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स्वांग में महिलाओं की सहभागिता
Pages: 319-321
संध्या शर्मा (CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana )
सतीश कश्यप (Lala Lajpat Rai University of Animal & Veterinary Science, Hisar, Haryana )

स्वांग भारत की प्राचीनतम लोकधर्मी नाट्य परम्परा है। सांग, भगत, माच नौटंकी, ख्याल तमाशा आदि लोकविधाएं स्वांग विधा का ही अंश हैं। हरियाणा के प्रोदशिक लोकनाट्य सांग या स्वांग में महिलाओं की भागीदारी बहुत कम रही। पुरूषवादी वर्चस्व एवम् महिलाओं के प्रति रूढ़िवादिता हरियाणा प्रदेश में व्याप्त होने के बावजूद भी महिलाओं ने अपनी सहभागिता का इस प्रादेशिक लोकनाट्य में अहसास कराया है और आज वर्तमान समय में स्वांग और सांग का प्रतिनिधित्व महिलाओं द्वारा किया जा रहा है।
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सोशल मीडिया में हिन्दी भाषा का बदलता स्वरूप
Pages: 322-324
प्रदीप कुमार (संचार प्रबंधन एवं तकतीकी विभाग, गुरू जम्भेश्वर विज्ञान एवं प्रोद्योगिकी विश्वविद्यालय, हिसार, हरियाणा)

भारत में इंटरनेट 1980 के दशक मे आया, जब एर्नेट को भारत सरकार के इलेक्ट्रानिक्स विभाग और संयुक्त राष्ट्र उन्नति कार्यक्रम की ओर से प्रोत्साहन मिला। सामान्य उपयोग के लिये इंटरनेट 15 अगस्त 1995 से उपलब्ध हुआ, जब विदेश सचांर निगम लिमिटेड ने गेटवे सर्विस शुरू की। भारत मे इंटरनेट प्रयोग करने वालों की संख्या में तेजी से वृद्धि हुई है, और वर्तमान 400 मिलियन यानी 40 करोड़ से अधिक लोगों तक इंटरनेट की पहुंच हो चुकी है, जो कि देश की कुल जनसंख्या का करीब 33 फीसदी और दुनिया के सभी इंटरनेट प्रयोक्ता देशों के हिसाब से महज 10 फीसदी है। मौजूदा समय में इंटरनेट का प्रयोग जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों-सोशल मीडिया, ईमेल, बैंकिंग, शिक्षा, ट्रेन इंफॉर्मेशन-रिजर्वेशन, ऑनलाइन शॉपिंग, अंतरिक्ष प्रोद्योगिकी, बीमा, विभिन्न बिल घर बैठे जमा करने और अन्य सेवाओं के लिए भी किया जा रहा है।
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स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी ईश्वर सिंह आजादः व्यक्तित्व एवं कृत्तित्व
Pages: 325-329
महेन्द्र सिंह (इतिहास विभाग, दयानन्द काॅलेज, हिसार, हरियाणा)

