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Pages:196-200
Ketaki Ashutosh Diwan and Himani Swami (Department of Psychology, Fergusson College, Pune, Maharashtra)

The current study explored the links between Trait Emotional Intelligence (Global EI), Trait Emotional Expression (EE) and Relationship Satisfaction (RS) among unmarried young adults couples. A sample of 38 young adult couples (N=76) (ages: 18-25yrs) was selected using snowball sampling method. Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) by Petrides K. V. (2009) was used to measure Trait Emotional Intelligence and Trait Emotional Expression and Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) by Hendrick, Dicke (1998) was used to measure Relationship Satisfaction of the young adult couples. Pearson correlation was used as statistical analysis which revealed no significant relationship between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Relationship Satisfaction as well as Trait Emotional Expression and Relationship Satisfaction. Qualitative investigation, which included case studies of 7 participants, using an e-mail based descriptive survey, better explain the current findings.

Pages:196-200Ketaki Ashutosh Diwan and Himani Swami (Department of Psychology, Fergusson College, Pune, Maharashtra)

Pages:201-205
Monica Sharma and Divyanshi Garg (Department of Psychology, IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Positive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the processes which contributes to the optimal functioning of the individuals, therefore leading to a happier and a content life. The discipline of psychology has always focused on the illnesses and how to fix them. The sphere of positive psychology, thus, needs to explore the domain of optimal human functioning and welfare. The future of positive psychology needs to delineate the conditions which may lead to the eminence of the quality and stability of life for various groups and individuals. College is a transition for a student from their comfort zones to the more competitive world. The need to prove their excellence can trigger deterioration in the attributes affecting their overall subjective perception of their life. Positive psychology emphasizing on the students' efforts, achievements and strengths in the classroom can aid their performance in the best possible way. As guided by positive psychology, this study utilizes a correlation research designs to explore the relationship between Personal Growth and Curiosity, Gratitude, Hope. Participants were 100 College Girls who completed a questionnaire package that included Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS) (Robitschek, 1998), Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough,Emmons &Tsang, 2002), Adult Hope Scale (AHS) (Snyder et al., 1991) and Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CET-II) (T.B. Kashdan et al., 2004).

Pages:201-205Monica Sharma and Divyanshi Garg (Department of Psychology, IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Pages:206-208
Shabir Ahmad Bhat and Anoop Beri (Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab)

The aim of present research is to evaluate the disparity among social adjustment and job performance of college teachers on the basis of gender and to examine the effect of social adjustment on job performance. In this exploratory research three hypotheses were formulated to guide the present study. The subjects of present study were 108 college teachers both public and private who were administered two research instruments namely Social Adjustment Inventory & Job Performance Scale developed by R. C. Deva (2011) & Goodman and Svyantek's (1999) respectively to report collected data and analysis was conducted by SPSS 21 software employing independent t-test and regression analysis at .05 & .01 level of significance. The results of the analysis showed social adjustment and job performance of college teachers don't differ significantly on the basis of gender, also results reveal a significant positive relationship between social adjustment and job performance. Further results revealed social adjustment significantly predicts job performance with a magnitude of 73.3% of variance. Following these conclusions social adjustment of the college teachers must be studied comprehensively, so that their performance gets enhanced.

Pages:206-208Shabir Ahmad Bhat and Anoop Beri (Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab)

Pages:209-211
Rouhollahi, M. (Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran)
Khodabakhshi, A. (Department of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty, Khatam University. Tehran. Iran)

One of the concerns about depression is troubled cognition as well as quality of life in the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of positive psychology training on irrational beliefs and quality of life in depressed patients. This quasi-experimental research was conducted with control and experimental group through pre-test and post-test. 30 individuals referred to counseling centers in the west of Esfahan were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The tools used in this study were irrational beliefs questionnaire by Jones and quality of life (sf-36) questionnaire. The data analyzed through univariate statistical analysis of covariance. The findings revealed that positive psychology training caused a significant decrease in irrational beliefs and consequently a significant increase in quality of life in depressed patients compared to those in control group p< 0.001.

