Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW)
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Social Networking Sites (SNS): Psychological consequences and impacts on mental well-being of youth

Pages: 706-708
Md Intekhab Ur Rahman (Department of Psychology, B.N. Mandal University, Madhepura, Bihar)

There are so many social media channels: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Tumblr, Whats App, Imo and so on. It is becoming more and more obvious how the pressures of social media disproportionately affect teenager especially teenage girls. We can see it all around us. Academics and Psychology researchers have also become interested in this topic as many studies exploring the effects of social media services have been conducted in recent years. The purpose of these studies is to determine the effects of social media on how we communicate with each other, as well as the effects these networks have on our psyches. Predictably, there are positive and negative sides to the effects social media has on us. In the present investigation we have reviewed the related studies and on the bases of findings it is concluded that teenagers who engage with social media during the night could be damaging their sleep and increasing their risk of anxiety and depression. On the other side it is suggested that Facebook in particular provides opportunities for increased social capital, social interaction with others, and identity development.

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The growth and impact of Mahayana Sampradaya in India: A review based study

Pages: 709-711
Rajesh Kumar and Surinder Kumar Vashisth (Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

This study is aimed at reviewing the growth and impact of Mahayana Sampradaya in India, which is purely based on secondary data including textbooks, journal articles, and documents from websites. During this process, it was observed that in Mahayana, the materialistic world was given priority rather than difficult philosophy. Eventually, priority was given to the well-being of a common man; as a result, the number of followers of Mahayana increased. Further, it was observed that in Mahayana, Gautama Buddha was considered like God and his idols, temples, and stupas, were made and worshipped. The results of the study conclude that the impact of Mahayana is not only in the religious field but can be seen clearly in the political and economic, and art and literature as well. In this state, each aspect of Indian people has got influenced.

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A study of social maturity among adolescent boys and girls in reference to parental encouragement

Pages: 712-714
Renuka Joshi, Rashmi Tyagi, and Kanchan Yadav (Department of Psychology, D.A.V. (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttaranchal)

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of Parental encouragement on social maturity of adolescent girls and boys from class 9th to 12th standards. 2x2 factorial design was used. Data was collected from 120 high school students divided into 60 boys and 60 girls. Parental encouragement scale developed by Sharma (1987) was used to asses the parental encouragement, and Social maturity scale developed by Nalini Rao (1986) was used to assess the social maturity. Mean, SD, and F test were used for statistical analysis of obtained scores. Results indicated significant difference between High and Low parental Encouragement on total social maturity, communication and cooperation among adolescent boys and girls.

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A comparative study of health conscious lifestyle between normotensives and hypertensives

Pages: 715-717
Priyanka Mishra and A. K. Srivastava (Department of Psychology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh)

This study was aimed at determining whether there are differences in health conscious lifestyle between normotensives and hypertensives. From a small community sample of adults from Noida, 20 individuals with normotensives were selected and compared with a sex and age matched group of 20 individuals having hypertension and having clinic Blood Pressure (BP)> or 140/90 mm hg were tested on measures of health conscious lifestyle derived from standardized questionnaire. Results of independent t test revealed significant differences between normotensives and hypertensives and were in line with the hypothesis. The null hypothesis stand rejected and normotensives were found to be significantly higher on health conscious lifestyle comparatively than hypertensives.

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Development of a Screening Scale to identify cyber victims

Pages: 718-721
Divya Kalia and Sheema Aleem (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi)

The Cyber Victimization Scale (CVS) for adolescents was developed to screen and assess the cyber victims. The goal of this study is to analyse the factor and criterion validity and the reliability in a sample of adolescents from Delhi/NCR. For this purpose, extensive literature review, focused group interviews and a survey was conducted on a sample of 100 school students, aged 16-18 years, studying in grade 11th and 12th. Next, pilot data was collected on a sample of 200 adolescents to establish factor structures using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in SPSS software 21.0. Using the final scale of 10 items falling under three factors (forms of cyber victimization, traditional bullying, & routes to cyber victimization), data was collected on a sample of 1010 adolescents and victims (n=127) were screened out. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed using Smart PLS software 2.0 on a randomized sample of 249 adolescents (Victims=127; Non-Victims=122). It is concluded that CVS is a valid and reliable self-report tool of identifying cyber victimization in adolescents.

