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Pages: 944-949
Mohammad Amin Wani and R. Sankar (Department of Psychology Annamalai University Tamil Nadu )

The cardinal aim of the present study was to find the level of social support, self esteem and suicidal ideation among HIV/AIDS patients. Further, the study strived to find the relationship between the experimental and criterion variables. The study consists the sample of 259 AIDS patients selected through purposive sampling technique, out of 259 respondents 108 (41.7%) were male and 151 (58.3%) were female patients. Enriched Social Support Inventory developed by Mitchell et al. (2003); Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965); and Suicidal Ideation Scale developed by Sisodia and Bhatnagar (2011) was used to measure the level of social support, self esteem and suicidal ideation among HIV/AIDS patients. For the statistical analysis of data Mean, t-test, one way Anova and Pearson Correlation was applied by using SPSS 20.0 version. The findings undercover that majority of patients have average level of suicidal ideations n=184 (71.05%), followed by n=37 (14.29%) having high level, n=36 (13.89%) very high level and n=2 (0.77%) having low of suicidal ideation respectively. The study also revealed that n=212 (81.85%) participants have low level of social support and n=47 (18.15%) have high level of social support. Synchronically, huge number of respondents n=124 (47.87%) showed low level of self esteem, followed by n= 116 (44.79%) having normal level, and n=19 (7.34%) showed high level of self esteem respectively. The findings also confirmed that there are significant mean differences between social support, self esteem and suicidal ideation with respect to gender, marital status, age, occupation, family income, and duration of illness. Further the findings shows that suicidal ideation is negatively significant correlated with social support (-.897) and self esteem (-.780). Synchronically, social support was found positively significant correlated with self esteem (.811).
Pages: 944-949 Mohammad Amin Wani and R. Sankar (Department of Psychology Annamalai University Tamil Nadu )
Pages: 950-953
Sayani Das and Shivani Chandel (Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

High blood pressure was known to have deleterious effects on elderly health. In India, very few studies included elderly women and fewer have focused exclusively on rural population. The current study aimed to find out the association between different anthropometric indicators of obesity and blood pressure levels in the rural population of India. Data was collected on 206 elderly Jat community women aged 60+ years in rural population of Palwal district of Haryana. Dependable variable BP was assessed using oscillometric method and independent variable included BMI, WC and WHR, categorized using WHO criteria. Analyses were adjusted for age. The relationship of blood pressure with BMI, WC and WHR shows positive correlation. Binary logistic regression model reveals that BMI >27.5 kg/m² category was 4.87 times and BMI 23.0-27.5 kg/m² was 2.37 times more likely to have hypertension. Higher WC participants were 1.08 times and higher WHR participants 1.88 times more prone to be hypertensive than normal WC and WHR. Basic anthropometric indicators for obesity remains useful marker for higher blood pressure in the present study. So for healthy aging, obesity should be kept in the normal range by focusing more on proper diet and exercise.
Pages: 950-953 Sayani Das and Shivani Chandel (Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Pages: 954-957
Preeti Gupta (Clinical Psychologist, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand)
Archana Shukla (Professor and Director, AIBAS and Dean Faculty of Arts, Amity University, Manesar, Haryana)
Surjit Prasad (Senior Resident, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Literature has reported geographical variances and a number of affective and cognitive factors that play a critical role in the experience and management of pain sensations and also in the development and maintenance of stress or stress related disorders like headaches. Finding out the effective coping is a requisite in management. Present paper tends to identify the differences in passive-active as well as affective-cognitive coping techniques employed in tension type headache (TTH) and in migraine in Indian context. For this 30 patients with TTH and 30 patients with migraine diagnosed by consultant psychiatrists were purposively selected from private and outpatient clinics of UP, India. They were assessed on pain coping inventory and significant differences were found among various coping styles adopted by each group. Findings also suggest a need for an individual module for strengthening active coping with an addition of cognitive therapy techniques to behavioural therapy.
Pages: 954-957 Preeti Gupta (Clinical Psychologist, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand) Archana Shukla (Professor and Director…
Pages: 958-965
Lia Hannah Sacks (Fulbright English Teaching Assistant (ETA), Vanderbilt University, USA)
Santoshi Halder (Department of Education, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

