IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review

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About this Journal

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Sample Paper

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Authors and Ethical Guidelines

Peer Review Policy


A conceptual study on capital market and its various reforms Pages: 54-55 Poonam Rani (Department in Commerce, CRM Jat P. G. College, Hisar, Haryana) A good capital marked in required for industrial and commercial development of a country. Supply of credit is for long term while money market meet the short term needs. Capital Market is central coordinating and directing mechanism for free and balanced flow of financial resources into the economic system of a country. Good Capital Market development is based on availability and organization of funds. Before independence, capital market of India was ill-developed. But, after introduction of various reforms in capital market have helped the capital market to grow. Read more Get Access
Knowledge management: Emerging perspectives Pages: 56-57 Nitin (Department of Computer Engineering, Govt. Polytechnic, Hisar, Haryana) Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. Knowledge management is not a discipline, as such, and should be an integral part of every knowledge workers daily responsibilities. Knowledge Management is the discipline of enabling individuals, teams and entire organizations to collectively and systematically create, share and apply knowledge, to better achieve their objectives. Knowledge Management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge. Knowledge management exists amidst us for a very long time. People who are getting benefited from knowledge management are philosophers, priests, teachers, politicians, scribes, Liberians, etc. Read more Get Access
Issues and management of capital flows to India Pages: 60-67 Sachin Kumar (Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India) Existing studies reveals that the huge surge in international capital flows since early 1990s has created unprecedented opportunities for the developing countries like India to achieve accelerated economic growth. International financial institutions routinely advise developing countries to adopt policy regimes that encourage capital inflows. Since the introduction of the reform process in the early 1990s, India has witnessed a significant increase in capital inflows. The size of net capital inflows to India increased from US $ 7.1 billion in 1990-91 to US $ 108.0 billion in 2007-08. Today, India has one of the highest net capital inflows among the EMEs of Asia. Capital inflows, however, not an unmitigated blessing. The main danger posed by large and volatile capital inflows is that they may destabilize macroeconomic management. As evident, the intensified pressures due to large and volatile capital flows in India in the recent period in an atmosphere of global uncertainties has posed new challenges for monetary and exchange rate management. The present paper elaborates on various aspects of the capital inflows to India and their policy implications. Read more Get Access
Health promotion and workers productivity: A review of literature Pages: 68-70 Garima Yadav (Dronacharya Govt. College, Gurgaon, Haryana) Komal Chawla (Amity University, Rajasthan) Health Promotional strategies in India has changed over the years. It was preventive initially but now health care is becoming curative just as in most developed countries because it helps in increasing productivity of employees. Although preventive health care in India is in nascent stage but with highly growing competition companies have realized the value of human resource and understood that company's productivity and profit rests on employees health and work. This paper aims to present review on association between health promotion and workers productivity and power of prevention in addressing solutions for managing total health and productivity costs. Read more Get Access
Suicidal ideation in relation to attitude towards alcohol and drug abuse and peer relations among adolescents Pages: 71-73 Dipshikha (Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi) Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Hisar, Haryana) The present study examined the relation in suicidal ideation, attitude towards alcohol and drug abuse; and peer relations among adolescents. The sample was comprised of 400 students (200 boys and 200 girls ) in the age range of 18-23 years studying at UG and PG level in District Hisar and Jind. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Method was used to analyze the results. The findings indicated that there was significant relation in suicidal ideation and attitude towards alcohol and drug use, and peer relation among boys, however, such relations were missing among girls. The results are discussed with empirical findings. Read more Get Access