Pages:209-211Rouhollahi, M. (Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran)Khodabakhshi, A. (Department of Psychology…

Pages:212-214
Maryam Heshmatzadeh and Azarmidokht Rezaei (Department of Psychology, College of Education and Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran )

This research was about Relationship between emotion regulation difficulty and defense styles with social health in students of university. For this purpose, 200 students of Educational Sciences were selected with Single-stage cluster sampling from Marvdasht University. Three questionnaires Difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS), public health and defense styles (DSQ-40) were used to collect data. For data analysis, statistical methods, correlation and stepwise regression methods were used. Result show that have negative significant correlation between social health and emotion regulation difficulty. Also, immature defense styles have a negative significant correlation with social health and participate and mature defense styles have a negative significant correlation with social health. Mature defenses styles have positive significant correlation with cohesion, social acceptance, and social health, and neurotic defense styles have negative significant correlation with flourishing. Regarding predictive power of the social health with emotion regulation difficulties, Subscales of lack of transparency emotional and the difficulty of handling the purposeful behavior could predict social health and other factors have no significant correlation with social health. Finally, immature and mature defense styles are a significant linear relationship to predict social health and neurotic defense styles don't have predictability power for social health in students.

Pages:212-214Maryam Heshmatzadeh and Azarmidokht Rezaei (Department of Psychology, College of Education and Psychology, Marvdasht Branch…

Pages:215-217
Humera Shafi, Arshi Khan, Asooda Maqbool, Bilal Ahmad, Mudassir Hassan and Rafiya Sharif (Department of Psychology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir)

Social support is most important in predicting the physical health and well-being, ranging from childhood to older adults. Social support influences the level of self-esteem of an individual. This important dimension of sustenance is considered as a specific requirement for taxing jobs, medical profession being one of them. During their encounters with patients/caregivers, healthcare team members and hospital management and their coping is the concern of the study. The objective of this study was to evaluate perceived social support and self-esteem among medical professionals. Evaluations of the relationships between perceived social support and self-esteem among medical professionals was done. The respondents completed a questionnaire including demographic information, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Rosenberg's self-esteem scale. Correlation and t-test analyses were conducted. Perceived social support and self esteem positively correlated among medical professionals. Further, perceived social support and self esteem in medical professionals, with respect to their gender did not differ significantly but regarding their employment sector they differed significantly. Medical educators should provide means to ameliorate social support, so as to increase or maintain self esteem in the long term.

Pages:215-217Humera Shafi, Arshi Khan, Asooda Maqbool, Bilal Ahmad, Mudassir Hassan and Rafiya Sharif (Department of…

Pages:218-220
Anam Siddiqi, Asma Nisar and Samra Khan and Mohd Arman Khan (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi)

The present study is an attempt to understand the consequences of bullying. Personal growth will be investigated in terms of forgiveness, resilience and compassion. The study was conducted on a total sample of 120 out of which 60 were participants who have faced some form of bullying in their respective boarding schools. Forgiveness was measured using Heartland forgiveness Scale; compassion was measured using the Self-Compassion Scale developed by Kristin Neff and resilience by using the Resilience Scale by Wagnild and Young (1993).The data obtained was assessed in SPSS, using independent sample t-test to determine if there is a significant difference between the bullied and non-bullied students on forgiveness, resilience and compassion. The results indicated a significant difference on resilience and compassion between the two groups suggesting that being bullied indeed leads to growth in terms of these two factors. No significant difference however was found between the two groups on forgiveness.

Pages:218-220Anam Siddiqi, Asma Nisar and Samra Khan and Mohd Arman Khan (Department of Psychology, Jamia…

Pages:221-223
Asif Hasan and Akbar Husain (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Spirituality is the welfare of all; develop yourselves in the physical, psychic, and spiritual planes while maintaining proper adjustment among them. The body you possess requires food, water, and so on to maintain its existence, and vital energy in order to function properly. To increase your vital energy, you need a suitable quantity of food. If you cannot maintain spiritual fitness through your own strengths, then others will not do for you. Spirituality may be beyond religious rituals and humanism beyond manmade factionalism. In this paper, we define spiritual fitness and suggested various ways such as strengthening of body and mind, controlling the mind, preparing gratitude journal, Sanatan Kriya, experience of oneness, yoga, meditation, focus on Divine messages, life energy, self-regulation, will power, serenity, personality traits, and prioritize work to develop spiritual fitness.