Individuals with disabilities demonstrate less optimal educational access and outcomes than their typically developing peers. As a result, the provision of high quality instruction for individuals with special needs is a critical social issue that is gaining global attention. A major component of effective special education after identification or assessment of special needs of the child is the implementation of Individualized Education Plans (IEPs). After IEPs were introduced in the United States as part of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, EAHCA (1975) it was regarded as a key element of inclusive education globally. However, a wide range of variation exists across countries with respect to its implementation. It is significant to explore and expose these interesting variations with respect to the developing and developed nations. This article presents a comparison of the general practices of IEPs in India and the United States with respect to its design, execution in the light of the related legal directives. Comparisons presented are on the basis of the themes extracted on the basis of the conceptual learnings and practical experience gathered as a special educator and practioner in the field in both the countries. Specific challenges and suggestions for improvement are offered.
Pages: 958-965 Lia Hannah Sacks (Fulbright English Teaching Assistant (ETA), Vanderbilt University, USA) Santoshi Halder (Department of…
Pages: 966-971
Varalakshmi Rajam S. (Madras School of Economics, Ethiraj College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

Are the association Anthropometric Measures for CVD risk factors across different socio-economic groups residing in Chennai belonging to West India who follow a purely vegetarian diet and South India who have mix of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet? A cross sectional study among West Indian and South Indian Women. 365 women had participated. Anthropometric measures such as height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR) were computed. Data entered in MS Excel Sheet and analysed by STATA Software. Data expressed as mean, standard deviation, and percentage. Tests applied were simple regressions analysis and correlation tests. Anthropometric parameters of mean body mass index indicated the prevalence of overweight among the study subjects (24.55+2.33, 23.54+1.55, 24.19+1.90, 23.53+1.81, 23.83+1.46) and a positive correlation seemed to exist between BMI and WHR significant at 1 percent and 5 percent level. Significant association do exist but are not strongly correlated. Associations also vary depending on the ethnicity of West Indian versus South Indian community or Low income versus high income/ middle income groups respectively. The results imply that anthropometric indicators of body mass index and waist to hip ratio seem to prove as best indicators of obesity among the study population.
Pages: 966-971 Varalakshmi Rajam S. (Madras School of Economics, Ethiraj College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)
Pages: 972-976
Shefali Kamal Kumar and N.R. Mrinal (Department of Psychology, Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra)