भारत की स्वतन्त्रता की लड़ाई की इन धाराओं में अनेक व्यक्तियों ने अपनी भूमिका निभाई। ये व्यक्ति भारत के लगभग सभी क्षेत्रों, सभी वर्गों व समुहो से थे। 1947 में स्वतन्त्रता के पश्चात आजादी की लड़ाई में भूमिका निभाने वाले व्यक्तित्वों पर कई तरह के शोध कार्य हुए, जिनके कारण उनकी भूमिका उजागर हो पायी। शोध के निष्कर्षों के उपरान्त ही विभिन्न क्षेत्र तथा व्यक्ति सामने आ सके। इसी कड़ी में यह कहा जा सकता है कि स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन से सम्बन्धित शोध का कार्य अभी पूर्ण नहीं हुआ है बल्कि जारी है तथा नित नए-नए स्थानों से नए-नए व्यक्तियों की भूमिका उभर कर सामने आ रही है। स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के इतिहास के सन्दर्भ में हरियाणा क्षेत्र की भूमिका भी अभी शोध के अभाव में सामने नहीं आ सकी है। हां, इस बारे में विभिन्न तरह के प्रयास अपनी-अपनी तरह से किए जा रहे हैं तथा उसके वांछित परिणाम भी प्राप्त हो रहे हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध भी इस कड़ी में एक छोटा सा प्रयास है जिसमंे दक्षिण हरियाणा क्षेत्र के एक व्यक्ति की भूमिका को समझने का प्रयास है जिसने अपनी भूमिका स्वतन्त्रता की तीनों विचार धाराओं में अलग-अलग ढंग से निभाई तथा वे जीवन काल में स्वतन्त्रता के ऐतिहासिक दिन को देखने में सफलता भी हांसिल कर सके। उस व्यक्ति का नाम ईश्वर सिंह था जिसे क्षेत्रवासी ‘‘आजाद’’ के नाम से जानते थे। ईश्वर सिंह आजाद का जन्म जिला महेन्द्रगढ़ के गांव राता-कलां के यादव परिवार में 1904 ई. में हुआ। इनकी माता का नाम रामकोर तथा पिता का नाम खूब राम था। इनके दादा हरनारायण की कृषि-लगन व शारीरिक शक्ति की चर्चा क्षेत्र मंे होती थी। ईश्वर सिंह का बचपन का नाम डूंगर सिंह था। गांव मंे स्कूल नहीं था तथा परिवार कृषि के कार्य को अधिक महत्व देता था अतः ये नाम मात्र ही शिक्षा प्राप्त कर सके।
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भारत में जोतों का आकार एवं जनसंख्या का संबंधः एक विश्लेषण के रूप में
Pages: 330-332
Subhash Chander (Department of Geography, PPAC, Hisar, Haryana)

प्राकृतिक संसाधनों में भूमि एक महत्वपूर्ण प्राकृतिक संसाधन है। विकासशील देशों में 60 प्रतिशत से ऊपर जनसंख्या मुख्य रूप से कृषि पर निर्भर करती है। कोई राष्ट्र विकसित हो या विकासशील जनसंख्या एवं कृषि योग्य भूमि के मध्य अनुकूल दशा होनी चाहिए परन्तु बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या ने विश्व स्तर पर कृषि योग्य भूमि को बड़े पैमाने पर प्रभावित किया है। जनसंख्या के बढ़ने पर जोतों का आकार घटता है अर्थात् जनसंख्या धनात्मक वृद्धि और जोतों के आकार में ऋणात्मक संबंध मिलता है। इस प्रकार की समस्या भारत में आजादी के बाद बढ़ती जा रही है जिससे अनेक प्रकार के नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ते हैं- जैसे जीडीपी पर प्रभाव, उत्पादकता एवं उत्पादन पर प्रभाव व बेरोजगारी आदि। यदि जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर को न रोका गया तो हमारे देश में जोतों का आकार इतना छोटा हो जाएगा कि कृषि के क्षेत्र में हम आत्मनिर्भरता से हाथ धो बैठेंगे। अतः हमें इस विकराल समस्या से छुटकारा पाने के लिए सरकार सहयोग व जनजागृत करना बहुत जरूरी है।
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Quality of life and marital satisfaction in relation to love matched marriage and arranged marriage couples
Pages: 1-6
L. N. Bunker and Vishnu Narayan Kucheria (Department of Psychology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan)