Pages:221-223Asif Hasan and Akbar Husain (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Pages:224-228
Harishankar Moosath and Rachel Jayaseelan (Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka)

Through the years, gratitude has been found to facilitate well-being through a combination of reflection, positive emotions and interpersonal relationships, adaptive social behaviors and is associated with both psychological and physical health. Literature has also shown that a conscious deliberate experience of these emotions, especially gratitude, can help individuals better appreciate their life and possessions. Oncology patients often have to be hospitalized in inpatient settings depriving them of the opportunity to avail of professional mental health services, even if they have the resources to do so. Through the current study researchers aimed to explore whether simple gratitude exercises, adapted from a Positive psychology paradigm contributed to the subjective well-being of oncology patients. Participants (N=8) were required to maintain a gratitude journal for one month following which an in-depth interview was conducted to gauge the experiences of their illness and other areas of their life in relevance to the exercise. Eight interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Pages:224-228Harishankar Moosath and Rachel Jayaseelan (Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka)

Pages:229-231
Bindu Kumari (Department of Psychology, Hindu Girls College, Sonepat, Haryana)
Rajbir Singh (Department of Psychology, M.D.U., Rohtak, Haryana)

Post traumatic Growth (PTG) is a positive change that occurs as a result of major life traumatic events. The goal of the study is to identify the domains of Post Traumatic Growth in women. A projective technique Early Memory Procedure (EMP) is used and the participants narrated early life memories which resulted in identifying the themes related to Post Traumatic Growth. The study supported the domains of Calhoun & Tedeschi Post Traumatic Growth study and Relating to others, New Possibilities, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change & Appreciation of life emerged as major themes for Post Traumatic Growth.

Pages:229-231Bindu Kumari (Department of Psychology, Hindu Girls College, Sonepat, Haryana)Rajbir Singh (Department of Psychology, M.D.U…

Pages:232-236
Pratibha Dabas and Abha Singh (Pratibha Dabas and Abha Singh)

The objective of this paper is to present a narrative overview of research work done on the Bhagavad Gita and explore the possibility of using specific teachings of the Gita for promoting resilience and optimism among school children. Though Indians have used the teachings of the Gita to guide them through life since the ancient times, very little scientific research has been done in the area. The teachings have been of immense value to people in different time periods and few question the credibility of the knowledge contained therein. What is needed, however, is the scientific validation of the effects of the teachings in different social groups. There is an urgent need for revisiting the ancient teachings. More so, because we must offer the right kind of mental conditioning for school children, who are facing increasing behavioural and mental health issues, some of which may be borne out of a lack of resilience and optimism. Because very little scientific research has been attempted in the area, the methods used for this study included a review of translations and commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita by different authors along with research journal articles. A review of about a forty researches show that there are immense possibilities in the area. Positive outcomes in most researches conducted, show that the teachings of Gita may provide conditioning 'mantras' that will help build optimism and resilience in school students. This paper makes suggestions for further research and inclusion of specific teaching interventions for school children.

Pages:232-236Pratibha Dabas and Abha Singh (Pratibha Dabas and Abha Singh)

Pages:237-240
Vinod Kumar Gupta and A. P. Singh (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, B.H.U., Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

The aim of this review paper is to present an innovative idea to explore the role of different types of decision making style in mental health of managers. In present time of positive psychology much emphasis is being given in promoting and enhancing the mental health of individuals and it can be also seen in organizations which in turn lead to the proper functioning of organization.There are many studies in which decision making style has been taken as an antecedents and consequences. It has been considered as an antecedent for academic performance among students and taking health care and consequences of different types of mental illness but there is a lack of studies related to the determining role of different types of decision making style in promoting the mental health of managers. So this paper is an attempt to present the base and rationale to examine the role of different types of decision making style indetermining and promoting the mental health of managers. Findings of this study would help the organizations in designing better training models for those decision making styles that are found to be positively correlated with mental health. So in future there is a need for conducting empirical studies related to the decision making styles and mental health.

Pages:237-240Vinod Kumar Gupta and A. P. Singh (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, B.H.U…

Pages:241-243
Prerana Baruah and Binny Borkha Boruah (Department of Psychology, Gauhati University, Gauhati, Assam)

Peer pressure in general means influence from a peer group or an individual to change their attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors so as to conform to the expectations of the group. It plays a large role in the social and emotional development of children and adolescents. From the age of 12 onwards the importance of peer increases as a reference group or as a model of conformity with respect to style, taste, appearance, ideology and value. Mostly people generalize peer pressure as a negative thing. But peer pressure can be negative as well as positive. It is negative when there is peer pressure to associate in risk taking behaviors such as delinquency, drug abuse, sexual behaviors and reckless driving. Peer pressure can also have positive effects when pressured by peers towards positive behavior such as to study hard, be social and give time to family. The present study examines the nature of the positive side of peer pressure in children and how it affects their behavior in the developmental stages.