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Role of psycho-social factors on academic performance of tribal and non-tribal high school students

Pages: 722-726
Namita Mohanty and Swagatika Mohapatra (Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha)
Jitendra Mohanty (Department of Management, KSOM, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha)
Prabhudarsan Sahoo (Department of Psychology, Nayagarh Autonomous College, Nayagarh, Odisha)

The present study examined the effects of cultural identity and gender on academic anxiety, self-concept and academic performance of high school tribal and non-tribal adolescent students. The research adopted a 2 (Cultural identity) x 2 (Gender) factorial design. The sample consisted of 200 subjects, 100 tribal and 100 non-tribal high school students. There were 50 boys and 50 girls each from the tribal and non-tribal category. Results revealed that girls experienced higher academic anxiety than boys and non-tribal students had better self-concept than their tribal counterparts. In academics boys performed better than the girls. Moreover, a significant positive relationship between academic anxiety and self-concept of tribal students indicated that in spite of having higher self-concept, tribal students experienced greater academic anxiety. Results were interpreted in terms of differential exposure and experiences to socio-cultural as well as educational practices prevalent in tribal and non-tribal societies.

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People living with HIV/AIDS crisis intervention and coping skills: A study in Hubli-Dharwad

Pages: 727-730
Sangeetha R. Mane (Department of Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka)

HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening illness that people are afraid of contracting. The various metaphors associated with AIDS have also contributed to the perception of HIV/AIDS as a disease that affects “others,” especially those who are already stigmatized because of their sexual behaviour, gender, race, or socio-economic status, and have enabled some people to deny that they personally could be at risk or affected. HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination is, therefore, the result of interaction between diverse pre-existing sources of fear of contagion and disease. HIV is a chronic illness that has Physical, Emotional, Social, Spiritual and developmental consequence. HIV positive peoples experience multiple crises. In this ever-changing course of HIV disease, including AIDS, represents a continuous series of unexpected stressors, requiring repeated crises intervention appropriate for people who are HIV infected. People with HIV may experience episodic trauma over the course of the illness and consequently move in and out of equilibrium. Crisis intervention should be offered at every hazardous juncture. The study has conducted on crisis interventions and coping skills among PLWHAs getting treatment in ART centre in Hubli-Dharwad Corporation Area. Dharwad, Karnataka is one of the high prevalent states. The descriptive method of study was used. The quantitative method employed in this study was simple statistics expressed in frequencies and percentages; which explains crisis and coping skills of the respondents. 290 PLWHAs clients consented to be in the study group.

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Psychosocial correlates of internet addiction among university students

Pages: 731-736
Stuti Singh (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The advent of the internet has dramatically changed our life, positively as well as negatively. Internet addiction is one such negative consequence of it. The present study aims at exploring how personality, loneliness, and affect (positive & negative) predict internet addiction among University students. Four psychological tools were used to measure the variables taken in the study. Internet addiction was measured by Online Cognition Scale (OCS), Personality was measured by Eysenck's MPI (Short), Loneliness was measured by UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and affect was measured by PANAS. Cronbach's alpha of these scales on the present sample was: OCS (0.88), UCLA-LS (0.79), PANAS (Negative Affect 0.68, Positive Affect 0.77), and MPI (Extraversion 0.33, Neuroticism 0.58). Data were collected from a sample size of 182 participants of undergraduate and postgraduate classes. They are between the age group of 18 to 25 years. Their mean age is 19.76 years. Multiple correlation indicate a significant correlation (0.34, p<0.001) among all the variables chosen in the study and all the predictors explained significant variance in the internet addiction. Loneliness and Negative Affect emerged as the significant predictors of internet addiction in the present study.

