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Pages: 93-97
Anita Sheerha and Mukta Singhvi (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The aim of the research is to compare the coping resources of counseling and non-counseling centre clients using the Coping Resources Inventory by Hammer and Marting (1983). It was administered on 96 college going students: 48 counseling seeking and 48 normal individuals. Coping resource inventory classify cognitive, social, emotional, spiritual/philosophical and physical resources that are currently available to individuals for managing stress. The scores are interpreted and discussed with two profile, that is, ipsative profile in which it was inferred that the participant scored highest on the emotional coping resource (35.2- 46.8) indicating that she is more likely to use this resource in order to deal with harsh or stressful situations, and the normative profile to compare the coping resources of counseling and non-counseling centre clients. It was found that Cognitive t(94) 7.0876, p<0.0001, Social t(94) = 9.2974, p<0.0001, Emotional t(94)= 6.1020, p<0.0001 and Spiritual t(94) = 3.3543, p<0.0001 were statistically significant. However, no significant difference was found on Physical Resources t (94) = 1.9430, p<0.0550. This reveals that both the groups utilize all the coping resources, except the Physical Resources, to deal with everyday stress and problems. Also, the scores of Indian and American counseling seeking individuals were compared. The results showed that the Indian group scored higher on the Cognitive, Spiritual and Physical coping resources as compared to the American group.
Pages: 98-102
Madhavi Menon (Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL )

Experiences with peers constitute an important developmental context for children within which children acquire a wide range of skills, attitudes, and experiences that influence their adaptation across the life span. Educational research has begun to explore the impact of children's sense of belonging in their classrooms and schools. Feelings of relatedness tapped by measures of school climate and quality of school relationships, have been linked to important academic outcome indices including academic achievement, academic self-efficacy, and school grades. This review paper explores the links between peer relations and school adjustment and subsequent academic achievement, with a special focus on the school adjustment and academic achievement of children as moderated by peer acceptance categorizations, i.e., popular, rejected, neglected, or victimized.
Pages: 103-106
Damanjit Sandhu and Gurveer Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The aim of this study was find out if there is a significant relationship between cyber pornography consumption and loneliness. Data was collected from a sample of 300 adolescent pupils using two scales UCLA loneliness scale and Cyber Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI). Pearson Product Moment Correlation method was used to analyze the data. The results of this study revealed that there is a significant relationship between consumption of cyber pornography and loneliness among adolescent pupils.
Pages: 107-109
Anjali Sharma (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Although empowering women seems to be the manifesto of every political or elective organization as well as its echo can also be seen as a major challenge of societal development and welfare of women who represent mark able space in every sector of life span. There is variety of schemes and plans which aims to bring reforms and changes towards women development. Despite of the fact, the sizable chunk of difference between women's actual state or self evaluation and their capacity of taking challenges can be noted which sometimes become more prevalent as a result of negative outcomes began to occur. Therefore, present study attempts to investigate the role of psychological empowerment of women in context of different type of organization where they work.
Pages: 110-112
Sunita Asthana (Sri Agrasen Kanya Autonomous, P.G. College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh )
Madhu Asthana (Former Principal & Associate Professor, Sri Agrasen Kanya, Autonomous P.G. College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh )
Sandhya Ojha (Department of Psychology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh )

