Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW)
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Relation between Haryanvi folk lore, culture and swang

Pages: 292-294
Sandhya Sharma (Directorate of Students Welfare CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Satish Kashyap (Folk Dramatist, Directorate of Students Welfare LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana)

Relation between Swang and Haryana Folk Lore Culture is strong and omnipresent and evident. In this study the relation has been developed to find the ingredients. Haryana culture is proud of a rich cultural heritage that goes way back to the Vedic times. The state is rich in folklore. The people of Haryana have their A traditions. The age old customs of meditation, Yoga and chanting of Vedic Mantras, are still observed by the masses. The dance is just not a form of recreation but something needed to release the physical and emotional energy. Folk dances, like other creative art, helps in sublimating the performer's worries and cares. Haryana is rich in folk music, whose roots are firmly entrenched in the classical music of yore.

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Sustainable development of Bhadra tahsil, Hanumangarh district using remote sensing techniques

Pages: 295-297
Surender Kumar (Department of Geography, Govt. College, Hisar, Haryana)

Sustainable development plays an important role for long term development of any region. The present paper attempts to analyse sustainable development of Bhadra Tehsil, dist. Hanumangath. An attempt has been made to study the sustainable development using Remote sensing techniques. Two time frames of twenty years have been taken. Different statically analysis shows remarkable sustainable development in the study area.

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Gender differences in academic stress, self-efficacy, parental relationship and peer relations among students

Pages: 298-300
Nirmala Devi (C.R. College of Education, Hisar, Haryana)
Surender Bajia (Govt. College, Hisar, Haryana)

The present paper examined gender difference in academic stress, self-efficacy, parental relationship and peer relations among students. The sample was compared of 400 students (200 boys and 200 girls) studying at college level in the age group of 19-23 years. Academic stress scale by Busaris, Self-efficacy scale by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995), Parental Relationship by Parker et al. (1979) and Peer pressure Questionnaire developed by Sandeep Singh and Sunil Saini were used to measure the academic stress, self-efficacy, parental relationship, and peer pressure among students. The results indicated that there was significant gender difference in academic stress, father-child relationship and peer relations.

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Khap Panchayat a social court or a Kangaroo court

Pages: 301-303
Ashok Kumar (Government Primary School, Jaitpur, Rewari, Haryana)

Khap Panchayat is the union of a few villagers mainly in the north India through it exists in similar form in the rest of the country. The Khap council and various political units now for the most part do not have legislative functions because they have no legal sanction or authority as the enjoyed earlier under their legal charger, then the Khap Panchayat could frame rule and regulation to be obeyed not only by the Jats but also other caste and infringement was punished by the Khap Panchayat which was supreme in the internal matter. The present paper reviews on Khap Panchyat is whether a social court or a Kangaroo court.

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मानवजनित मरूस्थलीकर ा एवं वनोन्मूलन

Pages: 304-307
संकेत मिठारवाल (इंडीपे डेंट स्काॅलर, भूगोल, रोहतक, हरिया ाा)

प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र मानवजनित मरूस्थलीकर ा एवं वनोन्मूलन के अध्ययन से संबंधित है। मरूस्थलीकर ा एवं वनोन्मुलन प्राकृतिक व मानवीय कार ाांे से होता है। मरूस्थलीकर ा से पर्यावर ा संकट बढ़ रहा है। यह पारिस्थितक तंत्र में परिवर्तन के फ्लास्वरूप गु ाव्ता का विस्तार हो रहा है। इसका निरन्तर विस्तार भविष्य में एक विकट समस्या के रूप में उभरेगी। इसे रोकने के लिए वनोन्मूलन समस्या को रोकना भी अति आवश्यक है। वन एक अमूल्य संपदा है। अतः वनों के विनास को रोकने के लिए वनों का संरक्ष ा करना अति आवश्यक है। पर्यावर ा को संतुलित रखने के लिए मरूस्थलीकर ा व वनोन्मूलन दोनों विकट समस्या से निजात पाना होगा जो संर्पू ा मानव जाति के जागरूक होने से ही संभव है। जिससे हम वर्तमान के साथ-साथ भविष्य को भी सुंदर और सुखद बना सकते हैं।

