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Pages: 58-60
Neetima Batra (Department of Home Science, GGSSS, Kaimri, Hisar, Haryana)
Beenu Sehgal and Manju Mehta (Department of Family Resource Management, I C College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene are some of the most basic needs for human health and survival. Specially pure drinking water is of utmost importance among sanitation and hygiene concepts. keeping in view the study is planned to take a overall view of drinking water availability in urban area and performance of various water filters available in market. Water samples fromMunicipal water works, Tubewells and Handpump were tested. Five types of filters i.e Membrane filter, Candle filter, UV-rays + candle filters, Chemical treatment filters and three steps filter were selected for bacteriological analysis of water. Contaminated unfiltered water samples were taken purposively for the testing.After filtration it was found that UV rays +candle filter(F1) and three Steps filter (F2) were best in terms of removing impurities in terms of coliform count, faecal coliform count and viable count present in all three sources of water. F3 filter (chemical filters) had removed all the impurities present in unfiltered handpump water and reduced the impurities approximately ten times from other two sources of filter i.e. water from waterworks and tubewell. F4 filter (candle filter) and F5 (membrane filter), ranked III and IV respectively because these filters were found to remove the above mentioned impurities to some extent. It was also found from the available results that F3, F4 and F5 filters were proved to be much more effective when the bacterial counts were less in unfiltered water taken from the all three sources. Thus, it can be concluded that F1 and F2 filters are best out of five filters tested in terms of performance evaluation and are, therefore, recommended for use by the consumers.
Pages: 61-63
Deepshikha Bishnoi (Independent Researcher, Psychology, Hisar, Haryana)
Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Hisar Haryana)

Violence among children has always been a topic of interest to many social scientists, and bullying behavior has grown out of this field. Peer groups become very important during adolescence. Peer influences on bullying behavior have concluded that increased aggressive behavior within peer networks is associated with increases bullying behavior. The present paper reviews on peer pressure and school bullying.
Pages: 64-66
Jyoti Rani, P.S. Malik and S. S. Sangwan (Department of Sociology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

The organizational climate prevailing in an institution influences its functioning, besides affecting the productivity and sufficiency of the scientists. Inter personal relationships, cooperation, team work, conflict, trust worthiness, motivation, attitude, interest, commitment influence the organizational climate. The study is based on the primary data collected from 70 social and home scientists selected through census method from various departments, such as Sociology, Extension Education, Agricultural Economics, Child Development, Family Resource Management, Clothing and Textile and Foods and Nutrition. The data reveal that maximum number of respondents had the prevalence of moderate, high and low levels on intra-inter personal relationships among various departments of social and home sciences. Majority of them had the prevalence of moderate level of cooperation and high level of team work followed by low and high level of conflict. Medium level followed by high and low levels of trust worthiness was noticed from the majority of the respondents. Maximum number of scientists received moderate level of motivation from the higher authorities. Periodic training in the socio-psychological aspects to the scientists was identified to upgrade their efficiency and productivity.
Pages: 67-72
Kanika K. Ahuja and Megha Dhillon (Department of Psychology, Lady Shri Ram College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi)