Marriage is an important institution and the basis of family. The happy and satisfied couples constitute meaningful and mutually satisfying relationship which contributes to Quality of Life. For satisfying this marital satisfaction plays important role. The present study attempts to investigate the relationship between marital satisfaction and quality of life in relation to love matched marriage and arranged marriage couples. A sample of 120 couples (25-40 years) is selected using purposive sampling method. Marital Satisfaction Scale by Fincham and Bradbury Quality of Life by Robin Cohen and Balfour Mount was used to measure marital satisfaction and quality of life among love matched marriage couples and arranged marriage couples. Statistical analysis was done using t-test, Correlation. Results reveal that Love matched female's shows higher marital satisfaction and quality of life as compared to arranged marriage females. No such difference exists among males of love matched and arranged marriages. Male's shows higher marital satisfaction as compared to females among arranged marriage couples but no such significant difference was found among males and females of love matched couples. Among love matched marriages females quality of life is higher than that of males. No such gender difference was found among arranged marriage. Negative relationship exists between quality of life and marital satisfaction. Among arranged marital couples especially male's shows negative relationship between quality of life and marital satisfaction. But females show positive relationship between quality of life and marital satisfaction. Among love matched couples especially females show negative relationship between quality of life and marital satisfaction. But no such significant relationship was present among males who had love marriage.
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Domestic violence against wives
Pages: 7-10
Ramanpreet Kaur (Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The present study attempts to understand the problem of domestic violence against wives. The research is conducted for identifying various causes, frequency, and nature of violence against wives. Domestic violence is one of violence against women forms. The problem of domestic violence is an important issue of inquiry in our society. Domestic violence is a serious problem, which occurs in many countries. In recent years domestic violence recognized as a serious problem globally and one which not only harm full effects on family members but it also on women, children, the community and the nation. There are many cases of domestic violence publishing on newspaper every day and mostly women are victims. There are many reasons behind domestic violence such as alcohol, low education, and low income and so on. The endemic nature of violence in our as also in all other societies increases the significance of its study as well as that of the present one. The paper highlights the nature, frequency and causes of domestic violence against wives of village Phaphre Bhaike from Mansa district. It also explores the socio-economic background of the respondents.
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Security and insecurity of women in changing family structure: Indian perception
Pages: 11-14
M. R. Banahatti, Netravati Barker and Rashmi. Appannavar (Department of Psychology, KLEs Lingaraj College (Autonomous), Belagavi, Karnataka)

Family is the primary and most important socializing agent for all individuals. It plays a very important role in the individual in terms of their personality development and adjustment. The quality of parental care in the early years of a child plays a vital role in the mental health of a child. The basic needs of a child are to be met within the institution of family and this aids the individual's normal development. The family usually helps the child's development in two major ways, primarily, in terms of satisfaction of immediate instinctual needs and secondly by providing an atmosphere of affection and security. Based on these the child develops the physical, mental and social capacities to the full extent. The relationship with the mother at the early ages and later on with the father as the age increases plays an important role in the normal development of the child.
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Commercialization of marriage in Punjabi society
Pages: 15-21
Pamaljeet Kaur (Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Punjabi University, Patiala)

Wedding is one of the most important events of a person's life. The wedding events are characterized by celebrations within the family and the wedding day is indeed a memorable one for the bride and the groom, as well as for all those sharing their joyous moments. The present study is an attempt to understand the process of commercialization which occurred in the institution of marriage in Punjabi society. The main focus is to examine the growth of marriage market and try to find out the reasons responsible for it. The initial study of commercialization of marriage, is taken up with the objectives like to find out the reasons for commercialization of marriage, to find the impact of commercialization on ceremonial aspects of Punjabi marriage and the socio-economic consequences of commercialization of marriage, and the linkage between commercialization of marriage and gender discrimination.
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Emotional intelligence and personality factors among private and government school students
Pages: 22-26
L. N. Bunker and Varsha Singh (Department of Psychology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan)