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Gratification of entertainment needs of post graduate students by radio: A study of four universities in national capital region

Pages: 308-314
Gagan Deep (Department of Communication Management and Technology Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

The use of media in an urban setting depends highly on the perceived needs of the users. The different patterns of the use of any medium are related to the gratification process related to that medium, but the interrelation of the media use and the needs of the media users is a complicated issue. The present research paper presents the patterns of use of radio by the post graduate students of the National Capital Region of India. The paper signifies the importance of modern radio or FM for today's post graduate university students of the National Capital Region, especially when it comes to the gratification of their entertainment needs.

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Gender differences in emotional intelligence and self concept of the tribal and non tribal higher school students

Pages: 1-7
Deepa Ghosh (Department of Psychology, N. S. Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, Tripura)

Present study is aimed at investigating and comparing emotional intelligence and self concept of the boys and girls students of higher secondary school. This study further aimed to explore the differences between tribal and non-tribal students on emotional intelligence and self concept. The present study planned to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and self concept. The sample comprised of 139 students (Male=69; Female=70). Among them tribal was 79 students and nontribal was 60 students. Their age ranged from 17-19 years. The sample was randomly selected from the five different schools of Tripura. Emotional Intelligence Test (EIT) by Dr Ekta Sharma and Self Concept Rating Scale by Dr R.K. Saraswat were used. Findings showed significant differences between the tribal and non-tribal students on overall emotional intelligence (t=3.277; p<0.01) and self concept (t=4.985; p<0.01). In case of boys and girls students gender difference is found on emotional intelligence (t=2.327; p<0.05. However study revealed that girls possess poorer amount of self concept (t=2.593; p<0.05) than boys. Results further revealed that there was significant relationship (r=.545; p<0.01) between emotional intelligence and self concept. The result of the study can be used retrospectively for ensuring psychological intervention to improve emotional intelligence and self-concept of the school students.

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Impact of regional rural banks on Haryana economy

Pages: 8-14
Ritika Sharma (Department of Economics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The Planning Commission has also appreciated the State Government of Haryana for the reform initiatives taken in various sectors. Haryana Per Capita Income is the highest amongst the large States in the Country. Haryana State displayed an achievement of raising 192 percent of the State resources as compared to the original projection. At the time of commencement of the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), the State had projected the resources at Rs 33,374 crore and against which Rs 64,123 crore were actually mobilized by the State. Under this study Impact of RRB's on the Haryana Economy is discussed by taking different indicators: priority sector loan disbursed, non priority sector loan disbursed, SC/ST loan disbursed, minorities loan disbursed, SF/MF/AL loan disbursed, self help groups, Kisan credit card, women development cell and farmer club etc & results are obtained by taking different statistical tools like t-test, Compound Growth Rate, standard deviation, Co-efficient of variation (C.V) etc. This study concludes that Gramin Banks in Haryana contributed very well to the development of rural sectors. The Gramin banks in Haryana were effective in reaching to the door steps of rural masses. The disbursement of loan and advances to priority sector, non priority sector, small farmers, marginal farmers, SC/ST was good. Gramin banks introduced and successfully executed various schemes and programs like debt swap schemes, Kisan credit card, corporate social responsibilities, health camps, village adoptions, awareness, and women empowerment etc for the development of the rural economy of the Haryana.

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Sexual harassment of working women: Incidence and reasons

Pages: 15-20
Reena Chaudhary (Department of Sociology, University School of Open Learning, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Sexual Harassment at workplace is a violation of women's right to gender equality, life and liberty. Sexual harassment of working women is an extension of violence in everyday life and is discriminatory, exploitative, thriving in atmosphere of threat, terror and reprisal. In India, it was the ruling of the Supreme Court (1997) in the famous Vishaka Case that brought the issue to the public consciousness. The present paper attempts to find out the existence of the problem of sexual harassment among women at work place & to explore main precipitating factors responsible for the problem of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is a recent phenomenon and in order to highlight the hazards of occupations women face, it becomes necessary to take up such problem which clearly refers towards the working women.