Pages:241-243Prerana Baruah and Binny Borkha Boruah (Department of Psychology, Gauhati University, Gauhati, Assam)

Pages:244-248
Jagpreet Kaur and Khushgeet Kaur Sandhu (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala )

In the present study, an attempt was made to explore life skills as predictors of risk-taking behaviour among prospective teachers. The data were collected from 200 prospective teachers of Moga district of Punjab, studying in B.Ed. colleges affiliated with Panjab University, Chandigarh through Life Skills Assessment Scale (LSAS) and Adolescent Exploratory and Risk Behavior Rating Scale. The results of the study revealed significant gender differences in life skills among prospective teachers. Further, female prospective teachers were found to possess significantly higher life skills than their male counterparts. The results also revealed that there was significant and positive correlation of 'effective communication' and 'problem solving' dimensions of life skills with risk-taking behaviour among prospective teachers. There was significant and negative correlation of 'self-awareness' 'empathy', 'critical thinking', 'decision making', 'coping with emotions' and 'coping with stress' dimensions of life skills as well as total life skills with risk-taking behaviour among prospective teachers. Further, there was no significant correlation of 'interpersonal relationships' and 'creative thinking' dimensions of life skills with risk-taking behaviour among prospective teachers. The results of step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that total life skills and 'effective communication' dimension of life skills emerged out to be the most significant predictors of risk-taking behavior among prospective teachers. Implications of the results have been discussed.

Pages:244-248Jagpreet Kaur and Khushgeet Kaur Sandhu (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala…

Pages:249-255
Abdul Raffie Naik and Jeyavel Sundaramoorthy (Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Central University of Karnataka)

The current study focuses on locus of control &depression and the relationship between them, as well as with the demographic variables such as gender (male and female), course of study (science and arts) and locality (urban and rural) among college students of Gulbarga city. It is a promising area of inquiry. The age of college students is a critical context for studying youth mental health. The study was conducted on 171 college student of Gulbarga city who were selected by a random sampling method (lottery method). The questionnaire consisted of personal data sheet, beck depression inventory, and Rotter's locus of control scale. Descriptive Statistics and non-parametric statistics as Mann-Witney test (U) and chi-square test (χ2) were used to analyze the data. The results could not find significant difference on depression among male and female college students, but findings showed that there is a significant difference on depression among science and arts, and rural and urban. The findings showed that there is no significant difference on locus of control among male & female, science & arts and urban & rural college students. The results also show that there is significant association between depression and Locus of Control.

Pages:249-255Abdul Raffie Naik and Jeyavel Sundaramoorthy (Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioural Sciences…

Pages:256-260
Anupama Sihag (PGDCBM, Department of Distance Education, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

In this new era, every organization considers its workforce as an important source of its competitive advantage. For the success, survival and growth of a business, it is important for the organizations to be cautious and vigilant at different stages of hiring, retaining and developing talent. Understanding human behavior in workplace has always been one of the top prioritized tasks for any organization. It has become important for employers to know what motivates their employees. Moreover, there is increasing trend of frequent mobility of employees for better opportunity. They are no more working in organizations for a long term basis. Hence, it needs a proper understanding of what motivates and satisfies them at work to generate long term commitments. The present study was done on a sample of 50 healthcare employees from two branches of a private hospital in New Delhi. The questionnaire consisted of 14 statements based on the ten great ways to motivate employees by Nelson and Economy (2005). The results of the present study indicate that motivation is a crucial factor that enhances employees' performance and organizational growth.

Pages:256-260Anupama Sihag (PGDCBM, Department of Distance Education, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

Pages:261-263
Manju (Department of Applied Psychology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

An interpersonal relationship is an association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. A relationship is normally viewed as a connection between two individuals, such as a romantic or intimate relationship. These relationships usually involve some level of interdependence. Close relationships are important for emotional well-being throughout the lifespan. The present study was conducted to see the relationship between marital adjustment and life satisfaction. Another aim was to see whether employment has positive or negative effect on life satisfaction and marital adjustment. A sample of 100 females was taken out of which 50 were employed and 50 were unemployed. Marital adjustment scale and life satisfaction scale were administered to all subjects. Obtained data was analyzed by correlation and t test. Results revealed positive relationship between marital adjustment and life satisfaction. Significant differences were also observed in employed and unemployed females.