The period of adolescence is marked by storm and stress. Most of the adolescent behaviour is influenced by the family, teachers, peers and environmental conditions. Adolescence stage of our life is very important as it faces so many changes. All changes affect students ability to perform in their study. The purpose of the study was to find out the impact of gender and social support on adjustment of adolescent students. This study was conducted on 500 adolescents (250 boys & 250 girls) studying 11th and 12th standards from different college of Varanasi city. Data were collected by P.G.I Social Support Scale and Adjustment Inventory, Vyaktitva Parakh Prashnavali. Mean, S.D. and F-test was used for the analysis of data. The results reported that significant difference was found between boys and girls students. In other words, we can say that boys are significantly better adjusted than girls. Gender has significant impact on adjustment of adolescent. Result further shows no significant impact of social support on adjustment.
Pages: 113-115
Jyoti Rathi and Kriti Vashishtha (Department of Psychology, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Intelligence is the base of mental capacity, a set of abilities which help a person to learn, and perform accurately. Still there is category of children named 'Learning Disability' who have average or above average level of intelligence, but they cannot perform their tasks as quickly and accurately as others can do. The present study is an in depth study of reviews where researchers compared various personality traits, anxiety expressions and adjustment levels of learning disabled children in comparison to non impaired children. There have been researches from decades which found a significant difference in the self-concept, aggressiveness, anxiety levels (Margalit & Zak, 1984; Rodriguez & Routh, 1989) autonomy (Margalit & Shulman, 1986) and academic achievement of learning disabled children as compare to non-impaired children. Rani (1865) compared the personality traits of children with learning disabilities and normal school going children; and found that the personality profile of children with learning disability was significantly different from the normal children. There are studies that show contradicting results too. The present study deeply analyzed and discussed the work of various researchers who have worked on personality traits, anxiety and adjustment of learning disabled children.
Pages: 116-119
Shruti Sharma and Sonakshi Ruhela (Department of Psychology, Amity University, Dubai)

The present study is aimed at reviewing the phenomenon of hate crimes. The mental profile of perpetrators as well as the methodology of carrying out hate crimes is analysed and reviewed. Consistent patterns of troubled psyches of perpetrators are characterized by factors such as antisocial behavior as well as high levels of aggression. A huge deficit in cultural knowledge has been shown to lead to cultural bias and a higher incidence of hate crime-based violence. The study employs review of existing literature as its methodology. Results indicate a strong correlation between cultural ignorance, stereotypes and hate crimes. Childhood abuse and parenting troubles have also been shown to correlate strongly with psychological concerns in hate crime culprits. Interventions in the form of promotion of national values such as the right to free speech, as well as coming into direct contact with lesser-understood cultures greatly helps in reducing misconceptions and subsequently, in reducing hate crimes; as well as the course of future researches are appraised.
Pages: 120-123
Karandeep Kaur (Department of Education and Community Service, Humanities Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab )

The purpose of this study was to examine machiavellianism and aggression among higher secondary school students. A sample of 174 higher secondary school students was selected randomly from various government and private schools of Ludhiana districts. The data was collected using hindi version of Mach IV scale by Rai and Gupta (1987) and aggression scale by Mathur and Bhatnagar (2004). The statistical techniques' such as descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way Annova and post-hoc test was used. The result highlighted that there was no significant mean difference in gender but significant mean difference was seen in family structure and streams in relation to Machiavellianism. Further also, there was no significant mean difference found in gender, family structure and streams in aggression but positive and significant correlation was found between Machiavellianism and aggression among higher secondary school students.
Pages: 124-127
Abbas Asmar (Department of Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )
Fereshteh Mostafavi Rad (Department of Educational & Psychological Science, Sepidan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sepidan, Iran )

The burnout can defined as a reaction against chronic stress and the responding to pressures of work or organization. The main objective of this study is the concept of the causes and the effect relationship between two variables the organizational and the institutional silence on the phenomenon of the burnout among the managers and employees that are working in electricity distribution company Ahwaz. Because the burnout effects on all aspects of the people organizational life and reduce the operation and the quality of the people. This research is conducted among the employees and the managers of electricity distribution Ahwaz. To select the required sample is used of the census sampling and the statistical methods such as the standard deviation, the regression and the Pierson correlation coefficient. In this research is used of the Maslach burnout inventory questionnaire and the Denison's organizational culture questionnaire and the akvla's organizational silence. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by using the cronbache's alpha coefficient that is satisfactory and acceptable. The results also show that there are significant relationships between the burnout and the Denison's organizational culture and the vakval's organizational silence. Also the organizational silence has a direct relationship with the burnout and has a inverse relationship with the Denison's organizational culture. This means that with the increase of silence in system, the organizational culture is reduced and the burnout is increased. It is worth noting that the relationship is directing between the organizational culture and the burnout. So that the burnout is increased by increasing the organizational culture and the burnout is reduced by reducing the organizational culture.
Pages: 128-134
Veena Bhatt, Damanjit Sandhu, and Kirandeep Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

