259-264Anusha and Ritu Mittal Gupta (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, Punjab Agricultural…

Pages: 265-269
Manjot Kaur and Ritu Mittal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab)

In Indian houses, women make every effort for the integrity of the family whole-heartedly and take care of family members sincerely. Women are more responsible for nutritional, emotional and social needs of the family especially in rural areas. But their contribution has hardly been recognized due to lack of few basic and advance skills. Therefore, the current study was planned to capture the skill gaps of rural women for short duration training courses. The study was carried out on 120 rural women from Punjab State. Majority of the women were from schedule caste, landless, low economic strata, young, educated only up to intermediate level and were home makers. Skill gap analysis shows that skill on stain removal was most preferred by the rural women. This was followed by tie and dye, therapeutic diets, geriatric care and consumer rights besides other skills. Their interest in tie and dye bakery, preservation and flower arrangements depicts that women want to create resources for their families by using locally available inputs. These skills if polished properly will help them to generate income and contribute to family income as majority of women were from low socio economic status families.

Pages: 265-269Manjot Kaur and Ritu Mittal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, PAU, Ludhiana…

Pages: 270-274
Wossen Ayalew Tegegne (College of Education and Behavioral Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia)

The major purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing trainees' career choice among technical and vocational training trainees. This study was delimited to see factors influencing trainees' career choice like family influence, peer influence, job opportunity influence and school influence on trainees' career choice in the study area. This study was conducted in Kidus Lalibela and Kobo technical and vocational colleges. Atotal of 140 (78 male & 62 female) trainees was taken as samples of the study. The Stratified random sampling technique was applied to select these samples. The data gathering instruments used in the study were questionnaire. Cronbach alpha was employed to test the reliability of the instrument. The data were analyzed by using mean, variance; standard deviation and one sample t-test to describe the characteristics of the sample. The findings of this study revealed that: there was a statistically significant mean difference between peer influence (t=9.039), school influence (t=9.064), job opportunity influence (t=22.17) and the expected mean value, but there was no statistically significant mean difference between trainee's family influence on career choice and expected mean value (t=.0.865). There was no statistically significant mean difference between trainee's family influence on career choice and expected mean value. There were statistically significant mean differences among family, peer, school, and job opportunity influences on the career choice of trainees. Recommendation: Family, school, ministry of labor and social affairs and ministry of education should work jointly in providing accurate, timely, and relevant career related information for students at different levels so that students can adjust their future career and professional life. This will make students to be productive members of the country.

Pages: 270-274Wossen Ayalew Tegegne (College of Education and Behavioral Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar…

Pages: 275-282
Mollaw Abraha (Department of Pedagogical Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia)

The study was conducted to examine to what extent teachers as a parent had participated in their children's learning, and it also focused on how Selam elementary school was inspired to involve parents in the children's schooling. Grounded theory was used as a design of the study. Parents, teachers, and school leaders were taken as participants of the study randomly. To collect data from these members, interviews and FGD were employed, and the data were analyzed by using open, axial, and selective coding approaches. According to the findings, most parents went to school only when their children achieved low academic performance, or they misbehaved; teachers made discussions with parents of children that have misbehaved and were academically weak. Moreover, the outputs showed that the school was failed to encourage parents to get involved in school activities and in their learners' learning. Generally, the parental involvement of Selam primary school was futile as parenting roles such as parenting, learning at home, and communicating were focused by parents via ignoring the other three their responsibilities: volunteering, decision making, and collaborating. Therefore, parents are required to give priority for their children's instructional activities, and teachers need to involve parents in the instructional process regularly by designing a communication plan with appropriate means of interaction. The school also has to work on how teachers and parents solve students' instructional problems by interacting regularly

Pages: 275-282Mollaw Abraha (Department of Pedagogical Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia)

Pages: 283-289
Solomon Melesse Mengistie (Department of Curriculum & Instruction, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)
Alemayehu Bishaw Tamiruand (Department of Education, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)
Assaye Ayalew Abebe (Education Expert, FagitaLekoma Woreda Education Office, Awi Zone, Ethiopia)

Quality in education is an amorphous term where no two people can exactly communicate. However, there is a growing trend that quality should be viewed in terms of learning improvement. Thus, this study intends to examine the status of students' problem-solving skill in mathematics. Particularly, this study aims at measuring grades 9 and 10 students' problem-solving skill improvement in mathematics. This study also compared male and female students' problem-solving skill in mathematics. Atotal of 284 students (142 female & 142 male) were selected using stratified random sampling technique from grades 9 and 10 students. Fifteen problem-solving skill test items with five levels of difficulty were constructed based on the conceptual framework, which was suggested by the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of Saint Louis University and Mara University of Technology. The results of the analysis unraveled that grades 9 and 10 students have low level of problem-solving skill in mathematics. As the difficulty level of items increases, there appeared to be significant difference on students' problem-solving skill in favor of male students. Based on the results, the researchers noted that problem-solving skill is the result of the combination of a multitude of human skills. It is also manifested in several ways, such as, thinking, reasoning, doing things, etc. Thus, to measure the problem-solving skill of people a combination of tests that address several components of problem-solving should be used. Moreover, the problem solving skill development requires models that could possibly help the students to emulate the skill. To this end, teachers should develop their problem solving skill and thereby become good models for their respective students.

Pages: 283-289Solomon Melesse Mengistie (Department of Curriculum & Instruction, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia)Alemayehu Bishaw Tamiruand…
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