To find out which type of dietetic intervention(s) can assuage the selected symptoms of menopause, as compared to each other and a control group. A sample of 200 menopausal (peri-menopausal & post-menopausal women) was selected from Nagpur city (urban area). The subjects were then divided into four groups (n=50 each group), three experimental and one control and the three experimental groups were assigned three different, six weeks long dietary interventions, namely the high protein dietary intervention, the high frequency dietary intervention and the traditional weight loss dietary intervention. The data were collected before and after the dietary programs and complied into a 2X4 ANOVA design with the pre and post test results being analyzed with the Student's t test. The post-hoc Tukey's test was employed to then differentiate between the efficacies of each dietary intervention. The three different types of diets demonstrated positive results for the different variables. The high protein dietary intervention was seen to have the most positive effect on stress, triglyceride levels, diarrhea and constipation, while the high frequency dietary intervention had a positive result on triglyceride levels and constipation and the traditional weight loss dietary intervention had a positive effect on stress, triglyceride levels and diarrhea. Depending on the most pressing symptom(s) presented by the menopausal woman, any of the three dietary interventions can be used to help relieve her distress. Food as a medium of alleviating the distress caused by menopause can have a statistically significant effect and should be preferred to medications.
Pages: 972-976 Shefali Kamal Kumar and N.R. Mrinal (Department of Psychology, Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra)
Pages: 977-980
Lisha and Madhu Anand (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Emotional competence is the tendency to display emotions in a situationally and culturally appropriate manner. The present study explored emotional competence among Maharshi Dayanand University employees. A sample size of 200 university employees was selected with the age range of 21-40 and 41-60 respectively. Out of which 100 were male and 100 female employees. For the present study random sampling method was used. Scale of Emotional Competencies developed by Sharma and Bhardwaj was adapted to measure emotional competence. Findings of the study reveal that there is a significant difference between the emotional competence of male and female employees. Males can make effective judgment, express their emotions, feeling, moods better, cope with their problem better in comparison to females. But no significant difference was found on enhancement of positive emotions between male and female employees.
Pages: 977-980 Lisha and Madhu Anand (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)
Pages: 981-984
Prachi Shukla and Tejpreet K. Kang (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study was conducted in Ludhiana district of Punjab state. The purpose of the study was to assess the self esteem level of rural and urban male and female adolescents. Three hundred adolescents of age group between 16-18 years had been taken from four senior secondary schools of rural and urban areas of Ludhiana. The Self- Esteem Inventory (adult form) developed by Coopersmith was administered to assess the self- esteem of adolescents. Data were analyzed in terms of percentage, chi- square test and t- test. The results revealed that there exists a significant difference in self esteem of male and female adolescents. Male adolescents had better self esteem as compared to female adolescents. Locale wise significant difference also existed. Result showed that urban adolescents had better self esteem than rural adolescents.
Pages: 981-984 Prachi Shukla and Tejpreet K. Kang (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab…
Pages: 985-989
Sphoorthi G. Prabhu (School of Social Work, Roshni Nilaya, Mangaluru, Karnataka)
Rameela Shekhar (Dean, P.G. Department, School of Social Work, Roshni Nilaya, Mangaluru, Karnataka)

Understanding the differences in adolescent resilience and self esteem based on SES has significant implications in mental health promotion. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to discuss the self esteem and resilience among adolescents from English Medium School (in comparison to the adolescents from Government Schools) and to understand the differences in resilience and self esteem by SES. Adolescents from class 8th to 10th of Mangaluru Taluka (of Karnataka State in India) was the target population. Cluster random sampling was followed. 809 adolescents from class 8th to 10th of randomly selected 16 schools from the Mangaluru South Cluster were selected. The variables were measured using CD-RISC-2 and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. The data was analysed using SPSS version 19. The mean age of the sample was 13.49 years (±1.004). The adolescents from English medium schools had moderate Resilience and Self Esteem. Significant differences existed in the adolescent Resilience and Self esteem based on Socio-Economic Status. However, the same was not in the expected direction. The paper concludes by emphasising the role of subjective socio-economic status in adolescent well-being and suggests the need to explore the differences in adolescent resilience and self esteem based on subjective Socio-Economic Status.
Pages: 985-989 Sphoorthi G. Prabhu (School of Social Work, Roshni Nilaya, Mangaluru, Karnataka) Rameela Shekhar (Dean, P.G…
Pages: 990-994
Khushboo Patel (Department of Psychology, School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat)

This study examined the patterns of friendship across nine interpersonal factors as well as the patterns of friendship between two different age groups. The methodology involved the usage of an open ended interview sheet, administered on a sample of 100 subjects falling between the age group of 18-25 years. Further, the group was divided into 18-21 years (54 subjects) and 22-25 years (46 subjects). A self report measure containing 27 items, was used as a tool for the study. A total of 9 factors: Trust, Availability, Conflict, Jealousy, Self Disclosure, Openness to Feedback, Perceptiveness, Participation and Similarity were taken into consideration. Percentage distribution and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) were used for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis indicated, a maximum shared common understanding among the sample population, for factors like Availability, Openness to Feedback, Conflict and Participation, with a percentage distribution of 79%, 78%, 73% and 71.33% respectively. Factors like Availability, Openness to Feedback, Conflict, Participation, Perceptiveness and Trust, had a better shared common understanding in the age group of 18-21 years compared to 22-25 years. It was interesting to observe, that factors like Jealousy, Self Disclosure and Similarity was not of much significance to either group.
Pages: 990-994 Khushboo Patel (Department of Psychology, School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar…
Pages: 995-1000
KP Naachimuthu (Department of Psychology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)
N. Ramkumar (PSG Institute of Management Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

