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Pages: 209-212
Sangeeta Trama and Omna (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Drinking by college-aged students remains a major issue. Results of recent research that have demonstrated that brain development continues well into early adulthood and that alcohol consumption can interfere with such development (Room, Babor, & Rehm, 2005; Murray & Lopez, 1997) indicate that alcohol use by youth is an even greater pediatric health concern. Studies done in the late 1970s and early 1980s found that 12.7% of high school students, 32.6% of university students, and 31.6% of young non-students consumed alcohol. In India, with special reference to Punjab, girls are into alcoholism. Going to clubs, discs etc. have become a trend among young girls. Drinking and partying provides a false sense of liberation and empowerment. In addition, research shows that having male friends increases the risk of alcohol use; spending time with boys makes girls feel more comfortable with sensation seeking and contributes to more adult-like precocious behavior. Girls find that alcohol has a disinhibiting effect that enhances their perception of being more confident, increases social comfort, and offers feelings of being sexually alluring. Moreover, for many college age girls, living on campus is often their first time away from home without constant supervision. Many girls take on drinking because they are separated from previous support systems and have new peers they are trying to impress. Young adult girls are facing forceful drinking due to their relationship partner demands to be like this. Thus present paper reflects upon the issue of alcoholism in girls and the factors that may lead to alcoholism.
Pages: 213-216
Komila Parthi and Radhika Gupta (Department of Psychology, Punjab University, Chandigarh )

Boredom has been defined as ''a state of weariness or ennui resulting from a lack of engagement with stimuli in the environment” (Vanden-Bos, 2007). Research suggests that students bring a variety of positive and negative emotions to classroom such as pride, enjoyment, anxiety, anger and boredom (Goetz, Frenzel, Hall, & Pekrun, 2007). These emotions interplay with the students emotions to impact their attention and performance. Despite being so important, studies in this field lack in exclusively focusing on academic domains (Goetz, Ludtke, Nett, Keller, & Lipnevich, 2013). In light of this, the present study aims to investigate boredom proneness, academic boredom, and mood awareness across Arts and Commerce students. For this purpose, 120 students were randomly selected from various departments of DAV college, Chandigarh. Of the 120 students, 60 students were from Arts department and 60 were from Commerce department. The data were collected with a set of questionnaires composed of a demographic form and three research instruments: Boredom Proneness Scale (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986); Academic Boredom Scale (Acee et al., 2010); and Mood Awareness Scale (Swinkels et al., 1995). The results indicate significant differences between Commerce and Arts students for boredom proneness, academic boredom and mood labelling. Similarly, significant correlations were observed among the variables under study. Future research suggestions and implications have been discussed.
Pages: 217-220
Shama Hamdani (Clinical Psychologist NMHP Sparsh Clinic, District Hospital, Durg, Chhatisgarh )
Ashok parasar (Clinical Psychologist, District hospital, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh )
Deapti Mishra (Post Graduate Insitute of Behavioural, & Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhatisgarh )

The aim of the present study is to see the level of anxiety in peson's having skin disease. Skin disease here refers to disorders of exclusively (or predominantly) the superficial layers of the skin. Psychological factors have long been associated with the onset, maintenance and exacerbation of many cutaneous disorders (Newell, 2000, p. 8; Papadopoulos, Bor, & Legg, 1999, p. 107). Anxiety has been defined as a diffuse, vague and very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. The anxious person worries a lot, particularly about unknown dangers. The sample size consisted of 40 patients suffering from common skin problems. The study was conducted at dermatlogy outpatient clinic Bhilai, DurgThe samples were selected by purposive sampling method The tools used for assessing the variables are Sociodemographic, self made consent form and Hamilton Rating Anxiety Scale (Hamilton, 1959). A moderate anxiety level was found in 22.5 % of patients.
Pages: 221-224
Adiba Ali and Shahina Maqbool (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh )

The history of media in elective democracies around the world has been described as the emergence of a professional identity of journalists with claims to an exclusive role and status in society. It is observed that as developments and growth is taking place in the arena of media there are certain potential stressors are also getting attached to it which have influence on the work ability of employees. Maintaining and promoting work ability is an imperative social as well as organizational goal. Research on the population's work ability is a crucial subject from the viewpoint of social objectives. We require information on what variables contain work ability in order to promote it. In this paper the Professional Life stress and Work ability among media professionals are investigated in terms of how these values are challenged or changed in the context of current cultural and technological developments. This study was carried out on 70 media professionals. Results of correlation analysis indicate that Professional Life Stress were significantly negatively related with Work Ability. t- test analysis showed significant difference between male and female employees.
Pages: 225-229
Anuja Deshpande and Savita Deshpande (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)