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Regional geopolitics: Impact on India’s pipeline policy

Pages: 737-740
Tanwinder Singh Jeji (Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The growing demand for energy and the rising environmental concerns due to the excessive use of fossil fuels like coal and oil in India have turned natural gas into a preferred fuel for India's energy policy makers. At present, natural gas forms only a small part of India's energy mix. With mounting international pressure to reduce emissions, a majority of energy consuming sectors will have to opt for this environmentally cleaner form of energy, which will lead to increase in its demand manifold. India does have enough reserves of natural gas to support this growing demand. Hence it had been planning to import natural gas through overland pipelines from countries like Turkmenistan, Iran and Myanmar. These nations are rich in natural gas reserves and their close geographic location to India provides ideal scenario for the energy trade. But given to the regional geopolitics, especially between India and its immediate neighbours, all these proposed pipelines have failed to succeed so far. This research paper analyses India's pipeline policy and the impact of regional geopolitics on them.

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Factors responsible for political participation among rural women

Pages: 741-743
Poonam Vats (Department of Psychology, Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Participation means that people are closely involved in the economic, social, cultural and political process that affects their lives. Women are a major force behind people's participation in the life of society as they play a leading role in the emergence of groups, organizations and movements worldwide. Levels of political awareness of women are conditioned greatly by the political culture of the area, the approach of political parties towards them, and the quality of the local leadership. Political socialization is the gradual learning of the norms, attitudes and behavior acceptable to an ongoing political system. Political participation of women can be defined as the degree of equality and freedom enjoyed by women in shaping and sharing of power and in the value given by society to this role of women. This paper attempts to throw light on factors which play a major role in political participation of rural women depicting the role of family, peer, education, party affiliation etc. The implication of this paper would be to recognize the contribution of rural women to politics and in the decision making process by identifying the factors that affect their participation in politics. It would help in strengthening the democracy by closing gap between the decision makers in government and social movements where women prevail.

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Missing gender in gender equality and women empowerment

Pages: 744-745
D. P. Singh (Department of Social Work, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab)

The discourse around gender equality has been largely approached by looking women as individuals in isolation without much realization on the gender-transformative approaches. This view eventually has resulted in a huge gap in the forward movement of achieving the desired impact in the optimum time. There is also a need to settle as to what gender means and what does equality mean. Equality is not about being same nor does gender means just about two sexes. Equality is about maintaining a balance, mutual respect and promotion of horizontal rather than vertical structures of power distribution. The whole idea is to break down those barriers that have historically been inimical to women in the patriarchal realms. The contemporary gender equality movements should include the missing gender in the equality perspective by doing away with gynocentricity and developing a realization that gender equality cannot be achieved without making it possible for both sexes to evolve and giving each other more but not absolute freedom of choices. Respecting and acknowledging the rights of others on the gender spectrum like the LGBTs has to be central theme in an inclusive discourse.

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Nature, classification and problems of Punjab-Haryana plains

Pages: 746-750
Poonam Bharti (Department of Geography, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab)

Classification of soil is a powerful tool to utilize our national soil resources purposefully and scientifically. The soil classification during ancient period in India was based on whether soil is fertile or sterile. The soils of Punjab-Haryana plains developed on the alluvium of the Indus system are dispersed three physiographic and climatic zones, i.e. arider (south & western parts of Punjab-Haryana plains arid to semi-arid hot dry, annual rainfall less than 500 mm, soils coarse to medium textured, alkaline & calcareous); ustic (mostly central Punjab-Haryana plains, semi arid means annual rainfall about 750 mm, soils moderately fine to medium textured, alkaline in reaction); and udio (confined to the northeast fringe strating from sub-humid, less-hot foothills, means annual rainfall over 850 mm, soil varying in texture, neutral to alkaline in reaction. In this paper classification of soils has been discussed and soils can be classified into 8 types.