Adolescent is a growing age when an individual is passing through a lot of internal and external changes. Environment like home environment and institutions where they get educated plays important role in successful transformations. Present study compares the emotional intelligence and personality factor among private and government school students. A sample size of 320 adolescents was selected among which 160 were from private and government school in both groups 80 were males and 80were females. All the students selected were belonging to IX and X standard in the age of 13-16 years. Emotional Intelligence was measured using Emotional Quotient scale developed by Dalip Singh and Chadda and Personality was measured used NEO-FFI being developed by Costa & McCrae. t- test was applied to compare the difference between the means. Findings of the study reveal that among of boys and girls on results reveal that there is highly significant difference among scores of competency sub-scale and total emotional intelligence where as no such significant difference is present on sensitivity and maturity sub-scale. Overall comparison of private and government schools adolescents shows no significant difference. On overall comparison of boys and girls on personality factors significant differences were found on the extraversion factor and highly significant difference was found on openness component. No significant differences were found on neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and NEO-FFI total scores. On overall comparison of private and government schools adolescents no significant difference was found.
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Perception of family functioning and mass-media socialization between group of delinquents and non-delinquents
Pages: 27-31
Nalini Malhotra and Jasleen Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab)

Delinquent behaviour is problematic and socially unacceptable behaviour demonstrated by adolescents. Delinquency is a multidimensional problem. The intensity and severity of juvenile offences are generally determined by the social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in a country. Family structure and dynamics involved in parenting processes are causal variables in discussing delinquency due to their critical role in socialization and control of children. The media play a significant role in enduring behavior patterns among youth. The influence of mass-media is a contentious issue when it comes to juvenile behaviour. The influence of mass- media on the psycho- social development of the children is of important concern. The present study examined the perception of family functioning and mass media socialization in the both groups of delinquents and non- delinquents The total number of participants were 240 adolescents divided into two groups of 120 delinquents and 120 non- delinquents. The first group of Sample consisted of Male Adolescents (delinquents) who were all charged with the Commission of a delinquent act. The Data was derived from various delinquent homes (observation homes) located in different areas of Punjab State. The second group of sample consisted of adolescence (non-delinquents) from urban high school. Participants were assessed by the Parental authority questionnaire and Media socialization questionnaire. The results of the present research examined through t-test revealed the two group differences (delinquents & non- delinquents) in mean scores of family functioning & mass media socialization. Further, research efforts should include a more comprehensive study with multiple perspectives and variables from different contexts.
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Ego-strength and family environment of schizophrenic patients
Pages: 32-42
L.N. Bunker and Monika Gwalani (Department of Psychology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan)

Ego strength refers to the ability to maintain the ego by a cluster of traits that together contribute to good mental health. The traits usually considered important include tolerance of the pain of loss, disappointment, shame, or guilt; forgiveness of those who have caused an injury, with feelings of compassion rather than anger and retaliation; acceptance of substitutes and ability to defer gratification; persistence and perseverance in the pursuit of goals; openness, flexibility, and creativity in learning to adapt; and vitality and power in the activities of life. The psychiatric prognosis for a client correlates positively with ego strength. An attempt was made to study ego strength and family environment of patients with schizophrenia. A total of 60 subjects were randomly taken from Jodhpur city, among these 20 subjects were suffering from schizophrenia, 20 were suffering from neurotic disorders and remaining 20 were apparently normal. Hasan's Ego Strength and Family Environment Scale by Joshi and Vyas were administered. Data was analysed using one way ANOVA. Results reveal that on the measures of Ego-Strength, Neurotics and Schizophrenics differ significantly from Normal people, but there was no significant difference between Ego-Strength of Schizophrenics and Neurotics. On the measures of Family Environment, there was no statistical significant difference between the perception of family environment of schizophrenics, neurotics, and normal on relationship dimension, personal growth dimension and system maintenance dimension.
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Value chain interventions: A blessing or a curse?
Pages: 43-48
Amna Anwar (Department of Globalisation and Development, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom )

Business activity must be recognized as a tool to facilitate and address global issues, like malnutrition and hunger. There are food items within the market systems and economies around the globe that result in nutritional deficiencies in growing children, especially those that belong to under developed and developing states. There are various ways in which this issue may be targeted and rectified. This paper aims at highlighting the significance of private business activity within the value chains and interventions in order to provide nutrient rich foods to the poor by an increase in the demand and supply of food.
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The SCOT framework analysis of factors affecting tertiary education students’ Internet use for learning
Pages: 49-55
Sandeep Kaur Sandhu (Faculty of Education, Monash University, Australia )