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Forgiveness and gratitude as correlates of mental health

Pages: 21-26
Varsha Rani, Hemlata, Anjali Malik and Sarvdeep Kohli (Department of Psychology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Forgiveness and Gratitude are character strengths that have direct and indirect associations with well being and mental health. This paper examines these connections or associations among young adults. So for this purpose, total sample comprising of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) within the age range of 22-28 years from Rohtak city was chosen. Tools utilized were Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire- six item form (GQ-6) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). Results indicate that both forgiveness and gratitude are related together as well as have a very strong positive relationship with mental health with forgiveness being the stronger predictor of the two. The study implicates that there is a great need to inculcate positive psychological strengths like forgiveness and gratitude in young adults to allow them to enjoy enhanced psychological well-being.

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Effect of frequency of internet use on cognitive processing among adolescents

Pages: 27-31
Priyanka Chauhan and Sunita Gupta (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab)

The present research intends to study the impact of frequency of Internet use on cognitive processing among adolescents. The sample consisted of 240 adolescents (120 males and 120 females) within the age range of 13 to 17 years. The subjects completed the Internet use scale (Donchi & Moore, 2004) and four scales measuring cognitive processing each measuring one dimension of Cognitive processing (i.e., planning, attention, simultaneous and successive processing). The data was subjected to 2×2 analysis of variance. The results of ANOVA clearly revealed significant differences between frequent and infrequent Internet users particularly in terms of planning, attention and successive processing while no significant differences was found in terms of simultaneous processing. The frequent Internet users thus, displayed higher cognitive processing benefits than their counterparts. In order to see the significance of differences among means involved in interactions Duncan's multiple range test was applied, the results revealed that infrequent female Internet users lack significantly in attention span task as compared to counterparts. Internet, thus may act as a tool that encourages certain kind of cognitive structures among adolescents.

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Deteriorating economic conditions affecting the lives of the masses in Pakistan

Pages: 32-36
Anwaar Mohyuddin and Nazia Israr (Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan)

Prevailing economic conditions in any society are one of the major factors in the sustainability and development of that society. The main purpose of this study is to understand that the prevailing economic conditions determine whether a society will be able to support or not a certain population within that area. Thus, economic conditions play a major role in whether a local population will make progress or will lack basic amenities of life. The present study is conducted in the locality of Gujar Khan. The researcher tried to discover the socioeconomic effects of prevailing economic conditions of local people at the level of both household and community. The study will focus on such variables as availability of educational facilities, health, hygiene and sanitation, nutritional needs, clothing, shelters etc. Data presented in this article is collected by using qualitative anthropological techniques.

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Perceived stress among employees of public sector banks and private sector banks: A comparative study

Pages: 37-41
Pankaj Mehta and Bindia Mehta (Department of Education, Govt. of Haryana, Haryana)

The banking sector in India has undergone tremendous changes with increased competition, increased levels of deregulation, which has facilitated the Indian banking system and has placed enormous pressure and has created stress in the bank employees. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the perceived stress level of bank employees from public and private sector of district Sirsa, Haryana. Another objective is to see the gender difference in perceived stress among bank employees of public and private sector banks. For this purpose, our methodology entails a survey of 50 public and 50 private sector bank employees Sirsa district of Haryana, whose responses are measured on Cohen's perceived stress scale. The sample consists 50 male and 50 female participants to find the gender differences in perceived stress. For the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics and t-test are used. The findings of the study suggest that private sector bank employees have higher stress in comparison to their counterpart employees from public sector banks. Regardless to their sector i.e. public & private, the female bank employees show higher stress level than male bank employees.