This paper highlights the role of family communication in adolescent risk-taking. Family communication is defined as the act of making information, ideas, thoughts and feelings known among members of a family unit. Family communication can range from poor to very effective. How family members communicate their thoughts and feelings, particularly at times when they are attempting to resolve a stressful problem or assist one another in achieving personal goals, is important in adolescents' ability to cope with stressful situations and their likelihood of involvement in health behaviours and risk taking. Parent-child communication is an effective way of reducing unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. Children who do not receive warmth or care from their parents and who have disturbed communication patterns are more likely to have lower self-esteem, academic problems, and emotional troubles. They are also more likely to indulge in various kinds of health risk behaviors for example, drug use, eating disorders and participation in risky sexual behaviors. Thus, family communication is viewed as a strong predictor of adolescents' involvement in health risk behaviours.
Pages: 135-139
Shruti Shourie (Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Sector-10, Affiliated to Punjab University, Chandigarh )
Harshmeet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjab University, Chandigarh )

The study examined the relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being among adolescents. The sample size taken was 250 (125 boys & 125 girls).Statistical analysis included Pearson Product Moment correlation method using SPSS. The results revealed that mindfulness is significantly and positively correlated with subjective well-being.
Pages: 140-144
Gouri Sharma (Department of Education, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh)

Present study aimed to review the studies and research on classroom environment. Studies related to classroom environment were searched for different dimensions of classroom environment from 1980 onwards. A total of 30 studies concerning classroom environment were considered for the present research paper. In this study an attempt is made to survey the earlier works done in India and abroad. This study provides a review of the literature on classroom environment and will help to the researchers for further research work regarding classroom environment.
Pages: 145-147
Navin Kumar (Department of Psychology, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

The present paper aims to explore the concept of reciprocal altruism and it's interrelatedness with psychological Will power.it further aims to explore and highlight the implications of psychological will power on military Psychology. This paper also underscores the relevant concepts and implications from psychology research perspective. finally this paper emphasize the need for further research in this area of military Psychology.
Pages: 148-153
Harprit Kaur and Aastha Verma (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The present study was conducted to explore the link between emotional intelligence and personality. It also examined the relationship of basic socio-demographic data with personality and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a concept of huge importance in terms of understanding the emotional aspect of people and for enhancing their self-awareness, work life, and social relations. The study was conducted on the sample of 60 adults (37 Females & 23 Males) within the age range of 21 to 56 years. Data was collected using Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers & Myers, 1998) and Emotional Intelligence Test (Chadha & Singh, 2001). The statistical analysis used were the coefficient of correlation and student's t-test. The results indicated that T-F (Thinking-Feeling) dichotomy had a significant correlation with Emotional Sensitivity and Emotional Intelligence; E-I (Extraversion-Introversion) dichotomy had a significant correlation with Emotional Competency. Results also showed a significant relationship of age with S-N (Sensing-Intuition) dichotomy and Emotional Maturity. Gender differences were found to be non-significant in personality and emotional intelligence. Detailed results and their implications have been discussed in the paper.
Pages: 154-159
Damanjit Sandhu and Kirandeep Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Background: In spite of the growing concern about the effects of cyber bullying on youth, to date only a few studies have investigated this phenomenon among secondary school samples. Consequently, very little is known about the nature of cyber bullying and its impacts on the secondary school students. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence and nature of cyber bullying among a sample of secondary school students and also to determine whether significant differences existed between the mental and emotional health of cyber bullied and non-cyber bullied students. Method: A total of 357, 11th and 12th grade students in six schools completed the requisite measures. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence and nature of cyber bullying and t-test was used to find the differences between the mental and emotional health of cyber bullied and non-cyber bullied students. Results: The findings of the study revealed that a substantial number of youth (52.10 %; n = 186) reported being cyber victimized, predominantly through social networking sites. Only 12 % of cyber victimized youth knew the identity of the perpetrator and almost 42 % reported that they did not tell anyone about the incident. Results also revealed that the cyber victimized youths reported significantly poor mental and emotional health in comparison to non cyber victimized youths. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest the need for developmentally appropriate prevention and intervention programs implemented at the secondary school level if efforts to address this growing complex problem have to be successful.
Pages: 160-166
Shashi Darolia (Department of Psychology, University College, Kurukshetra )
C. R. Darolia (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra )

The present study was conducted to explore the role of work-family conflict (WFC) and psychological distress in subjective well-being of working women in India. It was also aimed to examine the moderating effect of domain specific social support in detrimental impact of work-family conflict and psychological distress in subjective well-being. The study was conducted on a sample of 210 married working women in the age range of 30 to 45 years. The sample was drawn from various occupations like, Engineering, Teaching, Medical, Banking, Secretarial Assistance etc. All the selected participants received the measures of work-family conflict, psychological distress, subjective well-being, and social support. The results revealed that work-family conflict is bidirectional phenomenon, i.e., work interferes with family (WIF) and family interferes with work (FIW). Both WIF and FIW have shown negative association with subjective well-being, the correlation coefficients are -.40 (p<.001) and -.46 (p<.001), respectively. Work distress (r= -.44, p< .001) and family distress (r= -.64, p<.001) also correlate negatively with subjective well-being of working women. However, the two kinds of social support, viz. family support and organizational support have yielded positive correlation with subjective well-being, respective correlations are .56 (p< .001) and .30 (p<.001). The results of regression analyses have indicated that work-family conflict, psychological distress and social support accounted for about 48 percent of variance in well-being (R2= .69, p<.0001). Moderating effect of family and organizational support was examined through hierarchical multiple regression. Results suggest that organizational support serves as strong buffer (F=8.31, p<.01) against negative impact of work distress on well-being, however, the moderating effect of family support in respect of family distress was found to be non-significant (F=2.29, p= .13). Results were discussed in the light of pertinent theoretical formulations and previous research in the field of work-family conflict and social support.
Pages: 167-171
D. Barani Ganth (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry)

The study aimed at understanding the variables associated with romantic relationship in unmarried youth. A sample of 453 students in the age range of 18-24 from two south Indian universities participated in the study. A survey was conducted among the participants using tools on personality, social influence on romantic relationship, interpersonal attraction, romantic inclination and socio-demographic and relationship status. Analysis of the data revealed that male students were more romantically inclined than female counterpart did. Students who had experienced a romantic relationship (Lovers) had more romantic inclination than those who had not experienced a relationship (Non-lovers). Lovers and non-lovers did not differ in their personality factors and interpersonal attraction. Lovers scored higher on media and peer group influence on romantic relationship than non-lovers. Romantic inclination was significantly related to personality factors, media and peer influences on romantic relationships and interpersonal attraction. Analysis of data using Structural Equation Modeling indicated that, personality, media influence and peer influence had a significant effect on romantic inclination. Romantic inclination in turn significantly predicted love status of youth.The study aimed at understanding the variables associated with romantic relationship in unmarried youth. A sample of 453 students in the age range of 18-24 from two south Indian universities participated in the study. A survey was conducted among the participants using tools on personality, social influence on romantic relationship, interpersonal attraction, romantic inclination and socio-demographic and relationship status. Analysis of the data revealed that male students were more romantically inclined than female counterpart did. Students who had experienced a romantic relationship (Lovers) had more romantic inclination than those who had not experienced a relationship (Non-lovers). Lovers and non-lovers did not differ in their personality factors and interpersonal attraction. Lovers scored higher on media and peer group influence on romantic relationship than non-lovers. Romantic inclination was significantly related to personality factors, media and peer influences on romantic relationships and interpersonal attraction. Analysis of data using Structural Equation Modeling indicated that, personality, media influence and peer influence had a significant effect on romantic inclination. Romantic inclination in turn significantly predicted love status of youth.
Pages: 172-174
Ankita (Department of Psychology, Punjab University, Chandigarh )
Akanksha Tripathi (Department of Psychology, MCM DAV College for Women, Chandigarh )