Global war on terror a clear and present danger, India’s stand on it in the United Nations and other forums with a South Asian perspective Pages: 74-85 Manish Kumar Yadav (Department of Political Science, Singhania University Pacheri Bari, Rajasthan) “Terrorism a faceless ideology of nebulous dimensions has wreaked havoc in the contemporary world and has shifted its base from West Asia to South Asia in the recent times; India being a regional power in South Asia is expected to have and done a lot to contain this menace. Way back in 1996, India piloted a draft comprehensive convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) at the General Assembly Committee of the United Nations with the aim to provide an exhaustive legal framework to counter terrorism and her good efforts both regionally and globally continues to this day.” This paper is divided in three parts the first part touches upon the Definition of Terrorism, Globalization of Terrorism in the Contemporary World and the Role played by United Nations in curbing International Terrorism; while the second section deals with India's role in United Nations and other Regional/Global forums on the issue of Terrorism and Global War on Terrorism an American perspective and in the third concluding part we touch upon the counter terror measures taken in the Indian Context and also CCIT tabled by India at the General Assembly Committee of the United Nations. Read more Get Access
Mental health in gender perspective pages: 86-91 Garima Yadav (Dronacharya Govt. College, Gurgaon, Haryana) Positive emotions were never thought as an important factor in adolescent development. Psychologists, academicians and sociologists for long have been talking about healthy growth and upbringing but the ways to enhance and maintain the same were not thought upon, until now. With changing times variables like satisfaction with life, poitive and negative affect and well being are now being studied in light of adolescents upbringing and development. But who fairs better at these positive variables? Who responds better to healthy development and which sex is more satisfied with life? This paper attempts to peep into the matter. Read more Get Access
Physical and verbal aggression in relation to impulsivity and consideration of future consequences among adolescents Pages: 92-94 Meenu (Sai Nath University, Ranchi, Jharkhand) Nirmala Devi (CR College of Education, Hisar, Haryana) The present paper examined relation in physical and verbal aggression, impulsivity and consideration of future consequences (CFC). The sample was comprised of 400 students (200 boys and 200 girls) from the Chandigarh region. The Aggression Questionnaire by Buss and Perry (1992), Barrett's Impulsivity Scale (Patton et al., 1995), and Strathman et al.'s (1994) CFC Scale were used to assess physical and verbal aggression, impulsivity and CFC respectively. Product Moment Correlation Method was used to analyze the results. The findings indicate ted that physical and verbal aggression was significantly related with impulsivity and consideration of future consequences. Read more Get Access
अफगानिस्तान का महत्वः भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के विशेष सन्दर्भ में Pages: 95-98 दिनेश कुमार (एसिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर, रक्षा अध्ययन विभाग, सी.आर.एम. जाट काॅलेज, हिसार, हरियाणा) किसी भी देश की राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा सिर्फ रक्षा तन्त्रों को मजबूत कर लेने मात्र से नहीं हो सकती। रक्षा तन्त्र के अलावा विश्व बिरादरी में मित्र देशों की संख्या भी राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा का प्रमुख तत्व है। जितनी अधिक हमारे मित्र देशों की संख्या होगी, उतना ही कोई देश आक्रमण के पहले सौ बार विचार करेगा। इस तथ्य का सबसे बड़ा उदाहरण इजराइल है। इसके पास रक्षा तन्त्र का अत्याधुनिक भण्डार है फिर भी वह तब तक सुरक्षित नहीं है जब तक उसके ऊपर अमेरिका का हाथ नहीं है। मिश्र व अन्य देश अमेरिका की वजह से ही अत्यन्त छोटे भू-भाग वाले इजराइल पर कभी सम्पूर्ण युद्ध नहीं छेड़ते। मेरे कहने का तात्पर्य यह है कि आज भारत के पास मित्र देशों की संख्या न के बराबर है। अफगानिस्तान दक्षिण एशिया का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग है। यह एक पहाड़ी मुस्लिम राज्य है जो पूर्णतया स्थलबद्ध हैं। इसके उत्तर में सोवियत संघ, पश्चिम में ईरान, दक्षिण में पाकिस्तान दक्षिण पूर्व में पाकिस्तान तथा भारत के कराकोरम पर्वत मालाओं और जम्मू कश्मीर राज्य से घिरा हुआ है। अफगानिस्तान बहुत दिनों तक भारत का अंग था। प्राचीन काल में उसके पूर्वी भाग को गान्धार कहते थे। अफगानिस्तान में प्राकृतिक संसाधन जिसमें प्रमुख रूप से गैस व तेल बड़े पैमाने पर मौजूद हैं। इसके साथ ही साथ अफगानिस्तान एक बड़ा बाजार भी है। यदि भारत अपने सम्बन्धों को अफगानिस्तान से और मजबूत करता है तो भारत की सबसे बड़ी आवश्यकता जो तेल और गैस है उसे कुछ हद तक दूर किया जा सकता है। मित्र देश होने के नाते हम अफगानिस्तान से तेल और गैस रिफाइनरी के लिए लाइसेन्स प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। साथ ही साथ हम अपने यहां उत्पादित वस्तुओं के लिए