Pages:261-263Manju (Department of Applied Psychology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

Pages:264-268
Joshy Jacob Vazhappilly and Marc Eric S. Reyes (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

The urge to belong to someone and maintain a relationship is one of the basic human needs. Marriage is a social institution that responds to this basic human need. But recent times witness an alarmingly rising rate of divorce and separation, making marital relationship a distressing factor rather than one that augments the well-being of the people. The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention program for enhancing couples' communication and marital satisfaction and to pilot test its feasibility and usability in the field of marriage therapy for enhancing marriage quality. Development of the program involved integration of qualitative and quantitative research designs. Primary Communication Inventory and Dyadic Adjustment Scale were used to measure the level of communication and marital satisfaction among the couples; interviews and Focused-Group Discussions were carried out to get a better understanding. Basing on these, a nine modular intervention was developed integrating the communication and emotion constructs of Non-Violent Communication (NVC) and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT). The program was subjected to expert validation by six inter-disciplinary experts and pilot tested with six couples. The intervention was positively received by the participants and the results of the pilot test showed improvement in the level of communication and marital satisfaction among the couples.

Pages:264-268Joshy Jacob Vazhappilly and Marc Eric S. Reyes (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas…

Pages:269-278
Vijay Rangari (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Karuna Mehta (Department of Psychology, Zakir Hussian, College of Delhi, Delhi University, Delhi)

This study was conducted in two parts, part one textual analysis of Tripitka and development of theory of Karuna (Compassion) to answer the research question Psychological Dimensions of Karuna (Compassion) in Buddhism and its relationship with Peace and Well-being. The Concept of Karuna (Compassion) origin in pali language. The etymology of the word Karuna, stemmed from the Buddhist literatures in tripitka, Karuna (Compassion) defines, Karuṇā is one of the fourth qualities of character significant of a human being who has attained enfranchisement of heart (ceto vimutti), the desire of removing bane and sorrow and bringing that which good and welfare to one's fellow men as the exalted state of compassion for all beings (all that is encompassed in the sphere of one's good influence or all, directions,) . The 360 Degree Compass theory of Karuna (Compassion) has been developed after analysis of Buddhist literatures, The finding of this part one research was that Karuna (compassion) has four dimensions Wisdom, Morality, Loving Kindness, and Equanimity were lived in the day today experience of the peoples. The eighty four items was written out with reading several time jataka stories and literature review various Buddhist texts.

Pages:269-278Vijay Rangari (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)Karuna Mehta (Department of Psychology, Zakir Hussian…

Pages:279-282
Mehrnaz Mazarei (Department of General Psychology, Arsanjan Branch Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran)
Hasan Haghshenas (Department of Psychology, Arsanjan Branch
Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran)

The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of self-sufficiency among first-grade secondary students with employed and housewife mothers in Shiraz in the school year 2014-2015. To this end, a descriptive study with a causal-comparative method was performed. The research population included all 41300 seventh and eighth grade students in Shiraz, of whom 397 students were selected randomly as the research sample from four educational districts in Shiraz through multi-stage cluster sampling. Besides, inferential statistics (ANOVA and independent t-test) were used to analyze the data. The results showed there were significant differences in terms of self-sufficiency levels reported by male and female students in favor of the female students. In addition, there were no significant differences in self-reported levels of self-sufficiency between the respondents (students, parent, and teachers) in the districts under study. However, self-reported levels of self-sufficiency were significantly different in favor of eighth grade students. In addition, there were no significant differences in reported levels of self-sufficiency between students with employed and unemployed mothers. It was also noted that self-sufficiency levels were not significantly different among students in terms of mothers' work experience and their monthly income. The results showed that although the family conditions may affect the students' self-sufficiency levels, the personality traits of adolescents must be taken into account in order to strengthen their self-sufficiency.

Pages:279-282Mehrnaz Mazarei (Department of General Psychology, Arsanjan Branch Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran)Hasan Haghshenas (Department…
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