Pages: 1024-1028
Samyak Makwana (Department of Psychology, Kavishree Botadkar Arts & Commerce College, Bhavnagar University, Gujarat)

Present study was conducted for compare Self-concept, Insight and Defense mechanisms in patient with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome with healthy controls. Moreover, observe the relationship between insight and self concept and insight and defense mechanism in patient with alcohol dependence syndrome. For these purposes thirty subjects selected from Central Institute of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction as diagnosed Alcohol dependence as ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Thirty subjects selected from normal population from Ranchi. Self concept questionnaire, Hanil Insight scale and Defense mechanisms inventory were used to determine the relationships of self concept and insight, self-concept and defense mechanisms and insight and defense mechanisms of healthy individuals and individual with alcohol dependence syndrome. T test and Co-relational statistic methods were applied. In patient with alcohol dependence has low self-concept including physical, social, temperamental, educational, moral and intellectual self concept. Whereas normal healthy subjects has average and above average self concept regarding all the domain of self concept. In patient with alcohol dependence syndrome has fair or low level of insight. In patient with alcohol dependence syndrome uses more of defenses like Turning against self (TAO) and Reversal (REV) than healthy controls. Healthy individuals more uses of Turning against self(TAS) than alcohol dependence syndrome. There is no significant relationship between insight and defense mechanism and insight and self-concept in patient with alcohol dependence syndrome.

Pages: 1033-1037
Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Haryana)

The present study aims to compare criminals and non-criminals on the basis of psychological factors like approval motive and depression. The study was conducted on 200 respondents including 100 criminals and 100 non-criminals. The criminals were selected from the four important jails of Bihar namely Patna, Buxar, Gaya and Bhagalpur and equal number of non-criminals (persons having non-criminals record) were also selected from the same four towns of Bihar mentioned above. The sample was purposive one and included only married males in the age group of 21 to 40, who had minimum education up to seventh standard. The scales used were (1) Approval Motive Scale developed by Tripathi and Tripathi (1980) and (2) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, Hindi adaptation by Arora et al., 1988). The data obtained were analyzed by t-test. The hypotheses formulated were: (1)The criminals would score lower on normative behavior as compared to non-criminals. (2) The criminal group of subjects would score lower on social conformity than the non-criminal group of subjects.(3) The criminals would score lower on positive self-presentation area of approval motive as compared to non-criminal group of subjects.(4)The criminal group of subjects would score lower on the dependency area of approval motive compared to the non-criminal group of subjects. (5) The criminal group of subjects would score lower on defensiveness as compared to the non-criminals.(6)The criminals as a group would score lower on social responsiveness area of approval motive as compared to the non-criminal group of subjects. (7) The criminal group of subjects would score lower on social approval than the non-criminal group of subjects and,(8) The criminals would score higher on depression level than the non-criminals. The findings confirmed six hypotheses, while two hypotheses could not be substantiated.

Pages: 1049-1053
Mahek Singh (Department of Social Work, Punjabi University, Patiala)

This study is an attempt to investigate the help seeking behaviour of women who visited all the five Family Counseling Centers in Chandigarh during the period April 2009 to March 2010. The study analyzed the reasons of their seeking help and the relief/help expected by them from the Family counselling centre. A better understanding of the role of the factors in professional help seeking decisions is very important for Counsellors and other decision makers to design strategies and educational programmes that may help in reducing the bottlenecks/barriers in seeking help. The present study shows that a large percentage of sample did not ask for anyone's help for tackling their problems though their problems were of fairly long standing. The barriers to their seeking help were not knowing whom to approach, fear of humiliation, guilt and shame, isolation of self, social pressure, financial dependence and a hope that things will improve.

Pages: 1057-1060
Anuradha, Jagbir Malik, Pardeep Khanna, Babita, Raghavendra H, Shweta Goswami and Mukesh Nagar (Department of Community Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana)

Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children. With the introduction of measles vaccine in national programme since 1985, the disease burden has reduced. Coverage of the 1st dose of measles is 69.6% as per DLHS-3 survey. In the field conditions measles vaccine efficacy is 85% when given at 9 months of age and approximately 95% when given at >12 months of age. After second dose it becomes 99%. So India is conducting Measles Catch-up Campaign from 14 November to 15 December as supplementary activity as a part of global effort to reduce measles morbidity and mortality (MDG4). Rapid assessment of measles catch-up campaign in a rural block of Haryana. A cross sectional study was conducted in block Lakhanmajra of Rohtak district comprising of 24 villages. Fourty children were assessed randomly, twenty each, from every village and randomly selected school of that village by using standard WHO format for measles rapid assessment form 24.Assessment was done one day after the complete immunisation of that area. Total 1160 children (aged 9 month to 10 yrs) were assessed. A total of 66 children (5.69%) were found to be non-vaccinated, out of which 26 (2.24%)were male and 40 (3.45%)were female. The number of unvaccinated children found in schools were almost double (3.88%) of those found in homes(1.81%), and the difference was found to be statistically significant. the most common reason found by house to house survey was that, the child was out of station followed by unawareness of the campaign, while the most common reason at school was absence from school followed by needle phobia and other reasons. Altogether it is a successful programme. More attention should be focused towards better coverage in schools.

Pages: 1067-1070
D. V. V. Sambasiva Rao (Department of Psychology, Y. V. University, Kadapa)
B. S. Kumar Reddy (Department of Psychology, S. V. University, Tirupati)

The study was designed to investigate the impact of gender, locality and nature of course among professional students. The sample consisted of 400 students (200 boys and 200 girls) belong to urban and rural localities. The subjects were in the age group of 20-22 yrs from the medicine and engineering colleges. The data were collected by administering the academic stress scale (ASS) developed by Sreenivas and Kumar (1999). Mean's, S.D's, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and 't'-test were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that gender and nature of course have significant impact on academic stress.

Pages: 1074-1077
T. V. Ananda Rao (Department of Psychology & Parapsychology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P.)
P. Raja Sekhar (Department of Psychology, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajahmundry)
B. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao (K. L University, Vijayawada, A.P.)

In recent times, the need of counseling services has become essential for improving the wellbeing of the employees in organizations. Understanding various kinds of problems experienced in work and family situations would really help to provide better counseling services to employees. Personal problems that include emotional or behavioral issues like marital, family or work problems relates to the employee's attitude, motivation or interpersonal skills were addressed through counseling in various work settings. Problems related to work behavior may include, Poor relations with colleagues or customers, Becoming withdrawn from colleagues, Tensions and conflict in workplace relationships, Loss of motivation and commitment, Increased sickness and absence, Poor time keeping, Increased errors or accidents, Emotional outbursts, Deterioration in personal standards etc. The present study examines the nature of employee counseling needs and find out the influence of personal factors on them. The employee counseling needs are categorized into work, personal, group, health, and economic and psychological types. The results indicate significant types counseling needs were observed among the younger, less experienced and less educated employees. The implications of the findings for minimizing the problems experienced by employees are suggested.

Pages: 1083-1087
Madnawat, A.V.S. (Department of Psychology, UOR, Jaipur, Rajasthan)
Bhardwas, V.K. and Bhardwas, S. (Academy Psychologie©, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The cardinal objective of the present study was to understand the structure of set of variables viz. Gender, Types of Pranayama, Regularity of practice, Life Skills, General Mental Health Life Skills and Eco-sensory Consciousness and to reduce measures representing communalities and to reduce the data set to a more manageable size retaining much of the original information as much as possible and to understand and extract common pure and pure and relatively independent factors, if any underlying it. A purposive sample of 360 Literate Regular and Irregular Pranayama Practitioners from across diverse data with balanced number of Males and Females (25 to 60 years) was selected from Patanjali Yogapeeth, Haridwar and Yoga/Pranayama shivara organized in NCR and Rajasthan to sample the variables Gender Type of Pranayama, Regularity of Practice, General Mental Health, Regularity of Practice, Life Skills, and Eco-sensory Consciousness. Mental Health Inventory (Jagdish & Srivastava, 1983), Life Skills Questionnaire (Clements, 2004), Ecological Attitude and Cognitive Scale (Rajamanickam, 1996) were used. SPSS 17.0 was employed to compute Factor Analysis Using Principal Component Method with Varimax Rotation in an attempt to reduce the obtained R-matrix down to its underlying dimensions by looking at which variables seem to cluster in a meaningful way. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was computed on the 23 items with Orthogonal Rotation (Varimax). The KaiserMeyer-Olkin measure verified the sampling adequacy for the analysis and all KMO values for individual items were well above the acceptable limit of .5. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity x2 indicated that correlations between items were sufficiently large for PCA. An initial analysis was run to obtain eigenvalues for each component in the data. Three components had eigenvalues over Kaiser's criterion of 1 and in combination explained 0.987% of the variance. The Scree Plot was clear and showed and justified retaining three components. The Screen Plot revealed three factors. The first factor following Lexicon Hypothesis labeled as Cogito-Practicum comprised of Regularity of Practice (r = .991), Feeling (r = .940), Thinking (r = .929), Relationships (r = .943), and Integration of Personality (r = .907); explaining a total of 84.116% of variance. These observations suggest that increase in any of the consistent variance of the factor or measure is related to increase in rest of the variance. The second factor following Lexicon Hypothesis labeled as Typosyoga consisted of Type of Pranayama (r = .0257) and Oral Obligation (r = .018). Rest of measures explain a total of 4.566% of variance. These observations suggest that both measures are positively correlated. And the third factor consisted of Gender following Lexicon Hypothesis labeled as Genus (r = -.257) explaining a total of 4.397% of variance. In sum, all three factors emerged to explain a total of 93.080% variance, and the three factors emerged to be relatively independent. Here, some crucial observations deserve mention. The Oral Obligation measure loaded significantly on the second factor (r = .987).