The aim of the present study is to compare merchant navy officers on their Job satisfaction, Subjective well-being and Stress. The study was conducted on 300 merchant navy officers having 150 Deck and 150 Engine officers. For this purpose Generic Job satisfaction Scale (Macdonald & MacIntrye, 1997); Positive affect and Negative affect (Watson et al., 1988); satisfaction with life scale (Diener et al., 1985); and Perceived stress scale (Cohen et al., 1983) were used. Descriptive statistics and 2x2 ANOVA was used to analyse the data. The results show that Deck officers were found to be low on job satisfaction and subjective well-being, high on stress in comparison to engine officers.
Pages: 175-179
Ranjana and Nandini Moudgil (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

The internet is extensively used by adolescents today and excessive use has been found to have adverse consequences. Young (1996) has defined problematic Internet-using behavior as 'Internet addiction'. Internet addiction is characterized by 'difficulty in real life due to internet over-use', 'excessive time spent on the internet or replacement of genuine real relationships with superficial virtual ones' or 'weakness in self-control about internet use and if withdrawn, falling in psychological confusion. Internet addiction has been reported to be associated with depression and anxiety. Anxiety is a mental health constructs and brain response that warns of danger and prepares for upcoming challenges. On the one hand, it can act as motivational construct to take actions and on the other hand, it can act as an escapism mechanism. Depression involves persistent sad mood and hopelessness or loss of interest or pleasure in life .The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship of internet addiction with anxiety and depression and to study the gender differences, among adolescents. The participants comprised of 85 students belonging to the age range of 14 to 16 yrs, from various educational institutions in Haryana. Internet addiction test (Young, 1998) was used to assess internet addiction level of the sample selected. BDI-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) was used to assess level of depression among adolescents. To assess anxiety, State trait anxiety inventory (Speilberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene,1983) was used. Pearson product moment correlation and t-test were used to analyze the data. It was found that depression and anxiety correlate well with internet addiction. T-test revealed significant differences between girls and boys on internet addiction and depression.
Pages: 180-184
Komila Parthi (Department of Psychology, DAV College, Sector-10, Chandigarh )
Shilpa Singh Rohilla (Department of Psychology, Punjab University, Chandigarh )

Mental health is one of the determining factors of student life which plays a vital role in achieving desirable goals for better future. In higher education, mental health becomes vulnerable because of the demanding nature of academia. A doctorate is one of the highest degrees one can achieve in the field of education. In research, financial difficulty acts as a major contributory factor for the poor mental health of research students. Research needs financial support to be carried out smoothly and fruitfully. Therefore, fellowships provided by universities or other research promoting institutions act as a support system to research students, lack of which results in interruptions in progress of research work which may cause mental health issues among researchers. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the impact of financial difficulty on mental health among research students of Punjab University Chandigarh, India. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 120 research students was randomly selected from various faculties of Punjab University Chandigarh, India. The research students were equally categorized into fellowship holder and non-fellowship holder groups. An equal number of male and female research students were included under each category (30 males & 30 female) with age ranging between 23-30 years. GHQ-12 (Goldberg & Williams, 1988); Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen & Williamson, 1988); Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, 1996); and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (Hamilton, 1959) were the tools used to assess mental health, stress, depression, and anxiety respectively.
Pages: 185-188
Simarjeet Kaur, Sugandha Asgola, and Sukhminder Kaur (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study was undertaken in one block of Sangrur district on a sample consisting of 160 (10-14 years old) rural school going children (both boys & girls) engaged in agricultural labour. A Personal Information Sheet was used to assess the demographic profile of the children and a self structured Interview Schedule was used to determine the causes of participation by the children in agricultural activities and problems experienced by them at work and school. Various causes revealed by both girls and boys (100.00%) for their involvement in the agricultural related activities were to earn the livelihood and to carry on their family occupation. Children faced various problems at school and at work due to their involvement in agricultural activities. Most of the boys (97.80%) and girls (75.00%) were unable to cope up with studies due to their engagement in agricultural activities. Boys were found to be having more short of attendance and lack of understanding in school compared to girls. Significant differences were observed in the punishment experienced by both boys and girls at school and boys were more punished physically. Long and no fixed working hours were found to be major problems experienced by both boys and girls at work.
Pages: 189-193
Sonam Jakhar (Department of Economics, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana)