The aim of the study was to explore patterns of cell phone usage, and the activities that contribute to cell phone dependency among college students. This is a mixed methods study. Chi-Square computed on data from 400 participants indicated that messaging was the popular reason for the mobile phone usage. Analysis also suggested that participants partook differently across various activities. Qualitative data was explored using thematic analysis. Forty college students with high cell phone dependency scores on the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPS) were interviewed though semi-structured questions in an in-depth interview. The themes identified in their responses were tabulated and were also compared across theoretical frameworks that discuss cell phone use and dependence. The study provides direction for further investigation of cell-phone dependency and addictive symptom patterns among youth.
Pages: 230-239
Surbhi Kumar (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi )

The purpose of the present study was to garner a holistic understanding about the prevalence of myths of old age from the perspectives of both the young and the old. A sample of 40 participants (20 young, 20 old) was selected using purposive sampling keeping in mind the family structure joint v/s nuclear. Using a semi structured questionnaire, the participants (both male & female) were asked to reflect on 8 popular myths of old age like “To be Old is to be Sick” and their responses were analysed thematically and comparatively keeping the demographic variables in mind. The results indicate that the two age groups differ in many ways especially in the way they rationalize the old age. Further the type of family system joint or nuclear also has repercussions in the understandings that are created about the reality of old age, making space for myths and stereotypes. Such an exploration of persisting myths allows for breaking the ageist stereotypes and bringing about reform in public policy and gerontological education and creating useful interventions for the ageing workforce.
Pages: 240-244
Vikas Sehra (Centre for the Study of Regional Development (CSRD), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi)

The making of slum-free India has faced with various challenges over the years. The disparity in urban India, particularly in slums are glaring. The access to basic amenities is undisputable for an appreciable quality of life. Current study highlights the urgent need for providing basic amenities in slums. And by comparing statistics and findings in cities of Hyderabad and Jaipur lacunas emerges in the availability of basic amenities to the most marginalised in slums of urban India. The study considers various dimensions as infrastructure, sanitation, women empowerment & environmental care in slums, to give a holistic analysis. Which points to an urgent attention from policy makers to address the accentuating inter and intra city disparities in urban India.
Pages: 245-248
Bhumika Kapoor (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Health risk behaviors are a serious threat to health and well-being, often with grave current as well as future consequences. Previous research has recognized a particular vulnerability among adolescents for the same. Keeping this in mind, the aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence and magnitude of major health risk behaviors (namely, unhealthy weight control behaviors, substance abuse, & violence and physical aggression) among adolescents, living in Delhi and NCR, India. To this end, a self-report survey was administered on a large sample of adolescents (N=300), belonging to the age range of 16-20 years (mean = 17.48; SD = 1.42). Results depicted that a number of participants agreed to be struggling with body image issues, resulting in poor and unhealthy dietary habits. Participants reported avoidance of food (12.3%), binge eating (29%), purging (5%), and rigorous exercising (31.4%). Moreover, use of laxatives or diet pills (without a doctor's advice) was also reported. Substance abuse also elicited noticeable prevalence, with alcohol consumption generating most current use (25.1%), followed by tobacco (15%) and drug use (6.1%). Results also highlighted adolescent engagement in bullying and physical aggression. Significant differences were revealed between males and females on substance abuse and violence and physical aggression.
Pages: 249-252
Suman Singh and Shaila Parveen (Suman Singh and Shaila Parveen, Department of Social Work, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh )

Women construction worker play important role in the country's economic development but their requirements are not fulfill adequately at the work place. They work in various hazardous condition and lives with low income, poor nutrition and high level of exploitation at work place. The construction sector offers job with low wages and they compelled to enter in this sector due to poverty. This paper attempt to analyze the working condition and problem face by women construction worker at work place and highlight major finding of the study.
Pages: 253-258
Aswathi Mary Varghese and Swati Jaywant Rao Bute (Amity School of Communication (ASCO), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