The present study thus was aimed at finding the level of perceived loneliness of the goods/ passenger guards of the Southern Indian Railways and the impact of it on their General mental Health and Quality of Life. Southern Railways have four zones (Palakkad, Coimbatore, Chennai, Madurai, & Salem zone). Data were collected from 130 railway guards: 36 railway guards in Chennai region (19 goods guards / 16 passenger guards), 35 in Palakkad / Coimbatore (21 goods guards / 14 passenger guards), 31 in Madurai region (15 goods guards / 16 passenger guards), and 28 in Salem region (20 goods guards / 8 passenger guards). From the results of the present study it was found that the mean values for Perceived Loneliness scale for the passenger guards (2.98) and the goods guards (2.77) in Chennai Zone was relatively higher than other zones. The mean values for the Quality of Life Scale of the passenger guards (5.38) and the goods guards (5.67) in Madurai Zone is found to be relatively higher than the passenger guards and the goods guards from other zones. It was found that the level of perceived loneliness does not have an impact on the quality of life of these guards. It may be due to the slighter improvement in the working conditions of the guards; however they still faced work related problems because of lack of time for recreational activities. Results also showed that there is no significant difference in the perceived loneliness and the general mental health and well-being of the passenger guards and goods guards in this study. While the findings state that the goods/ passenger guards of the Southern Indian Railways (under study) experienced low level to moderate level of loneliness, there is also an indication that they are less satisfied with their quality of life.
Pages: 995-1000 KP Naachimuthu (Department of Psychology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) N…
Pages: 1001-1007
Gagandeep Kaur, Sarita Saini, and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study was conducted to examine the learning styles and metacognitive skills of rural adolescents. The sample for the study comprised 200 rural school going adolescents (grade 9th & 10th) randomly drawn from the selected Government Senior Secondary Schools of the selected village of Ludhiana-I Block. The subjects were equally distributed across both the grades (grade 9th =100 & grade 10th =100) as well as genders (males= 100 & females =100). VAK Learning Styles Self Assessment Questionnaire (Chislett & Chapman, 2005) and Meta-cognitive Awareness Inventory (Schraw & Dennison, 1994) were used to collect data. Results of this research indicated that the major proportion of sample adolescents had an average level of metacognition with a preference for Visual and Kinaesthetic learning style.
Pages: 1001-1007 Gagandeep Kaur, Sarita Saini, and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies…
Pages: 1008-1011
Shanthi Kannan (Department of Research and Development, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)
V. Chandramohan (UGC Visiting Professor, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu)
S. Ramesh Kannan (Department of Neurology, PIMS, Pondicherry)