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हरियाणा राज्य के दैनिक जागरण समाचार पत्र की विषयवस्तु का अध्ययन

Pages: 751-753
सीमा (पत्रकारिता विभाग, जयपुर नेशनल यूनिवर्सिटी, जयपुर, राजस्थान)

समाचार पत्र एक ऐसा सशक्त माध्यम है जो हमारे जीवन की विविधताओं, नित्य नूतनताओं और दैनिक जीवन मंे घटित होने वाली घटनाओं को शीघ्र प्रस्तुत करने की प्रबल क्षमता रखता है। इस शोध पत्र के माध्यम से शोधार्थी ने यह बताने का प्रयास किया है कि समाचार पत्रों में सभी सूचनाओं का प्रकाशित होना बहुत आवश्यक है। इस शोध पत्र की संस्तुति के तौर पर अगर हम सभी समाचारों को व्यवस्थित तरीके से पाठक के समक्ष पंहुचा पाए तो यकीनन पाठक के मस्तिष्क में समाचार की छवि बरकरार हो सकेगी।

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Bengal’s Baul -voice against homogenization, struggling for the divined oneness: Transition over changing time

Pages: 333-337
Amitava Sengupta (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata )

Baul s are 'a group of mystic minstrels of Bengal, both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition' always searching for divined oneness. Baul apart from being a mystical tradition of sadhana, is also a life philosophy that practices simple living and rejects many things that are believed to be essential for modern life. Baul philosophy has its impression on Bengali culture, and is still surviving despite the blandishments of our consumerist society on it. The religious origination and practice of deha-tattva (body-worship) among Bauls, their understanding of philosophy of austerity, and in this age of all encompassing consumerism how Baul music is also getting appropriated in the 'fusion-music' were some of the issues addressed in this study. As Bauls always remained 'other' to all kinds of moral codes and institutional structures they faced serious threats and marginalization from the mainstream religious communities; the present ethnographic study also found them in the historical context of resistance/movement of the social-religious out-casts of Bengal.

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Spiritual confession, forgiveness and well-being

Pages: 338-341
Ashar Ahmad (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Human beings are a confessional animal. Spiritual Confession provides believers with a way to express their individual identity and address their relational needs. Such confessions establish a connection between the faithful and the larger community and positively impact the psychological and physiological functioning of the believers. This research paper primarily examines the impact of spiritual confession as a ritual on one's psychological well-being through reviewing related theoretical and empirical research works. The paper has also looked into the role of forgiveness as an intermediary of confession and psychological well-being

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Impulsivity and sensation seeking in adventurours participants

Pages: 342-347
Priyanka Musalay and Renaz Noorani (St. Francis College, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana)

Adventurous participants are those who take part in sports which involve high risk and are open to learning and willing to explore new experiences. There is willingness to take risk for the sake of experiences along with rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without any regard to negative consequences of those reactions. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between impulsivity and sensation seeking among adventurous participants and to see the difference between men and women in relation to impulsivity and sensation seeking. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data. 120 adventurous participants belonging to air, water and land were included in the study out of them 60 were male and 60 were female. Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS-15) and sensation seeking scale- Form V (SSS-V) were used to measure impulsivity and sensation seeking respectively. Analysis of data was done using Pearson's product-movement correlation coefficient and t-test. The results revealed that there was significant difference found between men and women adventurous participants in respect to their non-planning impulsivity, attentional impulsivity, disinhibition and experience seeking.

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Media: A tool in early childhood education

Pages: 348-351
Dhananjay Deshmukh and Deepika (Lady Irwin College, Delhi University, New Delhi )

Media has revolutionalised very fast. Today's children are growing up in a rapidly changing digital age that is far different from that of their parents and grandparents. A variety of technologies are all around us in our homes, offices, and schools. When used wisely, technology and media can support learning and relationships. Support for early childhood professionals is critically important. Educators need available, affordable and accessible technology and media resources as well as access to research findings, online resources and links, and a professional community of practice. Preservice and professional development opportunities should include in-depth, hands-on technology experiences, ongoing support and access to the latest technology tools and interactive media. To improve and enhance the use of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs, educators also need positive examples of how technology has been selected, used, integrated and evaluated successfully in early childhood classrooms and programs. Present paper is an attempt to understand how media is an important tool for early childhood education and what are the principles to be followed by educators to utilize it fully.