The integration of the Internet into learning processes has resulted in new innovative and flexible learning opportunities. In developed countries, highly advanced Internet-based infrastructures have been successfully introduced to tertiary education students. However, in the Indian context, Internet resources are not adequately integrated into students' academic life in comparison to the western context. This article explores factors affecting Indian tertiary education students' Internet use for learning. Drawing on a qualitative study on tertiary education students, the analysis employs the relevant social groups and technological framework, components of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory of Bijker and Pinch to show which factors impact on Indian tertiary education students' Internet use.
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Barriers to ICT’s use among Tribals of Odisha: A socio-economic perspective
Pages: 56-61
Pooja Lenka (Department of Sociology, Jamia Milia Islamia, Delhi )

The 'Digital Divide' has been the subject for debate globally. The widening chasm of this phenomenon has tremendous structural-functional implications for the marginalized peoples of the world. On the one hand are the technically progressive ICT high end consumers who have access to the most sophisticated technology inputs and on the other hand are the extremely depraved ignorance and illiteracy riddled indigenous people. The challenge of bridging the gap and delivering the benefits of the information age to those who have gone astray from the main-stream to join it for various reasons falls on the experts who study socio-cultural phenomenon and provide insights and solutions. The information boom being experienced globally seems to have side stepped the tribals of Odisha. The incisive incursion of ICTs into the very bastion of ignorance and impossible circumstances somehow has been unable to have a similar impact on the tribal population in some of the most backward parts of the country like Odisha. The reasons why these marginalized populations have been unable to access the benefits of the ICTs are many and varied. It is the objective of this paper to look into some of these reasons because of which the tribal inhabitants of Odisha are unable to avail themselves of the benefits of the ICTs march of progress.
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A comparative study of criminals and non-criminal on physiological correlates (Heart rate and galvanic skin response)
Pages: 62-65
Dinesh Singh (Department of Psychology, Govt. College, Baund Kalan, Bhiwani, Haryana)

The present investigation was made to study the physiological correlates of criminal behaviour. The objective of the study was to compare criminals and non-criminals on physiological correlates (Heart Rate & Galvanic Skin Response). It was hypothesized that criminals would have a significantly lower basal / aroused heart rate and skin conductance activity than non-criminals. For the study of physiological correlates of criminal behaviour two group design was adopted group I (n = 100) consisting of criminals and group II (n = 100) consisting of non-criminals (normal subjects). Criminals were inmates of District Jail, Rohtak under section 302 and 307 and non-criminal from general population. The two groups consisted of 25-35 years old, semi-literate from rural as well urban background. They were matched on socidemographic variables. These groups were tested on two physiological indices i.e. Heart Rate (HRL) and Galvanic skin response (GSR). Heart Rate Level (HRL) was measured by Pulse Monitor and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) was measured using Automatic Digital Multimeter. HRL and GSR were measured in terms of basal value and arousal. The data were analysed by employing t-test for heart rate and x2 for GSR for analyzing the significance of difference between two groups. It was found that criminal differed significantly from non-criminal on arousal level as measured on heart rate but on basal level was not found significant. Criminals were found differed significantly from non-criminals on GSR.
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Dealing aspects of diversity in pre-primary grades
Pages: 66-69
Fariha Siddiqui (Department of Education (Central Institute of Education) University of Delhi, Delhi )