Cognitive impairment in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI), which is usually ignored, may persist into later period of life in some individuals, affecting the functional recovery, like returning back to normal. Neuropsychological assessment plays a pivotal role before and after the management. The aim of the present study is to measure the memory impairment, following mTBI, and to find out the efficacy of Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) in the management of neuropsychological issues among minor head injured individuals for duration of twelve weeks. PGI Memory Scale, a subtest of PGI battery of Brain Dysfunction has been administered to the subjects, before and after Cognitive Retraining. The objective of the present study is to measure the level of various cognitive skills such as intelligence and memory among head injured subjects. Once it is measured at an early stage, the subject can be rehabilitated easily through Cognitive Retraining. The sample consisted of ninety subjects with mTBI within forty eight hours of admission to the emergency unit of Neurosciences in a Tertiary Care Hospital at Chennai, India. Out of ninety, sixty six patients, who are having memory impairment, are divided into two homogenous Groups - Control and Experimental Groups: thirty three subjects each are assigned to Control and Experimental Groups. Experimental Group is exposed to CogSMART for duration of twelve weeks, which includes psychoeducation, regarding TBI: strategies to improve sleep, fatigue, headaches, tension, compensatory cognitive strategies in the domains of prospective memory, attention, learning and memory and executive functioning. On the other hand, Control Group is not exposed to any such intervention. Pretest and Posttest Dysfunction Rating scores of both the Groups are compared. Results clearly indicate that there is a significant improvement (p <0.0001) on memory of the Experimental Group, compared to the Control Group. Findings of the present study have proved the fact that CogSMART is one of the most effective techniques of improving cognitive dysfunction among individuals with mTBI. Cognitive Rehabilitation helps to increase the efficiency in the workplace and happiness in the family life.
Pages: 1008-1011 Shanthi Kannan (Department of Research and Development, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) V. Chandramohan (UGC…
Pages: 1012-1014
Arpana Kamboj and Surabhi Mahajan (Department of Apparel and Textile Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The use of eco friendly natural dyes is the need of the hour in response to the growing consciousness for saving the environment from the wrath of synthetic dyes. This milestone can only be achieved if consumers are willing to buy natural dyed products. The consumer willingness is directly related to their awareness hence the present study was undertaken to study the consumer awareness for natural dyes in Ludhiana. An interview schedule was used for collecting data from forty-five respondents from three different localities. The results were interpreted using simple percentages and average weighted mean scores. The results of the collected data revealed that majority of respondents (84.44%) were aware about natural dyes and turmeric was the most popular natural dye followed by indigo, madder and rattanjot. Majority (68.42%) of respondents opined that natural dyes are eco friendly and agreed to the fact that natural dyes produce earthy shades like brown, grey, yellow etc. Almost 50% respondents disagreed to the fact that natural dyes are economical and can produce similar shades on repetition. Majority of the respondents were of the opinion that natural dyed products are colour fast, durable, renewable and safe for human skin. Most of the respondents disagreed with easy maintenance of natural dyes but strongly agreed to wearing natural dyed products as it enhanced their personality and brings them a status of green and conscious consumer however majority (81.58%) of respondents were not interested to buy natural dyed products because of their extra cost and difficult maintenance.
Pages: 1012-1014 Arpana Kamboj and Surabhi Mahajan (Department of Apparel and Textile Science, Punjab Agricultural University…
Pages: 1015-1019
Anuradha Wats and Prabhawati Shukla (Department of Psychology, Pt. Ravi Shanker Shukla University, Raipur, Rajasthan)

Background: Drug abuse has become a serious social and psychological-health problem, which increased in some form or the other in most of the societies over the world. The reasons for drug abuse are much; these are not only on account of individual self and social differences but also due to other ascertainable factors, like social, economical, physical, mental and cultural status of the individual. Material and Methods: Sample of the study comprised of Drug dependence150 alcohol abusers and 130 Cannabis-abusers and 280 Non-dependent people based on experimental and control group design. Groups were assessed and evaluated using CAZE, DAST, and CMI. Samples were collected from CIIMHANS, Devada Rajnandgoan (C.G). Result: Substance abuse problems are also at increased risk for mental health problems & adverse outcomes. The high risk factor of health problems is more found in substance dependent persons than non-substance dependence Conclusion: These results suggest that high risk factor of health problems is more found in substance dependent persons than non-substance dependence. Also results revealed that many people have medical complication due to substance use, such as respiratory, heart disease and other medical condition.
Pages: 1015-1019 Anuradha Wats and Prabhawati Shukla (Department of Psychology, Pt. Ravi Shanker Shukla University, Raipur…
Pages: 1020-1023
Rashmi Rani, Lok Nath Singh and Arun Kumar Jaiswal (Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