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The social sciences: As perceived by their pursuers

Pages: 42-45
Shubhdip Kaur, Damanjit Sandhu and Haroon Shafiq (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India)

The position of Social Sciences in today's society is not satisfactory. Promoting young researchers in long term social research is difficult. The aim of this investigation was to study the perceived status of social sciences in today's society from its pursuers' perspective. The study focused primarily on students pursuing any of the social sciences at masters or higher levels. Around 100 students within the age range of 22-30 years from various colleges or universities were surveyed. The results obtained revealed that most of the pursuers had experienced society's narrow vision towards their subjects. Due to the perception of society towards these subjects, these pursuers feel that there is no positive scope for social sciences in our society. Surprisingly around 91% of the pursuers were satisfied with their streams. Thus although there is little societal acceptance for the subjects of social sciences its pursuers acknowledge their subjects fully and have high acceptance for them. They are just disappointed with the lack of awareness society and people have regarding the importance of social sciences. But the truth is that the role of social sciences cannot be negated, for theirs is a role of healthy nation building. The need is to bring in spotlight their contributions and how their research outcomes can be used to improve our society.

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Assessing emotional intelligence and self concept of the private and government higher secondary school students

Pages: 46-52
Deepa Ghosh (Department of Psychology, N.S.Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, Tripura)

Present study aimed at investigating and comparing emotional intelligence and self concept of the private and government higher secondary school students. This study is planned to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and self concept. The sample comprised of 100 students. Among them private school students were 50 and government school students were 50. Their age ranged from 17-19 years. The sample was randomly selected from two private and two government higher secondary schools. Emotional Intelligence Test (EIT) by Dr Ekta Sharma and Self Concept Rating Scale by Dr R.K. Saraswat were used. Findings showed significant difference between the students of private and government schools on emotional intelligence (t=3.447; p<0.01) and self concept (t=3.73; p<0.01). Results further revealed that there was significant relationship (r=.501; p<0.01) between emotional intelligence and self concept. The result of the study can be used retrospectively for ensuring psychological intervention to improve emotional intelligence and self-concept of the school students.

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A compare study of life satisfaction, emotional empathy and psychological needs among adolescents

Pages: 53-55
Reena (Independent Scholar, Psychology, Jind, Haryana)
Swati Singh (Department of Psychology, MDU, Rohtak)

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of emotional empathy and psychological needs towards life satisfaction. The sample was comprised of 300 (150 boys and 150 girls) adolescents in the age range of 18 -22 years. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin (1985), Emotional Empathy by Multi-Dimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (Caruso & Mayer,1998) and Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS) were used to collect the data from adolescents. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation method was used to analyze the results. The findings indicated that life satisfaction was positively related with emotional empathy and negatively related with psychological needs of adolescent boys and girls.

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Concept of identity among migrant Muslims of Manimajra, Chandigarh in India

Pages: 56-61
Mohammadmehdi Heydari (Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Migrant Muslims settled in Manimajra area tend to maintain their identity through a number of identity-maintaining-mechanisms like language, clothing, eating habits, forms of recreation as well as behaviour during festivals. Another aspect of their identity would be reflected in the position of their women folk and their interrelationships with members of the other religions communities like Hindus, Sikhs and Christians. The mechanisms of identity as ascribed and adopted over periods of time in any given space. In the case of Chandigarh [as also seen globally] the advent of the Muslims was for the purpose of economic and religious propagation in this region. Once the city had begun coming up, the rural population was either displaced or it had migrated en masse to other areas. Some of them opted to continue staying in the vicinity of their earlier homes. The newer settlements were planned but some of the older rural parts continued to thrive in their earlier neighbourhoods. The identity of the migrants and the initial inhabitants had certain promotive and propagative elements. The significance of their collective desire for sustainably maintaining their identity is reflective of their fear of getting lost in the crowd.

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Parental and peer influences on alcohol related attitudes among college students

Pages: 62-65
Mustafa N. Kirmani (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP)
L. N. Suman (National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnatak)

The study aimed at examining parental and peer influences on attitude toward alcohol and drinking among undergraduate students. The sample consisted of 433 students (231 boys and 202 girls). The tools used in the study were socio-demographic Data Sheet, Attitude Towards Alcohol and Drinking Scale (ATADS), Family and Peer Influence Scale (FPIS) and Gender differences on these variables. Data was analyzed by using mean, SD, Pearson product moment correlation and t-test was used to examine gender differences. Results revealed that boys had more favorable attitude toward alcohol than girls. Further, boys were more influenced by their family and peers than girls in terms of attitude toward alcohol. The findings have implications for prevention of alcohol abuse and possible differential prevention packages for boys and girls among college going students.