Haryana, a state earlier known for its agriculture production has transformed now to a state known for well rounded development. The trajectory of state's growth and development has been progressive since its formation. It has set the example for achievement of significant landmark in its strive as a hub for industrial products evident from the fact that Haryana today is a major manufacturer of passenger cars, motorcycles, tractors, bicycles, refrigerators and scientific instruments. Manufacturing refers to the process of converting raw material into finished goods for use or sale on a large scale with the help of mainly labor and machines. This paper aims at studying the manufacturing status of Haryana, and its contribution to the Gross State Domestic Production (GSDP). There are many manufacturing units in Haryana which help to increase production, employment opportunities and state contribution to India's GDP. Although, the economy of Haryana is mainly agriculture based but still its manufacturing sector plays a prominent role in promoting the growth rate of the state.
Pages: 194-196
Ajitha Eswaramangalam Ayyappan (Maharanis Science College for Women, Bangalore )
Pramod R. Shivcharan (Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharward)

Psychological capital with components of hope, and resilience has recently emerged as a core construct in bringing positive psychology to the work place. Keeping these views as a scope for positive psychology research, this study sought to provide a comprehensive investigation of the impact of positive psychology variables of hope and resilience on occupational stress of information technology professionals. The data was collected from a sample of 100 information technology professionals from different software companies in Bangalore. A purposive sampling method was used for the study. The data were analyzed using Multiple Regression Analysis. The results showed that there is an impact of hope and resilience on occupational stress of information technology professionals. The study reveals that people with high hope and resilience experience less occupational stress. The positive constructs like hope and resilience play major roles in predicting organizational behavior and its outcomes
Pages: 197-201
Archana Shukla and Nitya Yadav (Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh )

The current study cast a glance on the self perception of the female sex workers. 50 sex workers aged 20 to 45 were purposively selected from the NGO in Lucknow. To assess the self perception of the FSWs the semi projective technique WHO AM I? Arkoff (1989) was used. Results depicted that the self perception of FSWs was poor and negatively laden by others perception and feeling of helplessness was overriding
Pages: 202-208
Nidhi Singh and Gurminder Sokhey (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab )

The present investigation is an attempt to explore reasons for better academic performance by comparing the cognitive ability and learning strategies of adolescents with different levels of academic achievement. The sample comprised 480 students classified into 160 each for high, moderate and low achievers. Each group was further divided into 80 males and 80 females for high, moderate and low achievers in the age range of 16-19 years, studying in 10th, 11th and 12th class. The criteria for assessing their academic achievement was based on the average academic score for the last two years. Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1981) and Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (Biggs et al., 2001) were administered to assess student's cognitive ability and learning strategies respectively. A 2X3 factorial design with equal numbers was applied with two levels of gender and three levels of achievement (high, moderate, & low). The results revealed that high achievers scored higher on cognitive ability than moderate and low achievers. Also, high achievers practiced more deep approach whereas low achievers use surface approach while learning. Probing the gender differences on cognitive ability, significant differences were more prominent in the low category with males obtaining higher score than females. Results on learning strategies revealed that in case of high achievers, females practiced more deep learning approach than males. While, surface approach was least applied by high female achievers.
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