अफगानिस्तान जैसे बड़े बाजार को भी प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। दूसरी तरफ पाकिस्तान चाहता है कि भारत व विश्व शक्तियाँ इस देश से निकल जायें ताकि वह अफगानिस्तान को पुनः तालिबानियों के हाथों में डाल दे और अपनी मनमानी पहले की तरह कर सके। वास्तव में पाकिस्तान अफगानिस्तान को आतंकवादियों की राजधानी बनाना चाहता है ताकि इन आतंकवादियों का प्रयोग वह भारत के विरुद्ध कर सके और जेहाद का नारा बुलन्द कर सके। एक खूफिया रिपोर्ट में दावा किया गया है कि अफगानिस्तान में 34 जिलों में से 17 जिले अभी भी तालिबानियों के प्रभाव में हैं। अगर अफगानिस्तान में पुनः तालिबानियों का प्रभाव बढ़ता है तो यह भारत की राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के लिए एक खतरा है क्योंकि आतंकवादियों की खेप तैयार करने में पाकिस्तान को पुनः अवसर मिल जाएगा और भारत को पुनः संसद हमला, मुम्बई धमाका जैसे अनेक आतंकवादी घटनाओं का सामना करना पड़ सकता हैं। इसलिए हम अफगानिस्तान से होकर मध्य एशिया से भी अपने सम्बन्धों को जीवन्त कर सकते हैं। यह विदित हो कि दुनिया के तेल व गैस भण्डारों का 70 प्रतिशत मध्य एशिया में विद्यमान है। अतः हम निष्कर्श रूप से यह कह सकते हैं कि यदि हम तालिबान व पाकिस्तान के गठजोड़ को अफगानिस्तान की मदद से तोड़ देते हैं। Read more Get Access
लोकप्रिय हिन्दी सिनेमा में पेशेवरों का स्टीरियोटाइप चित्रण Pages: 99-103 संजय गुणपाल (जनसंचार एवं मीडिया प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, कुरूक्षेत्र विश्वविद्यालय, कुरूक्षेत्र) यह अध्ययन भारतीय सिनेमा में 1960 से 2010 तक की फिल्मों में विभिन्न पेशेवरों के चरित्रों के चित्रण को जानने के लिए किया गया है। इस शोध में यह जांचा गया है कि सिनेमा में पेशेवरों के जो चरित्र है उन्हें कैसे स्टीरियोटाइप किया जाता है। इसमें पेशेवर चरित्रों की आर्थिक स्थिति, उनका व्यापक चित्रण तथा उनकी फिल्म में भूमिका के आधार पर इनकी स्टीरियोटाइप छवियों का विश्लेशण कर परिणाम प्राप्त किए गए हैं। शोध में 50 लोकप्रिय फिल्मों (1960 से 2010 तक) के 500 चरित्रों को आधार बनाकर प्रश्नों के उत्तर प्राप्त किए हैं। हर फिल्म में से 10 मुख्य पात्र उठाए गए हैं। परिणाम बताते हैं कि कैसे पेशे के आधार पर चरित्र को चुना जाता है तथा स्टीरियोटाइपड़ किया जाता है। Read more Get Access
Academic stress: A global pandemic among students Pages: 104-107 Taruna Malhotra (Vaish College of Education, Rohtak) Prabhjot Guron (Research Scholar, Sai Nath Univeresity, Ranchi) Anything that discourages, decreases confidence or creates inhibitions among children can be termed as stress which can be caused by academics, interactions, fear of under achievement and rejection of thoughts and ideas and lack of motivation and encouragement. It becomes very prominent among adolescents when they are undergoing changes or conversely are undergoing lack of changes and purpose. Anybody can define stress among adolescents in a layman language almost quite accurately whereas in this Paper we actually try to understand stress as a study of psychology among adolescents, the factors which create it and the Role of interacting individuals which contribute to its increase, decrease and control. Read more Get Access
Cyber crime investigation and enforcement of law in India Pages: 108-112 Pranav Prakash (Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, Jharkhand) Speed is the core of the Modern Era with rapidly growing modern technology conquering new horizons; the size of the world is becoming shorter and shorter. Because of such borderless technology, now the question arise how to deal with the crimes of such technology. The main problem in such crimes is of investigation and law enforcement. Cyber crime is one of the toughest challenges that law enforcing agencies in India face. Various departments of the criminal justice administration system are awakening to the possibility of the crime in Cyberspace and the necessity for being computer savvy. The present paper reviews on cyber crime investigation and enforcement of law in India. Read more Get Access
A study of attitude towards use of computers, computer related anxiety and computer related self-efficacy among college students Pages: 113-117 Khushgeet Kaur (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala) The study focused on exploring attitude towards use of computers, computer related anxiety and computer related self-efficacy among college students in relation to gender, stream and social class. The data were collected from 300 government and private degree college students of Sangrur district of Punjab. The results of the study revealed significant stream-wise differences in attitude of college students towards use of computers and computer related anxiety, respectively. Further, arts, commerce and professional students possessed significantly more favourable attitude and significantly more computer related anxiety towards use of computers as compared to their science counterparts, respectively. Significant differences were reported in computer related anxiety among college students in relation to social class. On the contrary, no significant gender differences were found in attitude of college students towards use of computers, computer related anxiety and computer related self-efficacy. Also, no significant stream-wise differences were found in computer related self-efficacy among college students. Non-significant differences were also reported in attitude of college students towards use of computers and computer related self-efficacy in relation to social class, respectively. These results of the study have implications for counsellors, teachers and parents. Read more Get Access