Pages: 1095-1098
Amreen Ahmad Ali and Neena Kohli (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, UP)

Facebook or any other social networking site (SNS) is meant to have social interaction among individuals. The interaction via social networking has become an important part of an individual's life. The emergence of social networking sites has caught attention of psychologists leading them to study social capital, interpersonal relationship and motivation of facebook users. The aim of the present research was to understand the motivation for facebook use, how facebook enhances social capital, informational access and strengthens interpersonal relationship of its users. For this purpose, the most popular SNS in India was selected. 85 facebook users participated in the study out of which 62 were females and 23 were males. Data was collected online. Results indicated that motivation for using facebook is mostly maintaining offline contacts. SNS does not enhances social capital and informational access of its users. Not even it strengthens their interpersonal relationships. The correlational analysis revealed that with increase in the amount of time spent on facebook social capital and informational access also increases. And with increase in social capital informational access also increases.

Pages: 1104-1107
Arpita Acharyya (Department of Psychology, MBB College, Agartala)

The present study aims to examine the relationship among Mathematics Anxiety, numerical ability and gender difference of a sample of tribal (Tripuri, Reang, chakma and Mog) male and female students of Tripura. A 10 statement math anxiety survey test by Ellen Freedman (2008) and numerical ability test, a subtest of DAT by Ojha was used to collect the data. Sample was divided into 2 groups, 50 boy and girl children and 50 male and female adolescents. The findings of the study indicate that in childhood there was no effect of gender difference in Mathematics Anxiety. But during adolescence, the Mathematics Anxiety of females became much higher than their male counterparts. It has also been found that students who have high level of Mathematics Anxiety have low level of numerical ability. It helps the present researcher to assume that the Mathematics Anxiety, as a result of social learning, hinders the tribal adolescent girls to do well in numerical Performance.

Pages: 1115-1119
Divya Narang and Sarita Saini (Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana)

Women, as members of a dynamic group in society, play a crucial role in positively transforming conflict situations and in building the foundations of democratic and peaceful societies. Around the world many women are victims of cultural, direct, and structural violence. However, they rarely become carriers of that violence or perpetration rather they decide to act constructively towards building a culture of peace. But, there is limited data to back up these statements which are more rhetorical than substantive. Though a woman symbolizes essential elements of both challenges: posing at once potential threats to peace and peace building resources, yet most of the time women are underestimated as positive agents of change and key actors in peace-building. A neglect of women is short-sighted and counterproductive in terms of peace building particularly in the crucial post-harmony phase with its twin challenges of violence prevention/peace maintenance and societal reconciliation and reconstruction. Men and women may have different ways of dealing with conflict based on their ascribed societal roles. Women may be discouraged from using violence if it isn't seen as feminine, while men may be encouraged to be violent to prove their masculinity. These cultural characteristics attributed to women like being nurturing and compassionate, makes it easier for women to learn and demonstrate peace. Because women are the central caretakers of families in many cultures, everyone suffers when women are oppressed, victimized, and excluded from peace building. Their centrality to communal life makes their inclusion in peace building indispensable and their gender identities allow them to do some forms of peace building that men cannot do. In addition, some women have found it advantageous to draw on skills, assets, and capacities that are available to them in oppressive patriarchal systems and harness these for productive use in peace building. Because women are half of every community and the tasks of peace building are so great, women and men must be partners in the process of peace building. This paper explores the unique role of women as peace-builders, illustrating their exceptional power and potential to effect social change.