This generation is facing mammoth global environmental problems of shrinking natural resources, global warming, pollution and consumerism. Can people's ecological behaviour be understood by examining their attitudes towards the environment? The present research sought to investigate the relationship between environmental attitudes and environmental behaviours amongst female undergraduates in Delhi. Sixty nine participants filled out The New Ecological Paradigm (Revised) (Dunlap, Van Liere, Mertig, & Jones, 2000) and General Ecological Behaviour (Davis, Green, & Reed, 2009) to measure environmental attitudes and behaviour respectively. Results indicated that both attitudes and behaviours towards the environment were average in strength. However, the relationship between attitudes and behaviours was negligible (r=0.02, p=0.870). Implications, limitations of the study and future directions are discussed.
Pages: 73-75
Sonal Agarwal and P. C. Mishra (Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The aim of this research was to find out the relationship of self-efficacy with affective commitment, normative commitment, continuance commitment and overall organizational commitment in revenue personnel. It was hypothesized that self efficacy will have a positive relationship with organizational commitment (overall & area- wise). The sample comprised of 150 Income Tax personnel working in Lucknow, Allahbad, Kanpur, Faizabad and Agra (Uttar Pradesh- India). The age of the respondents ranged between 30 years to 40years. Two psychometric tools were used in this study. Organizational commitment scale by Khan and Mishra (2002) was utilised to measure organizational commitment. Self-efficacy was assessed with the help of Generalized Self-efficacy Scale by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995). The statistical analysis conducted on the obtained data was Pearson's Correlation coefficient. The results indicated that self efficacy was positively and significantly related to affective, normative, continuance and overall organizational commitment in revenue personnel.
Pages: 76-80
Surjeet Singh and Nov Rattan Sharma (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Researches has found that Subjective vitality represented key determinants of Psychological well-being. Subjective vitality is the conscious feeling of positive energy, aliveness and spirit, thus felling of subjective vitality is positively related to psychological well-being. The current study further scrutinized the potential association between, Subjective vitality and Psychological well-being. The sample consisted of 100 young adults (age 20-40 years; mix gender). In present investigation subjective vitality scale (Ryan & Frederick, 1997) and Psychological well-being scale (Ryff & Keyes, 1995) were administered on participants in individual or in group settings. Statistical analyses demonstrated that Subjective vitality positively associates with Psychological well-being and its positive constructs or various sub dimensions. Results suggest that people with higher level of Vitality also experienced higher level of psychological well-being. These findings are relevant for topical scientific debates regarding the underlying mechanisms of psychological well-being through the subjective vitality
Pages: 81-85
Hardeep Kaur and Arashmeet Chawla (Department of Social Work, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

School adjustment includes academic, social and emotional adjustment. It is viewed as the process that the students adopt to maintain balance between their academic, social and emotional needs within the school environment. Though adjustment is a major concern at all stages of life, it becomes critical during adolescence. Adolescent who have strong emotional ties with their families, are aware of the presence of their families who can support them at all times. They are thus affected lesser by any problems, giving them a feeling of security and thus reducing the issues of concern at this stage of their life. However, the adolescents who are deprived of family environment may experience various concerns and fears or show low adjustment levels, high emotional problems, difficulty in social interactions and many other indicators of maladjustment and poor well being. Similarly, the adjustment among the school going adolescent girls living with their families and in orphanages may significantly vary. The present study aims to examine the social, educational and emotional adjustment among the school going adolescent girls residing in orphanages and with their families. The sample comprises of thirty school going adolescent girls aged between 14-18 years residing in orphanages and the ones living with their families. In each group, there are fifteen adolescent girls. Adjustment Inventory for school students developed by Sinha and Singh has been used in the study. The result of the present study indicates that the adolescent girls living in orphanages have lower social and educational adjustment level as compared to the girls who live along with their families. The emotional adjustment level of the adolescent girls living in orphanages and families are almost same.
Pages: 86-89
Satinder Kaur, Deepika Vig, and Sarita Saini (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The current study was undertaken to explore the self-esteem of rural and urban adolescents with selfie addiction. The total sample comprised of 360 adolescents studying in 10th, 11th and 12th standard from schools of Ludhiana district identified with selfie addiction and equally divided across two locales i.e. rural and urban. Self-structured Selfie Addiction checklist and Self-Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1986) was used to collect the data. The results indicated that majority of rural and urban adolescents with borderline , acute and chronic level of selfie addiction were found to have medium self-esteem. It was further found that none of the rural and urban adolescent with chronic level of self-esteem had high level of self-esteem. This indicated that irrespective of the locale (rural/urban), the percentage of rural and urban adolescents with high self-esteem decreased as the severity of selfie addiction increased.
Pages: 90-93
Preeti Gulati (Department of Psychology, S.R. Government College for Women, Amritsar, Punjab)