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Climate changes: Human apathy towards nature

Pages: 352-353
Sonia Jangra (Department of Geography, JVMGRR College, Charkhi Dadri, Haryana)
Ajay Singh (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambeshwar, University of Science and Tech., Hisar, Haryana )

Since couple of decades, many anti-environment and anti-nature activities are being performed by the people worldwide. In other words, they are exploiting nature extensively and indulged in affairs and habits which is highly unhealthy and against environment. The consequence of this unhealthy and unethical practice of natural resources lead to damage to the natural living climate for human beings. One manifestation of this anti nature events is global warming. Global warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to influence of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface that was observed for last couple of decades after the start of systematic measurements in the 1950s.The greenhouse effect is defined as when the atmosphere of earth becomes heavy with gases and substances which trap the sun's radiation, creating the Earth warmer. An example of the greenhouse effect is global warming and poor air quality. If we want to make this planet a livable planet, each one of us has to contribute in this direction to escape this earth from natural disasters.

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Role of assistive technology in psychological rehabilitation of persons with visual impairment

Pages: 354-357
Surender Kumar Dhalwal (Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons, with Visual Disabilities, Dehradun, Uttarakhand )
Shyam Lata Juyal (Department of Psychology, Kanya Gurukul Campus, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand )

Due to technological revolutions in last two decades, the application of technology to the particular needs of persons with physical challenges, also known as assisted technologies (AT), has slowly gained momentum. This is developing as a field in its own right. Assistive technologies are used to enhance and facilitate the autonomy, safety and overall improved quality of life of individuals with visual impairment. This article reviews various psychological benefits of using AT among persons with visual impairment. The National Council on Disability reported that people with physical impairment reported significant gains in their quality of life after the use of AT. Previous research suggests that assistive technology can be a tool of Psychosocial Rehabilitation or social main streaming of persons with visual impairment as they assist carrying routine cognitive activities. Given the confounding effects of the information era, assistive technology use has boundless benefits for people who are visually impaired but desire to access mainstream society. In this backdrop, this study presents the results of a focused group interview conducted with 30 people with visual impairment in the age group of 18 to 40 years with regard to AT.

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Parental spiritual health and their adolescent’s resilience

Pages: 358-362
Ekta Soni (Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh )
Madhuri (Department of Psychology, Ch. Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana )

Adolescence is a time of exploration that often leaves them vulnerable to unhealthy psychological scars. Spiritual parental health surfaces as an effective resource for parents to support and guide their adolescent during this tumultuous phase to clarity, stability and success. The current study investigates spiritual health of parents among conventional two parent families and its association with resilience among their adolescent. The study is based in Delhi and the national capital region in India. Data was collected from 205 family units. Tools used to assess relevant variables were- 'The Spiritual Health Scale' and 'The Resilience Scale'. Incidental-cum-purposive sampling has been used to collect data. Findings indicate that there was a significant effect of the level of spiritual health of parents on the resilience of their adolescent at p<0.01 level among the groups-both parents high and both parents low on spiritual health. This implies that the level of spiritual health of the parent is associated with the level of resilience of their adolescent offspring.

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Muslim girls’ journey of ‘Struggle’ and ‘Negotiations’ in the neo-liberal era

Pages: 363-368
Vaishali (Department of Educational Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi)

The present paper is a part of researcher's doctoral work related to education of Muslim women in a Muslim habitation of North East Delhi. The paper explored the two binaries of social change, one which is transitional yet slow in terms of access of education for Muslim females; another is the gendered aspect of this social change, in terms of negotiations made within household and mobility. The author had in-depth interviews with the respondents and their mothers. Taking three case studies of adolescent Muslim girls, who just completed their school education, researcher reflected on the negotiations and strategies made by the young women in taking up different assignments related to their education, career and mobility. The paper threw light on their resistance in the form of bargaining to complete school education, pursue distance higher education or doing courses like- computer, tailoring, English speaking, and expressing their desire for love marriage etc. The habitation the local dominant culture of fostering seclusion of male-female but girls' have discovered ways of entering the public sphere by adopting different yet limited strategies within their households.