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Changes in the values: A study of mental health status of the single eldelry persons living alone in Chandigarh

Pages: 66-68
Bindu (Department of Sociology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab)

There has been gradual increase in the population aged 60 years and older. In the population of the aged single elders are in more vulnerable condition. All single elderly persons do not constitute a homogeneous category as they are from different age groups and having marital status. The problem of an elderly widowed person may vary from elderly divorced/ never married and the problems of elderly never married person may differ from elderly widowed/ divorced. A recently retired person is more active than those elderly who are above 75 years and facing more problems in their day to day life. Change in the traditional values to modern values has made the life of single elderly more vulnerable which affect the mental health of those single elderly who are living alone in the community without any family member. Thus, single elderly persons are in need to highlight in this situation. This paper is modest attempt to understand the mental health status of single elderly persons due to changes in the values (traditional to modern values). For this, data has been collected through interview schedule in which 20 respondents are taken for analysis. The study has been dealt with various effects of mental health problems of single elderly persons. The result shows that 70% respondents feel in good mood most of the time, relaxed without any difficulty, feel peaceful, and enjoy the things they do. They are less helpless, irritated and sometime feel anxiety. Most of the respondents feel happy in the company of others. Whereas, 30% of the respondents feel that it is not wonderful be alive now and 35% feel that nothing turned out the want they wanted. In the concluding remarks, most of the single elderly persons are mentally healthy and happy.

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Gender differences in life satisfaction emotional empathy, perfectionism and psychological needs

Pages: 69-71
Reena (Independent Scholar, Psychology, Jind, Haryana )
Swati Singh (Department of Psychology, MDU, Rohtak, Haryana)

The aim of the present study was to gender differences in life satisfaction, emotional empathy, perfectionism and psychological needs among adolescents. The sample was comprised of 300 (150 boys and 150 girls) adolescents in the age range of 18 -22 years. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin (1985), Emotional Empathy by Multi-Dimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (Caruso & Mayer,1998) Perfectionism was measure by The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) (Frost, Marten, Lahart & Rosenblate, 1990) and Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS) were used to collect the data from adolescents. T-test was calculated to analyze the results. The findings indicated that there was significant gender difference in life satisfaction, emotional empathy, perfectionism and psychological needs.

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Children of war zone: Lost innocence

Pages: 72-76
Roomana N. Siddiqui (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh )

Large-scale violence due to conflicts has reached epidemic proportions in the contemporary world. Several nations across the globe are at war with each other or fighting a proxy war. Modern warfare strategies have further added to the woes of the people. Due to technological advancements wars are no longer fought in battlefields. As the scene of action has shifted from the battlefield to civilian population, mainly overpopulated neighborhoods and cities the damage caused is immense. The frequent and continual exposure to intense level of violence either direct or indirect may cause patterns of emotional and cognitive processing, which might feed into further violence (Schauer & Schauer, 2010). Though the negative impact of wars have been well chronicled yet we often fail to acknowledge or address the fact that in such a scenario children become the most vulnerable group. They are at risk of being exposed to terror and trauma of wars. Most often they are witnessing it first hand and other times it is being played and replayed on the now pervasive media, which affects their psyche. Children learn what they see and too often they learn that violence is an acceptable way to resolve conflict. On the cognitive level this traumatic experience shatters the most fundamental beliefs about safety, trust, and self-esteem. As a result they see the world as an unsafe place that is frightening and disrupts their sense of security and control. The crux of the situation is that children's innocence gets disrupted by conflicts they have nothing to do with and have no stakes in it. It is not only as bystanders that they get affected but often they themselves are causalities of war through injury, death, disease, malnutrition, loss of family, disruption of stability, deleterious health effect and family and community disorganization. Many children end up being refugees due to separation from parents or due to death or dislocation of their families. This paper attempts to address the plight of such children's caught in the war zone and the implication it has for their growth both at the psychological and physical level.