The use of media in development communication can be treated at two levels: one being mass media, often using television, radio, and print media and second being community media, mainly using radio and other folk expressions concerned with giving voice and representation to the various segments of local communities. Advertising is often an important part of the mass media strategy designed for changing perceptions in the course of merely shifting the relative salience of attitudes, especially when the receiver is not particularly involved in the message to induce the adoption of innovations or other changes in behaviors. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of anti-open defecation television advertising campaign designed for 'Swachh Bharat Campaign' in motivating people to give up and preventing relapse in those who had already given up to fight the sanitation crisis in India. The study attempts to answer some questions regarding the effects of television advertising in the short run as well as in the long run. It also tries to understand the role of media in social change and as to how television helps in bringing the critical social issues to the public sphere and moreover to the notice of the common masses of the country. Information gained from evaluation is highlighted, and recommendations for future media campaigns and initiatives are made.
Pages: 259-261
Anju Nagaur and Pallavi Bhatnagar (Department of Psychology, University of Luckow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Stress is an appraisal of one's resources to cope up with the challenging situations and places a limit on one's capacity to face the situation efficiently. The stressful condition occurs when demands exceed the available resources. The same happens during the phase of adolescence. The adolescents face the turbulence of growing up stresses along with pressures of performance, cut throat competition, experiencing frustrations and conflicts of everyday life in relational world. For adolescents who are living in difficult circumstances, the level of stress only escalates to harmful extent having an adverse effect on their physical as well as mental health. The present study is an attempt to explore the stress level among adolescents of rural and urban area of Bakshi-ka-talab, Nishatganj, and Chowk area of Lucknow. The total sample was of 400 adolescents of government schools in age range 14 to 18 years, equally divided into rural and urban school's students. Anxiety Depression Stress Scale (Bhatnagar et al., 2011) was administered on them. The present research paper addresses the scores on stress scale only. The CR value has been calculated to find out locale (rural & urban) and gender difference. The findings indicated that rural adolescents are high on stress level as well as female adolescents were found to be stressed as compared to their male counterparts irrespective of area.
Pages: 262-263
Sonu Bharti and Pallavi Bhatnagar (Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh )

Depression is the most common mental disorder in the world. It not only reduces the quality of life but also is potential cause for predisposing the person for various physical, as well as, mental health problems. Though depression has been empirically studied by mental health professionals, however these studies have an over representation of the urban and educated population. India's 72.2 % population is residing in rural area, hence it is important to study them. People living below poverty line are under represented on empirical researches for their wellbeing and mental health issues. India's 25.70% rural population is BPL, It is important to explore the mental health status of rural BPL groups who are by and large underprivileged and disadvantaged. The present study is an attempt to explore the depression of farm labour. The sample comprised of 200 farm labour of Lebrua village of Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Depression has been assessed by the depression sub scale of ADSS (Bhatnagar et al., 2011). The result clearly indicates gender differences, with females reporting higher depression as compared to their counterparts.
Pages: 264-268
Sumangali Radhakrishnan (Department of Psychology, Jesus and, Mary College, University of Delhi, Delhi )
Akanksha Malik (Department of Management, Studies, IIT Delhi )
Jayanti Bharadwaj (Human Resources Schneider, Electric, Gurgaon, Haryana )
Shubhi Prasad (Human Resources, Cars 24 Services )

Drawing on interviews, the article aims to study conflicting perspectives on legalisation of homosexuality with a sample of nine students from different universities, fields of study, and geographical locations across India. Five different spheres of conflicts in representations have been identified: (1) homosexuality as a natural occurrence versus homosexuality as an abnormality; (2) the notion of freedom for all vs. need for social restrictions; (3) sanctity of traditional marriage versus marriage as an expression of love and trust for all with respect to same-sex marriages; (4) trichotomy in the representation of families with same-sex parents; and (5) support and tolerance for family members and friends, in case of perceived homosexuality. Implications for future research and the way forward have been discussed.
Pages: 269-275
Shadma Absar (National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi )

Teachers are the central actors in imparting quality education and deeply influence the teaching learning process in schools. It is important to study the factors which could enhance their productivity and work place well-being. The present study aimed at studying the impact of involvement of teachers in decision making process in the schools on their work place well-being in the Indian school education context. Teachers' organisational commitment, their organisational citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction were used as predictors of work place well-being of school teachers. Participative decision making and work place well-being of teachers were studied through standardised rating scales. Data was collected from 240 senior secondary school teachers in Delhi. Participative decision making and work place well-being of teachers was studied across two school managements (central and state government) and designation (TGTs & PGTs). Data was analysed quantitatively using 2X2 factorial design. Findings of the study revealed that organisational commitment and citizenship behaviour was found to differ significantly across the two school managements, also the job satisfaction of teachers was found to differ significantly across the two school managements and designation (PGT/TGT). Regression analysis revealed that the involvement of teachers in decision making process had significant impact on their organisational commitment, citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction, however there were differences across school managements.
Pages: 276-278
Anupama Sihag (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