Culture and mental health: Examples of culture-related syndromes Pages: 118-122 Reetinder Kaur (UGC Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh) Culture-related syndromes are mental conditions or psychiatric syndromes whose occurrence or manifestation are closely related to cultural factors and thus, warrant understanding and management from a cultural perspective. The present paper provides a comprehensive list of various culture-related syndromes and also attempts to broadly classify them. The various socio-cultural factors that explain these syndromes are also discussed. Read more Get Access
A study of attitude towards use of computers, computer related anxiety and computer related self-efficacy among college students Pages: 20-25 Khushgeet Kaur (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala) The study focused on exploring attitude towards use of computers, computer related anxiety and computer related self-efficacy among college students in relation to gender, stream and social class. The data were collected from 300 government and private degree college students of Sangrur district of Punjab. The results of the study revealed significant stream-wise differences in attitude of college students towards use of computers and computer related anxiety, respectively. Further, arts, commerce and professional students possessed significantly more favourable attitude and significantly more computer related anxiety towards use of computers as compared to their science counterparts, respectively. Significant differences were reported in computer related anxiety among college students in relation to social class. On the contrary, no significant gender differences were found in attitude of college students towards use of computers, computer related anxiety and computer related self-efficacy. Also, no significant stream-wise differences were found in computer related self-efficacy among college students. Nonsignificant differences were also reported in attitude of college students towards use of computers and computer related self-efficacy in relation to social class, respectively. These results of the study have implications for counsellors, teachers and parents. Read more Get Access
Quality of life among adolescents in Goa Pages: 255-258 Tina D'Cunha (Post Graduate Department of Psychology St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa ) H. L. Kaila (Professor of Psychology Mumbai, Maharastra) Adolescence is a time when most young people have to make decisions (by choice, compulsion or default) that frequently have lasting consequences throughout the rest of their lives. These experiences have an impact on the experience of their quality of life. The present study aimed at assessing the percentage of adolescents experiencing the various levels of quality of life. The study was based on adolescents in Goa. The WHO's Quality of Life scale - BREF (WHOQOL- BREF) was used to gather the research data. Apercentage mapping on Quality of life across the three phases of adolescence indicated most adolescents perceive high and average quality of life with none showing in the low perception category. Acomparison of the phases indicated that a higher percentage of middle adolescents experienced a higher quality of life. Read more Get Access
Software Agents Pages:146-147 Seema Sangwan (Department of Computer Science, CMJ University, Shillong) In Computer Science, software agents play a vital role. Day by day agents are becoming popular paradigm in computer world because of their flexible and modular behavior. Agent is desired from the Latin agree: to do. Agents are special types of applications.In computing agents can be defined as a software or hardware eutities which works for a user or other program that perform some set of takes. This paper deals with the main applications and the use of software agent technology in data mining. Read more Get Access
Corruption in government and non government sectors in India Pages: 243-246 Satpal (Independent Scholar, Political Science, Fatehabad, Haryana) Corruption in all societies is as old as the power itself. However, the forms and manifestation of corruption have been continually changing. Almost all the countries in the world today are plagued with the cancer of corruption. However, its nature, volume and dimensions differ largely from country to country and from one environment to another. Corruption in India is one of the major setbacks. It exists from top to bottom level and as a result of this the poor and innocent people are suffering from it. Corruption is damaging our economic growth also. The absence of transparency and accountability in governance and administration and our people's sense of helplessness weaken our democratic process. The failure of law to chatch the corrupt and then to deliver deterrent punishment to them has led to widespread cynicism among people. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the causes, consequences and measures to combat corruption. Read more Get Access