Emotions play key role in families functioning and marital life. Thus, emotional maturity may be considered a basis in marital adjustment and a happy marital life. As such, the present study is an attempt to understand the relationship between marital adjustment and emotional maturity in Indian cultural context. For this purpose hundred (100) couples (husband & wife) with at least graduation qualification from Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh were randomly sampled to check the predictability of the various measures of quality of marital life (marital consensus, affection expression, marital satisfaction, marital cohesion, & overall marital adjustment), each measure at a time as criterion (dependent variable) by the facets of 'emotional maturity' (emotional unstability, emotional regression, social maladjustment, personality disintegration & lack of independence) as predictors (independent variables). Step wise (back ward) regression analysis was applied and results revealed that emotional unstability, social maladjustment and personality disintegration facets of emotional maturity most predicted the overall marital adjustment in married couples.
Pages: 1020-1023 Rashmi Rani, Lok Nath Singh and Arun Kumar Jaiswal (Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi…
Pages: 1024-1026
Lata Sati and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study aims to assess the influence of academic anxiety on self-esteem of learning disabled children. The total sample for the present study consisted of 80 learning disabled children. The sample was selected from remedial centres/ schools with remedial services in Ludhiana, Chandigarh, and Khanna. Only those children were selected who belonged to intact families and had been formally diagnosed as learning disabled by a certified psychologist or remedial educationist and had been taking remediation for a period of at least 6 months. Cooper smith Inventories (School Form) by Cooper smith (1981) was used to assess self-esteem of learning disabled children. Academic Anxiety Scale by Singh and Gupta (2009) was used to assess levels of academic anxiety among children. Results reflected that children with learning disability were found to be academically either highly anxious or less anxious. The learning disabled children who were having high self-esteem were found to have low academic anxiety in contrast to children having medium self-esteem.
Pages: 1024-1026 Lata Sati and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of…
Pages: 1027-1030
Sunil Kumar (Counselor and Special Educator, Bal Bharti Public School, Rohini, Delhi)

Suicide means of taking ones life. Emile Durkheim, the first to study suicide systematically, distinguished three different types, depending on what motivates the act of self-destruction: altruistic, anomic and egoistic. Durkheim's classification system altruistic suicide based on sacrificing oneself for the good for others. The soldiers who hurts himself upon a grenade to save others, and ritual suicide, such as hara-kiri, intended to save ones family from shame, are classic examples. Anomic suicide that results, in Durkheim's analysis, from the sense that life no longer has meaning, from a sense of anomie, loneliness, isolation and loss of contact with the norms and values of society also called norm less suicide. In Durkheim's classification system, egoistic suicide resulting from a sense of deep personal failure, a feeling that one is personally responsible for not living up to societal and personal expectation. Suicide has been declared a major heath problem in the United States by the Surgeon General, David Satche (1999). He noted that the suicide rate among children has doubled since 1980 and that the elderly account for one in five suicides. Although countries around the world have different overall rates of suicide, this increase in suicide rate seems to hold true world wide. In most countries the young adults group seems to be at the widest risk. In Denmark and Japan countries with different cultural histories, suicide is the number one cause of death amount 25-34 years old age and account for 30% of all deaths among 25% of among women.
Pages: 1027-1030 Sunil Kumar (Counselor and Special Educator, Bal Bharti Public School, Rohini, Delhi)
Pages: 1031-1035
Masaud Ansari, Sajid Ali Khan, and Shah Mohd. Khan (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