A joint consultation of employees and management in decision making, broadly known as employees' participation in management has recently been in trend for maintaining peace, increasing productivity, and growth of an organization. The present study is an attempt to assess the prevalence of under-participation and powerlessness in various organizations and how both these factors contribute to occupational stress and unnecessary conflicts at workplace. The present study includes 150 participants, 50 each from healthcare, teaching, and banking sector. Occupational Stress Index by Srivastava and Singh (1983) was used to assess the levels of under-participation and powerlessness at workplace. It was observed that even after taking significant steps in the direction of effective employees' participation in management; issues related to powerlessness and under-participation still prevail and contribute significantly to the development of occupational stress.
Pages: 279-282
Susmita Chaturvedi (Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi)

As known to all of us that with the announcement of demonetization by our Prime Minister Mr.Narendra Modi the country had to experience its pros and cons. In his opinion it was to curb black money which was used for illegal activity and terrorism funding and to make india a cash less economy by pushing digital transaction. But with the unprepared banks people had to face serious crisis. This paper deals with what is demonetization, past experience of other countries and how it had effected Indian economy.
Pages: 283-286
Jatesh Kathpalia and Subhash Chander (Department of Sociology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

The word violence refers to the crime and physical force. Domestic violence is a problem that affects the lives of many women both in the urban and the rural areas. Women have been the vulnerable section of the society and constitute a sizeable segment of the population of India. Women have been vulnerable to violence and exploitation such as harassment, taunts, abuses, battering, molestation, rape, dowry deaths, mental and physical torture. The present paper has been prepared with a view to discuss the various issues related to the domestic violence against Women in rural areas. This study was conducted in Karnal and Sirsa districts of Haryana state. From these districts two blocks namely Indri from Karnal and Bada Gudha from Sirsa district were selected randomly. From the selected blocks, four villages namely Kheri Maan Singh and Jain pura Sidhana (Indri) and Biru wala, Burj Bhangu (Bada Gudha) were drawn randomly. From the selected villages, 200 respondents were also selected randomly. Study revealed that majority of respondents (60%) faced domestic violence in various forms. Further analysis revealed that out of 120 respondents, who faced domestic violence, 92.50 per cent faced emotional violence and 90.83 per cent faced verbal violence.
Pages: 287-290
Monika (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

Success of a company is dependent upon its profits, which, in turn, depend upon the velocity of its capital evidenced by reinvestment rate. A faster velocity of capital is largely dependent upon higher rate and the costs of receivables dependent upon credit sales, as it is in the case of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). This study explores the costs composition of 455 micro, small and medium-sized companies in Haryana using their primary data by survey method. This paper explores the composition of costs associated with maintaining receivables. The study examined that which cost of maintaining receivables is most considerable with the specific range by the MSMEs entrepreneur.
Pages: 291-295
Namita Mohanty (Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha )
Jitendra Mohanty (Department of Management, KSOM, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha )
Prabhudarsan Sahoo (Department of Psychology, Nayagarh Autonomous College, Nayagarh, Odisha )
Kalpana Sahoo (XIMB, Bubaneswar, Odisha )

World Health Organization has viewed well-being as a state of equilibrium at the physical, mental, social and spiritual domains. “How” aspects or dynamics of well-being based on theoretical framework help us to understand the process nature of well-being. These ideas are extremely helpful in developing well-ness enhancement programmes. Intentional activity theory suggests that volitional activities where energy is spent increases well-being. Telic or end- point theories posit that well-being is gained when goal or need is reached and persistence of unfulfilled needs are responsible for unhappiness. According to Bottom-up theory happy life is the accumulation of happy moments. In contrast, top-down theory advocates for a global propensity to experience things in a positive manner. Cognitive approach to Associationistic theories suggests that events attributed to internal and stable factors bring in maximum well-being. Judgment theories based on comparison views that people experience well-being when they find themselves to be better off than others. According to Adaptation theory recent changes produce happiness and unhappiness. But people eventually adapt to the overall level of events and restore happiness. Proactive theory predicts that the greatest happiness is experienced by those who have negatively skewed distribution of events. Another popular form of judgment theory advocates that the less the discrepancy between the actual condition and aspiration the greater is the happiness. Thus, there are different theoretical routes to understand the process nature of well-being. A crucial examination of their relative strengths is a challenging task before the researchers.
Pages: 296-299
Jaishree Jain (Department of Psychology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Psychotherapy encompasses exploration of suffering of an individual through the means of psychological techniques and finding ways for the remedy. The spiritual significance envisages to find answer for questions beyond our physical and social self. The spiritual self seeks answer for existential queries like “Why do we suffer?” What is the meaning of our suffering? “Where do we finally reach to end our suffering?” Issues related to the dynamics of the spiritual self and the psychological matrix of well-being will be discussed in detail to decipher the spiritual language of psychotherapy.
Pages: 300-303
Shruti Sharma (Department of History, PGGC- 11, Chandigarh )