Domains of diversity in leaders: An empirical investigation in the context of local self-government Pages: 247-251 Niranjan Sia (Department of Psychology, Nayagarah Autonomous College, Nayagarh, Odisha) Nilambar Rayguru (Department of Political Science. Maniabandha College, Baramba) Sasmita Patnayak (Anganwadi Workers Training Center, Dhenkanal) The local self-governments are the essential components for decentralization of power. The 73rd amendment of Indian constitution has facilitated for three tier rural local self-governments in the form of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat samiti and Zilla Parishad. As per the provisions of this amendment, all sectors of population i.e. schedule cast (SC), schedule tribe (ST), socially and economically backward cast (SEBC), and women from each group including general caste have got elected as members of panchayatiraj bodies. They are considered as new public in democratic governance like Panchayati Raj.The status of these members in decision making process and their role in planning and implementation of policies are yet questionable. Though some rare achievements have been highlighted by government reports, the general functioning of Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis and Zilla Parishad is not in desirable norms as propagated by different mass-medias. With this line of thought an empirical investigation has been made to examine the domains of diversity in leaders of rural local self-governments. It involved 278 grass root leaders (22 ZP members, 128 PS members and 128 panchayat members) from cuttack and Malkanagiri districts of Odisha. The responses of these leaders were collected through structured interviews using a survey schedule containing 60 items. These items were to be responded, to give information about five domains of leaders' political behavior: Socialization of leadership, perception of leader's task, involvement in panchayatiraj system, participation in decision-making process and functioning of panchayatiraj bodies. Results are discussed in terms of significance of differences between proportions (contingency x2) in relation to sex or setting. Major findings of the study states that setting shows a significant difference in all the five domains, but sex shows significant difference with respect to education, perception, and participation in panchayatiraj system. These differences pose complex psycho-social diversity in the functioning of Panchayatiraj bodies. This diversity in leaders of local bodies should be considered as a base for the planning and implementation of policies. Read more Get Access
Impact of developmental process on the status of women: A geographical analysis Pages: 252-255 Somvir Bhoria and Joginder Singh (Department of Geography, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana) Development is a multi dimensional phenomenon which exerts its impact on every aspect of human life. It is commonly accepted that with the developmental process gender discrimination tends to decrease in all the spheres of life. In past many studies (Bsal (1999), Kumar (2002) Prakasha (2003) have also proved that the change in attitude of society with development is not same in all the cases. Present paper is an attempt to bring out how gender relation is related to developmental process in the case of Haryana by employing deprivation index on selected developmental indicators at district level. Read more Get Access
Reproductive health status, attitudes and care of urban women Pages: 256-258 Alok Kumar (Department of Sociology, C. C. S. University, Meerut, U.P.) This paper examines reproductive health Care of women, focuses on the socio-economic profile of urban women, attitude towards the age at Marriage, pregnancy/delivery and children, attitude of women and their family members after child birth. Keeping all the above facts in view, the researcher has decided to investigate the phenomenon by using interview and observation technique at Bulandshahr city. The result shows that Majority of housewife/nonworking have no income belonging to general category and younger age group of 26-35, lives in Pakka house and have small number of rooms, whereas almost all 99% of the respondents have light, ventilation and separate kitchen in their houses. Majority of the women entered into marriage at the age of 21-25, have experienced first pregnancy at the age of 21-25and have 2 children, Majority of the respondents have reported that they take special care & precaution during pregnancy, they get regular medical checkup during pregnancy, and if doctor suggests, then they take tonics and medicine before and after delivery. Their deliveries are performed by female doctors in hospital or nearby nursing home. It is observed that their in-laws take care of the new born, while they work in or out of house. Read more Get Access