This study was carried out on 600 School/college Teachers to determine the psychometric characteristics, i.e., objectivity, reliability, validity and practicability of a bilingual (English & Hindi) Teacher's Occupational Stress scale. The responses are on a Likert type pattern. Cronbach's Alpha of the scale was 0.91, which is excellent. Content validity of the scale was verified by a number of experts, academicians and professionals. Using a more structured method, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out and three (3) factors emerged in the analysis. In summing up all three factors explained 50.55% of the total variance which confirms the very high factorial/construct validity. Further, inter-factorial correlations among sub dimensions of Teacher's Occupational Stress scale found highly significant. It can be concluded that the present piece of research work confirms high objectivity, reliability, validity and practicability of Teacher's Occupational Stress scale. Conclusion drawn, uses for training, assessment, intervention and research purposes proposed.
Pages: 1031-1035 Masaud Ansari, Sajid Ali Khan, and Shah Mohd. Khan (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim…
Pages: 1036-1039
Archana Mishra, Deepa Punetha, and Supriya Dwivedi (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The present research attempts to study self-concept as a function of gender. Throughout the years, the construct of self-concept has played a significant role in understanding human development and behavior. The awareness of self comes through the gradual process of adaptation to the environment (Piaget, 1969). Physical changes, skill developments, skill evaluations and multiple role expectations are the main source for the development and evaluation of self. Thus age and gender of a person is considered to be very important factor in self-concept. Therefore this study attempts to understand the function of gender on the self-concept. The data is collected on 140 participants (74 males & 68 females) the independent variable was gender, males and females. The dependent variable was self-concept, measured in terms of five categories (social identity, ideological beliefs, interests, ambitions, & self-evaluations) and the number of subs- categories (e.g., self- identity, group identity, gender role). Participants were requested to write twenty statements that describe themselves responding to the question “Who I am?” in a free format. Findings of this study show that there is a difference in self-evaluations of both genders; male participants have made more statements related to their self-evaluation than female participants.
Pages: 1036-1039 Archana Mishra, Deepa Punetha, and Supriya Dwivedi (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad…
Pages: 1040-1043
R. Lalnuntluangi, Kavya Chelli, and Meera Padhy (Centre for Health Psychology, University of Hyderabad, Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana)

Many diabetes patients neglect their role in management of diabetes, which requires self- management in addition to medical treatment. This correlational study examined self-efficacy, outcome expectancy and self-management of type 2 diabetes patients. It was hypothesized that self-efficacy and outcome expectancy would be predictors of self-management. Seventy eight patients from different hospitals and clinics of Mizoram were administered the Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire and Diabetes Self-management Questionnaire. The results provided considerable support of the hypotheses. The implications of the present findings for intervention of chronic illness, shortcomings of the present study and future directions were discussed.
Pages: 1040-1043 R. Lalnuntluangi, Kavya Chelli, and Meera Padhy (Centre for Health Psychology, University of Hyderabad…
Pages: 1044-1048
Anand Thaman (Rehabilitation Psychologist, Manas Psychology, Epilepsy and De-addiction Centre, Ludhiana, Punjab)
Naina Sharma (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab )

Originally developed by Goddard about 100 year back for the sensory motor training of children with feeble mind, Seguin Form Board (SFB) Test is still one of the most popular test to assess intellectual functioning in younger children. The task on SFB requires form and shape perception through application of gestalt principles including figure ground rule. Colour contrast develop contour that facilitate children to perceive object easily from its background hence it may help them to perform faster on test. This might be the reason that colour contrast/bi-chromatic board was originally designed and standardized. However, presently large colour variation is being found amongst the available boards in market which seems clearly a violation of norms for testing. This variation in colour may adversely affect the performance of the child. To examine this hypothesis experimental study was designed to evaluate the effect of board colour variations on performance while working on it. After taking baseline observations of two groups on mono-chromatic board, performance was recorded on bi-chromatic board for experimental group while keeping all other testing conditions constant. Results of the study demonstrated that children who have given bi-chromatics board performed faster than those who worked on monochromatic board. Thus colour variation of board has significant effect on performance of the child. Thus it is recommended that only original bi-chromatic board should be used for testing.
Pages: 1044-1048 Anand Thaman (Rehabilitation Psychologist, Manas Psychology, Epilepsy and De-addiction Centre, Ludhiana, Punjab) Naina Sharma (Department…
Pages: 1049-1051
Aijaz Ahmad and Mohd Altaf (Department of Psychiatry, GMC, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir)
Tahseen Jan, Saima Hassan, Rifat Majeed, and Nasir Ahmad (Department of Psychology, Indira Gandhi National Open Universit, New Delhi)