Unity in diversity as a phrase is very common to Indian citizen. India being a muti-cultural, multi-religious society have wide spectrum of variations. This spectrum is visible in Indian schools where children from different background attends the formal education under the same roof. Teachers in Indian classrooms have crucial responsibility as they deal with children carrying diverse background with them. The way teacher deals with the children have long-lasting impact on them. The everyday classroom experiences may make or break child's notions about self and others. As appreciation or depreciation of diversity depends on teacher's immediate action. This impact of teacher on child's attitude is many-folds on a child aged 5-6 years. With young children, what their teacher speaks to them may become their inner voice. Thus dealing the aspects of diversity is of utmost importance at pre-primary level which is explored in this paper. Data has been collected from a private run school in East Delhi. Classroom observations and interviews were used as tools to collect data. Teachers responses in interviews gave insights of the daily confrontation of issues of diversity in pre-primary grades and how these issues are dealt. The study indicated that awareness of teacher about issues of diversity is essential in a country like India. The study also revealed that more and more work needs to be done to equip teachers, to help children from diverse background sustain in our education system.
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Male parental investment and the development of children’s social competencies: Understanding the moderating effects of marital quality
Pages: 70-75
Madhavi Menon (Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale )

A vast literature shows that the quality of personal relationships, especially personal relationships with parents for children, is a major predictor of psychosocial functioning and development. The present literature review attempts to better understand parental influences on the development of children's social competencies from an evolutionary perspective, by focusing on male parental investment in children, and its influences on the child's social competencies. Extant research suggests that male parental investment is more highly correlated with, and predictive of the development of the child's socio-competitive competencies than female parental investment. This review also explores the effects of marital quality on the links between parent-child relationship behaviors and child outcomes.
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Trial, tribulations and peril in the whims of global businesses and policy: Heritage and loss of indigenous knowledge among the carpet weavers of Rajasansi, Punjab
Pages: 76-80
Raman Gill and Abhik Ghosh (Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh )

When artefacts fall in disuse they are discarded and gotten rid of. Sometimes they are said to have gone out of fashion. At other times, the skill-set is lost to posterity. The current study examines some of the poignant reasons for the gradual decline of the famous Oriental carpets of Punjab. There have been several global changes that have impacted severely upon the economies of the world. The markets which were earlier dictated to by the goods and supplies provided to them by producers and manufacturers had done a volte face. They were, in turn, taking command and giving their dictate on what would and would not sell in the world markets. Several new thought processes have also made their impact, especially in terms of the awakened global concern for the environment which gets translated into strictures on what can and cannot be used in the making of a product. What could be the reasons for a thriving art form, which was in great demand all over the world, to suddenly face a dead end? What ails the carpet-weaving industry of Punjab and what are some of the main reasons for it to be gradually relegated to the backseat? What are the lessons to be learnt here if any? Can there be any window of opportunity in these changed circumstances? Would there be any policy implications that could help ameliorate the lot of the craftsmen. Is there scope for the revival and propagation of such crafts? The current research paper attempts to investigate and seek answers to some of the queries.
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To study of coping strategies used by the parents of mentally retarded and autistic children.
Pages: 81-86
Nidhi Sharma (Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Chotti Baradari, Jalndhar, Punjab )
Ashok Parasar (Clinical Psychologist, District Hospital, Jhansi, U.P. )
J. Mahto (PGIBAMS, Raipur, Chhatisgarh )

The term, ''developmental disabilities,'' [i.e., severe chronic conditions that are due to mental and/or physical impairments with an age of onset prior to age 22] ''Intellectual disabilities/Mental Retardation'', ''physical disabilities'', and ''autism'' are terms that are used in India and are subsumed our use of the term developmental disabilities (Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 2004). Mental retardation is one of the most prevalent developmental disabilities. Mental retardation, mental deficiency, mental sub normality and mental handicap, developmental disability or delay are the terms used to refer to the same condition. The terms used in the past such as amentia, idiocy, feeble minded, moron, imbecile and oligophrenia are now obsolete. According to the World Health Organization (1994); Syle (1975); According to the World Health Organization (1994); approximately 156 million people or 3 percent of the world's population have mental retardation. Coping has been defined as problem solving efforts made by an individual when the demands of a given situation tax adaptive resources (Lazarus et al., 1974; Pearlin & Schooler, 1978). To Sturdy of coping strategies used by the parents of mentally retarded and autistic children. A sample of 70 parents i.e. 35 parents of mentally retarded children (18 fathers and 17 mothers ) and 35 parents of autistic children were taken from different institutions of Raipur (Samwedna, Asha, Deep, & Kopalwani) and Chandigarh (Pryaas) who were fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the present study.The tools used for assessing the variables are Socio Demographic Data Sheet (Self made), The Cope Scale (Carver et al., 1989). This study revealed that Significant differences were found in two coping strategies, i.e., planning and alcohol drug disengagement both being used more by Parents of autistic children and mentally retaded.
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Psychological problems affecting awareness of rural women about reservation for women in panchayati raj of Haryana
Pages: 87-88
Sunil Kumar (Department of SociologyHaryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana )
Suresh Kumar (Department of Geography, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh )

The Panchayati Raj system is best suited for developmental and administrative requirements of rural population and society because of wide variation in the nature of local problems. It is an inexpensive form of local self-government, which can suitably identify the local problems and issues, particularly of the poor and weaker sections of society, like scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, small, marginal and landless farmers, women and backward classes. The study was conducted in Fatehabad district of Haryana state which was selected purposively. Out of 6 blocks in Fatehabad district, two blocks, namely, Fatehabad, and Ratia were selected randomly. Two villages, namely, Badopal, and Dhanger were selected from Fatehabad block and other two villages, namely Hasanga and Raipur were selected from Ratia block randomly. From each village; fifty respondents were selected randomly. The psychological problems and the level of awareness of the respondents were found highly significantly associated.
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Perpetrators of sexual harassment among rural school going adolescent girls
Pages: 89-92
Sugandha Asgola and Sukhminder Kaur (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

Sexual harassment has been and is used as a tool to perpetuate the subordination of women. Sometimes sexual harassers are very blunt and outspoken, and will use jokes, pictures, or sexual anecdotes quiet openly to embarrass or intimidate their victims. They may circulate lewd sexual emails, in the full knowledge that such content could be embarrassing and upsetting. They may pass comments on a person's figure in a loud or disrespectful way. The present study to identify the perpetrators of sexual harassment among rural school going adolescent girls was taken up in one block of Ludhiana district of Punjab state. The sample consisted of 200 respondents who were in the age range of 16-18 years and the data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire relating to various aspects of sexual harassment. Strangers from the adjoining villages (63.84%) were reported to be the perpetrators of sexual harassment followed by boys from victim's village (63.27%), roadside philanderer/ flirts (56.49%), relatives (41.80%). Adolescents (55.36%) disclosed that they received proposals for friendship by the perpetrators whereas very few of them (7.34%) got marriage proposals. Significant differences were observed in the proposals received by the adolescents; older adolescents received more friendship proposals compared to the younger adolescents.
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The relationship between exercise with job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors South Zagros oil and gas staff
Pages: 429-432
Arash Fadam and Younes Mohammadzadeh (Department of Physical Education and sports sciences, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran)

Recent research suggests that concurrent with the rise of sports studies in the literature, the concept of organizational citizenship behaviors is also considered in studies. Also, examine the history of recent decade's shows the relationship between sports activities staff with a certain type of behavior is called organizational citizenship behaviors. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and job performance sports activities with staff. This research method is descriptive and correlational study. For the analysis of correlation and regression univariate significant test information, test T, and Friedman rank test was used. The population under study included 196 employees of South Zagros Oil and Gas Exploitation Company, respectively. Also in this study to assess the validity, content validity and reliability of research using alpha is obtained. Results have shown that a direct relationship between physical activity as a predictive variable with job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors as criterion variables there. As well as sports activities as the variance in organizational citizenship behaviors 0.511, and 0.376 of the variance in job performance can be predicted. Other achievements show that the average organizational citizenship behavior and job performance compared to employees participating in sports activities that do not participate in sports activities is higher.
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Aspirations and work-related quality of life in employees of multinational companies
Pages: 433-438
Justina W. Aranha Fernandes (Department of Psychology, Mewar University, Rajasthan)
Nandini Sanyal (Department of Psychology, St. Francis College for Women Begumpet, Hyderabad)
Muntaha Hussaini (St. Francis College for Women, Begumpet Hyderabad)
Saroj Arya (Department of Psychology, Mewar University Rajasthan)