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Studying the magnitude and forms of exploitation of children in a slum in Delhi

Pages:369-373
Taruna Narula (Department of Humanities and Sciences, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana)

Child abuse has serious physical and psycho-social consequences which adversely affect the health and overall well-being of a child. Physical abuse of children involves inflicting bodily injuries or forcing them to engage in physically harmful activities. In Indian situation, it includes torture, cruel abuse, excessive punishment and restraint that create substantial risk of physical harm to the child. Child abuse also poses substantial risk to the child's mental health and development, sometimes even causing death. This is now a focus of public attention in the society. Cases of suspected abuses are often featured in the news media. Physicians and others in medical community play an important role in identifying possible victims of child abuse. Most researchers and authorities agree on the basic issue of child abuse resulting from parental misuse or exploitation of the rights of parents or of other guardians to control and discipline children under their care, which is detrimental to the child's health and well being. To study the magnitude and forms of exploitation a survey was undertaken .In this survey 100 sample size was taken of children and parents in Delhi's slum area. It was conducted for the purpose of study mostly children works as industrial labour and household workers. Most of the cases are of mental and verbal abuse, in which parents are also involved as they use abusive words for their children in anger. Even children are forbidden to go to school which directly challenges the government's law of free education. Survey showed that there is less awareness among children regarding government organizations which fight against child exploitation.

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Women: Innocent victims of HIV/AIDS

Pages: 374-377
Dilraj Kaur (Department of Sociology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

India is a male dominated society where women are often seen as subordinate and inferior to men. Patriarchy and gender discrimination restricts women from getting information about sexuality and related ailments. Research indicates that population of HIV positive women is increasing. It is being argued that a majority of HIV positive women get an infection from their marital partners. These women not only lack knowledge about HIV, but also the power to ask for safe sex thus become a victim of HIV unknowingly. Married women don't have negotiation powers of the asymmetrical marital union. They cannot say 'no' to sex even though they know clandestine status of their spouses. Once these women become victim of HIV onus falls on them. They are often blamed for bringing HIV/AIDS in the family, thus destroying family name. These women are blamed for immorality and they are subjected to life of disgrace, violence, hatred and stigma.

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Relationship between loneliness and mental health among male and female Army officers

Pages: 378-380
Shivani Saini and Kiran Maheshwari (Department of Psychology, MJRP University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between loneliness and mental health of male and female army officers. Sample consisted of 200 army officers out of which 100 were males and rest 100 were female officers. The sample was assessed on Loneliness Inventory by Uma and Meenakshi, and Mental Health Inventory by Jagdish and Srivastava, correlation between the samples revealed that there is a positive and significant relation between loneliness and mental health of male and female officers.

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A study on obsessive-compulsive disorder on obsessive style index

Pages: 381-384
Ajay Sharma (Clinical Psychologist, Shri Auribindo Medical College & PG Institute Indore, Madhya Pradesh)
Digamber Jagannath Darekar (Department of Psychology Dr B.N. Shri Purandare Arts & Smt S.G. Gupta Commerce & Science College Lonavla, Pune, Maharashtra)

The aim of the present study was to see the relation in severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder on OBS index. A sample of 30 patients (male & female), diagnosed clinically as having OCD by psychiatrists on the basis of ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for research, were selected from out-patient department of the Post Graduate Institute Of Behavioral and Medical Sciences, Raipur (C.G.). Along with a control group of 30 persons from general population, matched with respect to age with the OCD patients were also selected. The major thrust of the present study was to see that OBS index will be of significance in the patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and there will be significant difference in the presence of OBS style index of Rorschach in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder patients and control group. It was found that OBS index and severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder do not have significant correlation between them. The severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder did not show any effect on the presence of OBS-index. Further, No significant differences were found between obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal control group on the criterion of obsessive style index. In essence, the present study highlights that there is a need to modify obsessive compulsive index (OBS) while identifying the cases of obsessive compulsive disorder in our Indian population or some other measure should be used.

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