Quality of life among villagers Pages: 259-262 Vijaysen Pandey (Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) The present study examined the quality of life among villagers. Two hundred forty subjects varying along the levels of ecological change of village (joint and nuclear family), caste groups (GEN, OBC and SC) and gender ( male and female) drawn from Maharajganj and Kushinagar district of eastern Uttar Pradesh completed the quality of life measure. The result reveled that subjects belonging to villages having nuclear family showed significantly higher quality of life than their counterpart's subjects. Generally the male and female have similar interaction pattern so they have similar experience of quality of life. The evaluation of total quality of life found high in SC subjects in compression to GEN and SC but GEN expressed higher level of quality of life on one dimension i.e. psychological health. Education level was found positively related to QoL. Read more Get Access
Present scenario of dalit women in the aspect of equal prospect and security Pages: 263-265 Shilpa Shukla (Department of Social Work, Institute of Environment and Management, Lucknow, U.P.) Status of Dalit in India is highly deplorable; they are the social outcaste. Dalit phenomenon has been constantly flowing through Indian system from centuries. Apart from untouchability they are subjected to a number of humiliations. Dalits are excluded due to rigid mindsets of our society regarding untouchability. Dalit women have been exploited mentally and physically, deprived of their human rights, hence their inclusion and role in decision making is almost negligible. Unequal treatment keeps them away from the overall development (mental, physical and social) and deprived them from livelihood which again makes them unsecured. This Paper have been examine present scenario of dalit women in the perspective of equal prospect and security Read more Get Access
Cyber terrorism and cyber laws: The challenge for governments Pages: 266-272 Aakashdeep Sharma (Resource Person, Government College for Girls, Sector, 42, Police Administration, Chandigarh) Narinder Singh (Research Scholar, Centre for Police Administration, Panjab University, Chandigarh) A new form of cyber crime which has emerged in the modem age is 'Cyber Terrorism'. The concept of cyber terrorism comes from two elements: cyber space and terrorism. The word 'cyber' signifies a form of information technology, the internet etc. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has offered the following working definition, "Cyber terrorism is the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against non combatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents". Terrorists may be classified as cyber terrorists whether they solely rely on cyber terrorism to further their cause, or whether they use cyber terrorism in addition to other more conventional forms of terrorism. Cyber terrorism is more of a threat today than ever before due to several factors. First, the tragic events of September 11, 2001, have proven that there are terrorist groups who have the sophistication and brazenness to attack the United States within its own borders. Second, almost every facet of human life, including financial institutions, production facilities, and government functions, has become increasingly dependent on computer technology. Third, the economy is increasingly dependent on electronic transactions, which are vulnerable to a cyber terrorist attack. Read more Get Access
Homosexuality: A psychological perspective Pages: 273-279 Vinod Kumar (Deputy Director, Haryana State AIDS Control , Society, Health Department, Haryana) Vijay Garg, A.P.D. (Addl. Project Director, Haryana State AIDS Control) Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Rohtak, Haryana) The most common terms for homosexual people are lesbian for females and gay for males, though gay is also used to refer generally to both homosexual males and females. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. The number of people who identify as gay or lesbian and the proportion of people who have same-sex sexual experiences are difficult for researchers to estimate reliably for a variety of reasons, including many gay people not openly identifying as such due to homophobia. The present paper reviews psychological perspectives of homosexuality. Read more Get Access

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