The abuse of drugs is an international problem which affects almost every country in the world, and same is the case with Kashmir. Drug abuse is increasing day by day in Kashmir resulting in number of patients being admitted daily for drug deaddiction in Kashmir. The present study was designed to assess socio-demographic background, personality and resilience among such patients. A sample of 30 male patients diagnosed as having substance use disorder were selected by using purposive sampling method from the drug de-addiction centre. Socio-demographic data sheet, 16 PF questionnaire and The Conner Davidson Resilience Scale was used to assess personality and resilience among patients. The result findings revealed that most of the patients belonged to high income nuclear families having age below 25 years, and were unmarried and illiterate. Most common subastance abused was cannabis. Most of the patients were having personality factors like Less intelligent, self-sufficient, experimenting and affected by feelings. Resilience factors were found to have helped in rehabilitation. The study helps to find the pattern of drug abuse across different socio-demographic variables in Kashmir as well as the personality factors which predispose for such problem. This understanding can be quite useful in prevention and management of drug abuse.
Pages: 1049-1051 Aijaz Ahmad and Mohd Altaf (Department of Psychiatry, GMC, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) Tahseen Jan…
Pages: 1052-1054
Azara Parveen and Champa Mathpal (Department of Psychology, M.B.P.G College Haldwani, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttrakhand)

Modernization means to be modern not only in particular section of life or society but also in every field relating to human development .it is a continuous progress to being about fundamental deep rooted and widespread change in attitudes ,value motivation and behave of people .the purpose of the study was to compare Indians boys and girls on level of modernization .Sample consisted 150 adolescents both male and female 75 male and 75 female and they are selected from nainital district of kumaun region The modernization scale constructed by Singh was used. After data collection differences on level of modernization among male and female adolescents was calculated using sample t test .Results revealed that girls are more modern than boys.
Pages: 1052-1054 Azara Parveen and Champa Mathpal (Department of Psychology, M.B.P.G College Haldwani, Kumaun University, Nainital…
Pages: 1055-1057
Pallavi Sane (Consulting Psychologist, Department of Clinical Psychology Fergusson College, Pune, Maharashtra)
Anil Sawarkar (Clinical Psychologist, Department of Psychology, Fergusson College, Pune, Maharashtra)

Research shows that there are many positive benefits of having pets, the present study attempts to validate and explore whether pets will be able to reduce stress. This being the foundation, the present study is thus conducted. The present study is aimed at finding the difference of stress levels between pet owners and non-pet owners. Smith Stress Symptoms Inventory was administered to a sample of 160 individuals, 80 pet owners and 80 non-pet owners consisting of 40 males and 40 females in each group. The age range selected was from 20years up to 60years with the socio-economic status of over 5 lakhs per annum and above. The sample obtained was from working class. The obtained data was subjected to two-way ANOVA. The results indicated that pet owners had lower levels of stress as compared to non-pet owners as well as the study also showed that gender did not contribute to stress. The non-pet owners showed a high score on dimensions of worry/negative emotions, anxiety, depression, striated muscle tension, interpersonal conflict and attention deficit, indicating higher levels of stress. The study was divided into qualitative and quantitative data. For qualitative data 15 pet owners were interviewed based on a structured interview questionnaire.
Pages: 1055-1057 Pallavi Sane (Consulting Psychologist, Department of Clinical Psychology Fergusson College, Pune, Maharashtra) Anil Sawarkar (Clinical…
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