The present study was conducted to compare the creative abilities of monolinguals and bilinguals. To find significant differences two groups were clubbed i.e. Monolinguals (ML: n=200, 100 Boys & 100 Girls) and Bilinguals (BL: n=200, 100 Boys & 100 Girls) and univariate t-test was applied. In the present study “Eta Squared” has been computed to find out the relative magnitude of difference between the groups. Our results clearly indicate that bilingual students performed better on all these components (Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, & Elaboration) of verbal and figural creativity as compared to monolinguals.
Pages: 94-97
Anita Manglani (PDF (ICSSR), MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

“Enhance your self-concept and Build Your Self-esteem.” quoted by Clayton Tucker-Ladd (1996) (cited in JamesNeill, 2005). In the present investigation effort has been made to validate above statement with an objective to develop and conduct self-awareness program in order to enhance self-esteem among secondary students. As per objective, self-awareness program was designed including various guidance and counselling activities such as class talk, self-awareness activities, which are speculated to enhance self-awareness of secondary students and its effectiveness on their self-esteem, was ascertained under pre-post design. This study adopted a purposive sampling approach in order to recruit participants who could be theoretically expected to differ in the extent of their self-esteem. These participants were recruited from educational institution namely Center Public r. Secondary school, Udaipur (Raj). The whole sample comprised of 40 secondary students from class 9th. These participants were gone through three phases namely pre-test, implementation of self-awareness program and post-test phases. Participants' self-esteem was measured on state self-esteem scale as baseline criteria in before and after implementing self-awareness program on them. To ascertain the significance of self-awareness program score obtained on state self-esteem scale in both pre and post condition was compared under paired t-test analysis using SPSS (version 22). On the basis of obtained result self-awareness activities under guidance and counselling program is established as an effective measure to enhance secondary students' self-esteem.
Pages: 98-100
Dolon Dawn and Sonali De (Department of Psychology University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

Violence against women is a universal reality which cuts across cultural, religious, economic and geographical boundaries. Various forms of traditional beliefs are upheld by the human society as social ethics for controlling the sexuality and status of women. This study explored how married women perceive and accept the situations of intimate partner violence. Women from suburban background between age 18 years 30 years (Mean age, 27.12 years, SD, 1-55 years) who have undergone intimate partner violence were considered for the study. The research was conducted in the natural setting of the participant. In the research, purposive sampling approach had been used and continued till sample size was met. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for eight respondents from suburban setup. Considering India's patriarchal societal culture, subjugated women and justified male violence towards women. Lack of support from family members and the fear of losing social status numbed the voices women. The current study delves into the reality of female victims of abuse who are trapped in a society where they are forced to accept violence from their partners, divorce is not a choice and where social support of women is extremely restricted.
Pages: 101-104
Mira Talathi and R.S. Mhaske (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)

Mindfulness research is progressing with lightening speed covering various areas and involving all the age groups. Present article addresses methodological challenges in mindfulness research. Capturing mindfulness experience, research designs, issue of double blind experiments, inadequate descriptions of interventions, and planning and execution of interventions are special concerns. Attention is given to instruments measuring mindfulness focusing on self report measures, operational definition and validity of instruments in Indian context. Present article is two-fold. In second part, the researcher has focused upon mindfulness in adolescents. Researcher has observed changes in mindfulness among novice adolescent girls after practicing mindfulness meditation intervention. MMI is a guided audio-taped intervention designed by Jon Kabat Zinn (2012) and mindfulness is measured by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown et al., 2011) designed specifically for adolescents. Surprisingly, it was found that mindfulness has reduced as a result of practicing MMI. Results are discussed in detail along with limitation and guidelines for future research. Research findings highlight need for better assessment techniques for mindfulness especially in Indian context.
Pages: 105-107
Pardeep Kumar (Department of CMT, GJUST, Hisar, Haryana)
Swatti Chowdhary (Department of Education, Lingayas University, Faridabad, Haryana)