The refugee migration is rightly attributed to the partition of India on 15 of August, 1947. The partition resulted in some 47.5 lakh (4.75 million) refugees migrating to India and of these, 4, 95, 391 descending on Delhi1. During the 60 years of the post-Independence period, Delhi's trajectory has been heavily influenced by the refugees' significant role in transforming the social, economic and physical landscape of Delhi. The coming in of multiplexes, malls, coffee shops and proliferation of brand name outlets coupled with the gentrification of Karol Bagh and West Patel Nagar along with the steep rise in Local markets like South Extension and fancy developer enclaves, it was all brought about by the steep rise in the disposable income of the refugees who were out to reinvent. . If Delhi today is the Queen of retail, then the role of refugees in its exaltation to this enviable position can, by no stretch of imagination, be underplayed.
Pages: 304-307
Shama Norien Major (I.A.S.E, Faculty of Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi)

Leprosy has always been linked with the social stigma and ostracizing of patient from society. Stigma and associated psychosocial problems are commonly seen in different cultures among the leprosy patients. This research aims to study the different aspects of health-related stigma and explore casual correlation with the self esteem. Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) stigma scale and Rosenberg self esteem questionnaires were used to collect data and Focus Group Discussions were conducted with the patients and their family members for collecting information on their socio-demographic characteristics and affects of the disease on their daily life experiences. Data was analyzed both qualitatively as well as quantitatively for analyzing the correlation between self esteem and stigma in the sample population
Pages: 308-312
Komila Parthi (Department of Psychology, DAV College, Sec 10, Chandigarh )
Ramanpreet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjab University, Chandigarh )

Materialism has been a topic of research in various disciplines since more than a few decades now. But its mammoth form is more haunting now a days as economies are reeling and individual dissatisfaction is on the rise. This paper attempts to investigate the relationship of materialism with impulsiveness. To this end, the data was collected from a sample of teachers (N=400) from colleges and universities in Chandigarh. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. The techniques of Pearson Product Moment Correlation and student's t-test were employed. It was observed that participants' endorsement of a materialistic lifestyle correlates positively with their scores on impulsiveness. The gender differences were seen to exist on materialism trait and its components while no gender differences were found on impulsiveness and its second order factors.
Pages: 313-315
Subhash Chander, Jatesh Kathpalia and Vinod Kumari (Department of Sociology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana )

Rural debtedness in India is one of the most serious problems of the rural economic. Actually, this problem is the sign of weak financial infra structural facilities available to the farmers for their survival and development. The study was conducted in Southern region of Haryana. The results of the study indicate that An average amount of loan of Rs. 229952 was taken by respondents from both sources. It is clear from the data that more than half of the respondents were repaying the loan irregularly while 42.67 per cent were repaying it regularly. Analysis revealed that 61.33% respondents enlisted low profit margins in agriculture as a major cause of debtedness. Analysis further revealed that respondents were burdened because of outstanding loan in spite of that 32.00 per cent respondents repaired or constructed the houses. Regarding problems faced by respondents after taking loan analysis revealed that overwhelming majority of the respondents (86.00%) were facing the problem of declining income after taking loan. It was also suggested that e-National Agricultural marketing facility should be provided to the farming community.
Pages: 316-318
Neha Bishnoi (School of Education Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana)

Psychological well-being is conceptualized as a primarily private phenomenon that is focused on the challenges encountered by individuals in their personal lives, social well-being represents a more public experience that is focused on the social tasks encountered by individuals in their social structures and communities. Understanding of psychological well-being is of much importance for every individual. It became imperative for sports where players have to undergone severe physical and psychological exercises and tough situation to perform. The present paper reviews on psychological well-being among adolescents.
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