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Addressing the health drawback of rural populations: How does literature evidence inform rural health policies?

Pages: 77-82
Nanjunda (UGC-CSSEIP Research Centre, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnatka)

Rural health has been an interesting concept in sociology and medical anthropology since last few decades. Plenty of research work has been done on the health culture and health behavior of the rural people across the globe. However, in Karnataka very few studies have been done on this topic. For the first time noted Medical anthropologists Rever (1924), has done land marking work on the concept of health and illness of native people. Clements (1932) has done work on the basic concept of disease focusing black magic, sorcery, sprit intrusion etc in rural areas. Rural areas in general are marked by poor implementation of health facilities. Various Governments have implemented many rural specific health programmes. High concentration of infectious diseases, absence of effective health education, lack of fundamental facilities, problems in the implantation are adversely affecting the rurals' health today. However various social and cultural factors play a vital role in case of rural health behaviour. This paper is based on the review of current literatures to provide new theoretical background in framing rural health polices.

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Mental retardation in early intervention perspective

Pages: 83-94
Smita Tiwary (Department of Psychology, Patna Womens College, Patna )

Mental retardation is a delay or slowness in a child's mental development. The child who is mentally handicapped learns things more slowly than other children of same age. The child may have less developmental milestones almost in a child with handicap is unable to unable to interact with his environment because of his disabilities. The further block the avenues for interaction. Therefore the child's experience are too few and his learning is hampered. As time passes him deviates further from normal and if the handicapping conditions are unchecked and of sufficient severity mental retardation occurs. These children are at risk for secondary deprivation because of feedback. All these may culminate in social and emotional handicaps adding further to the existing problems. most of the motor, social, a. Depending on the degree of mental retardation, early identification, timely intervention and adequate opportunities for training and developing their skills, many of these children can grow up to care themselves in most ways and learn to live as independent, responsible and active members of the community.cademic and other areas.

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Career decision-making among adolescents in relation to social maturity and self-efficacy

Pages: 95-97
Jagpreet Kaur and Ramanjeet Kaur (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India)

The investigation was conducted in order to study career decision-making of adolescents in relation to their social maturity and self-efficacy using descriptive method of research. Career Decision-Making Profile (CDMP) Questionnaire developed by Gati (2011), A Comprehensive Scale of Social maturity (ACSSM) developed by Pal (1986) and Self-Efficacy (SE) Scale developed by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995) were administered to a stratified random sample of 356 adolescents (F= 182, M=174). T-test was employed testing the significance of mean difference in various dimensions of career decision-making among adolescents across high and low levels of social maturity & high and lowlevels of self-efficacy. The findings of the investigation reported that there were significant differences in 'procrastination' dimension of career decision-making across high and low levels of social maturity & in 'information gathering', 'information processing','desire to please others' 'willingness to compromise' and 'intuitive' dimensions of career decision-making among adolescents across high and low levels of self-efficacy.

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Changing traditional rural industry bastion: Hand-beaten metal utensil makers of Jandiala Guru

Pages: 98-103
Sumit Goyal and A. K. Sinha (Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

The process of cooking and serving food has been taken to the heights of becoming an art. This has evolved to such an extent that there are highly specific ways and manners of serving certain dishes. Also there are certain special utensils for cooking some of the meals and their singular components. There are separate utensils to be used as fuel and separate ones are to be used for weddings and similar social gatherings. Then there is a whole range of designated utensils that form an essential part of the trousseau of a bride. There may be several variations from region to region. These variations are manifested in the shape and design of the utensils. Each having a particular pre-ordained purpose. Thus, the utensils used for cooking evolved through various stages from leaves, stone and wood through metals to glassware, melamine and Styrofoam. Besides the ease of use and cost effectiveness of the utensils there was the constant rider of maintenance of these vessels. The contribution of rural handicrafts is recognized for its secondary employment potential in rural areas; as a supplier of basic needs; as a factor in redistribution through assisting the landless; and for its contribution to foreign exchange.

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