Pages: 1124-1127
Mukesh Nagar (Medical Officer, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi)
M. S. Punia (Community Medicine, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana)
Anita Punia (Senior Medical Officer, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana)
Shweta Goswami, Amandeep Kaur, Raghvendra, H. and Anuradha (Post Graduate student, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana)
Kiran Nagar (Post Graduate, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur)

An estimated 2.39 million Indians are currently living with HIV. In 2004, the Indian government began providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART), through ART centers. Adherence to ART is the most essential component of treatment success in HIV care. ART demands a minimum of 95 percentage adherence to avoid viral resistance and treatment failure. There is limited information available from Haryana on adherence to ART and its predictors. So this study was planned to determine patient adherence to ART and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the ART Centre at Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana from December 2010 to May 2011. A total of 400 patients aged 18 years and above were selected randomly and interviewed using a pretested semi-structured schedule, after taking their written informed consent. The data collected were compiled in MS Excel and analysed using appropriate statistical tests. The mean age of patients was 35.33 years. The median time on ART was 20 months. Average 7-day adherence was 94.34 per cent. 23.5% reported missed doses over the past 7 days; 65.5 per cent of them reported missing a full day's medications. Common reasons for missing doses were “traveling / away from home” (27.6 %), “simply forgot” (21.6%), “ran out of pills” (17.2%) and “busy with other things” (13.8 %). There is a need to create an understanding among patients, their families and health care providers regarding importance of adherence to ART; and develop validated low-cost interventions that optimize adherence.

Pages: 1132-1136
Atanu Das (Rabindra Mahavidyalaya Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal)
Gopal Chandra Saha (AFC C license Coach, Department of Physical Education, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal)

Resistance running has also proven to be a safe and effective method of conditioning for individuals with various needs, goal and abilities. The research scholar was very much interested to learn that the effectiveness of resistance running out of many available training techniques for scientific and systematic manifestation of specific strength endurance potentialities which were admired as the prerequisites factor for top sports performance and that too on tribals as well as non-tribals school boys and thereby such study was being undertaken. The purpose of the study was to find out the comparative effect of resistance running on vital capacity between untrained tribal and non-tribal school boys. To facilitated the study, twenty tribal and twenty non-tribal school boys of 8th and 9th standard were randomly selected from each categories as the subjects for this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control group selected from each category as the subjects for this study (N=20). The Resistance running training was executed in the evening session on three alternative days (Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday) in a week for twelve weeks. In this study, the variable under taken were Vital Capacity measured by Wet-Spirometer, which was recorded to the nearest in liters. In order to find out the existence of significant differences between the experimental group and control group in each category as well as between tribal and non-tribal school boys on vital capacity undertaken in this study in pre, post and adjusted post-test phases, the analysis of co-variance statistics was applied. Further, in order to find out the existence of significant difference between tribal and non-tribal school boys in vital capacity, the Post hoc-test was used between the paired group means in tribal as well as non-tribal school boys categories. The level of significant was set at 0.05 level of confidence. Based on the findings it was concluded that resistance running was best to be used in developing vital capacity of human body and also suggested that due to the effect of Resistance running training, untrained tribal school boys showed better performance in Vital capacity than untrained non-tribal school boys.

Pages: 1141-1145
Nunu Heryanto (Faculty of Education, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, Indonesia)

The primary objective of this research is to establish a dynamic group-based farmers' empowerment model that aims to increase self-reliance among farmers, hence an empowerment model of education in improving farmer abilities in regard to farming. The importance of groups in farm management are, among others, to overcome institutional barriers, to make use of irrigation systems optimally, to enable the utilization of goods, capital, and ecosystem management are emphasized. Empowerment is providing an opportunity to freely choose various alternatives and make decisions according to the level of consciousness, ability, and desire, and providing an opportunity to learn from successes and failures in response to changes, to be able to control the future. In this study, scenarios such as farmer empowerment not being able to address the needs of farmer groups, agri-business efforts conducted by farmer groups being merely theory-based rather than experience-based, and independent farmer groups still constrained from business networking and capital for starting agribusinesses will be addressed. This research was also based on community empowerment, self-reliance, entrepreneurship concepts and counselling program. The methods used are mixed-methods approach with the qualitative approach being used to describe the conditions of the actual implementation; and a quantitative approach was used to test the effectiveness of the actual developed model using a pre-test and post-test experimental design applied to a single experimental group with no control group. Results of this research showed that the development of a dynamic group-based farmer empowerment model is of impact for the self-reliance of the farmers and it can be the basis to achieve autonomy and sustainability if well implemented.