The objective of the present study is to determine whether there is a relationship between aspirations and work related quality of life among freshmen and professionals working in multinational companies. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 120 employees, of which 60 were men and 60 women, aged between 22 and 29 years from Multinational Companies. The Aspiration Index Scale (Kasser & Ryan, 1996) that has 7 dimensions (viz., wealth; fame; image; personal growth; relationships; community; health) and the Work-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Easton & Laar, 2012) that has 6 dimensions (viz., job & career satisfaction, general well-being, home-work interface, stress at work, control at work & working conditions) were administered on the employees. Results of the study indicated that the professionals reported better job career satisfaction than the freshmen (p<0.05). The study also reported significant correlations between the dimensions of aspirations and work-related quality of life. The dimension of stress at work was negatively correlated with relationships and community (p<0.05). The present study accentuates the significance of aspirations and their role in enhancing work- related quality of life among employees irrespective of their age and years of experience.
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Does variation of modality of the interpolated task affect olfactory memory? An exploratory study
Pages: 439-442
Vineeta Srivastava (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)
Bidisha Bhattacharyya (Clinical Psychology (M.Phil Trainee) University of Calcutta, Kolkata)
Deepshikha Ray (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

This work aims to study the effect of variation of modality of the interpolated task on the retrieval of previously learned task among the subjects. In the initial phase (pilot study) a between group design was used where two groups of 10 female participants were matched on the basis of their olfactory memory span (5 in each group) for the present work. The sample selected for the experiment aged between 20-23 years without any physical or mental illness. For the experiment to be conducted for measuring the variation of modality, the interpolated task for the first group was of olfactory stimuli (same as that of main task) while the interpolated task for the second group was that of gustatory stimuli (different from that of the main task). The smell or odors chosen for this experiment were different and belonged to different category of the smell prism (Henning's smell prism). It has been found that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the two different conditions (Wilcox on signed rank test was done). This might be for two major reasons firstly, the food used for the experiment has a subjective smell of its own; though the food items used were as odorless as possible but the subjective factor could not be ruled out completely. Secondly, the sample size of the experiment could not be extended since the experiment demands a whole lot of time and resource. The first factor cannot be ruled out completely, but the sample size can be increased. So, in the second phase, the sample size will be increased to 20 (10 in each group) and the same procedure will be followed. However, the empirical data on long-term odor memory suggest that long-term odor memory may be distinguished from memory for other stimuli being usually resistant to decay.
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Are people intolerant towards inter-faith and inter-caste marriages in India?
Pages: 443-447
Manpreet Ola (AIBAS, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana )
Dweep Chand Singh (AIBHAS, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

Caste and religion are integral parts of Indian society. At times, these interwoven systems create strong differences, hatred and tension among various social groups. Basic problem in Indian society is not of class division but of caste division. Arranged marriage within the same caste and religion is the rule of land in the Indian societies. Marriage of couples belonging to different castes and religions is a difficult and socially unacceptable proposition. To every such marriage, social / family opposition is surfaced, making it difficult for the couples to survive. Democracy, process of modernization and development has brought lots of changes in Indian society. It has provided opportunities and encouraged people for inter religion / caste marriages but with off-shooting problems between families, spouses, children and society at large. Honor killing is such problem. The major objectives of the present review paper are to understood and the spatial patterns and determinants of inter-caste and inter-religious marriages in India. The study used the data of third round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3, 2005-06) (2007) having sample size of 43102 ever married couples in India. Additionally, effort has been made to understand various issues rose due to inter religious / caste marriages and how can psychologists be of help in these cases. For counseling about marriages outside one's caste and religion, psychologist must be aware of religious instructions and provisions in the Indian constitution.
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