This paper frames the subject of this special issue the development of social and emotional competence in early childhood. Teachers and parents support healthy social emotional and cultural development. In this paper we focused on ages 1-9 years because in this period normal social emotional progress facilitates children. Early childhood activities and experiences set the stage for healthy mind and healthy learning. There are different dimensions to develop social emotional competence during early childhood e.g., self esteem self confidence, self control, morality, characterization, communication skills, adjustment skills, patience etc. The processes of developing these dimensions are based on nurturing, heredity and environment. Many psychologists are divided early childhood in different stages with specific age groups. According to psychologists children who have experiences such as these are able to recognize their and other emotions and able to adjust with different societies. Our study is based on scientific methodology which is related to different experiments of psychologists.
Pages: 108-113
Amita Kaistha (Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Present study was undertaken to investigate the significance of impact of motivational beliefs on self-directed learning of male distance learners. Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ; Pintrich et al., 1991) was used to measure the motivational beliefs and Self-directed learning inventory developed by the researcher herself was used to assess the self-directed learning of male students pursuing their post-graduation through distant mode. A sample of 312 students was randomly selected for the study. The findings of the study showed that self-efficacy for learning and performance emerged as best and significant predictor followed by test anxiety for explaining awareness, learning strategies, learning activities, components of self-directed learning. Whereas, for explaining evaluation and interpersonal skills components intrinsic goal orientation emerged as the best and significant predictor. Test anxiety and self-efficacy for learning and performance appeared as the second and third order variable in order of importance for explaining interpersonal skills component of self-directed learning.
Pages: 114-116
Supreet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

The present study investigates the relationship between Problematic Internet Use and Alexithymia among the non clinical sample of adolescents. The study was conducted on 90 high school students. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Young (1998) for Problematic Internet Use and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) by Bagby, Parker, and Taylor (1994) were administered. Adolescents scoring >50 on IAT were considered as Problematic Internet Users (PIU) and those scoring <50 were taken as control group. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and t-test was used for analysis. The results revealed significant and positive relationship of Internet Addiction with Alexithymia (Difficulty Describing Feelings, Difficulty Identifying Feelings & Externally Oriented Thinking & Total Alexithymia). The results further indicated significant differences for Alexithymia between PIU group and control group.
Pages: 117-120
Poonam Bharti (Department of Geography, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The present paper attempts to analyze the status of Women in India and highlights the Issues and Challenges of Women Empowerment. Women empowered are a nation empowered. Women Empowerment is a global issue and discussion on women's rights are at the front of many formal and informal campaigns worldwide. India is a country of varied culture. The position of women in society is still influenced by social and cultural factors like traditions, customs, and religion, caste, class and income strata. Empowerment of women is seen as a key root to reduce the imbalance between the twin genders, which are found in nearly all stage. The status of Women in India has been subjected to many great changes over the past few millenniums. The history of women in India has been eventful. Women play a very important role in society but still women are ignored by the society. Women empowerment commission is a tool to eliminate various women problem and provide right track for them.
Pages: 121-124
Shalini Barthwal and Manju Pandey (Department of Psychology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand)

In India, school absenteeism has been the focus of study in the primary and upper primary level, as the nation's main policy has been to increase enrolments in schools. The senior secondary classes (i.e., class XI & XII) have never been in the focus when it to comes being absent from school without any rational cause. This research gap lays the foundation for the present study with the focus on the mental health and youth problems of senior secondary students who are frequently absent from school. A mental health and youth problem analysis of 200 students was done from Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand using Mental Health Battery (Singh & Gupta, 2005) and Youth Problem Inventory (Verma, 1996). Intelligence came out as the strongest predictor of absenteeism followed by emotional stability, family problems, school problems, self-concept and autonomy.
Pages: 125-129
Neelam Rathee (Post Graduate Government , College for Girls, Sector -11, Chandigarh)
Neha Goyal (Department Psychology Honors, Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector -11, Chandigarh)

Music is a common phenomenon that crosses all bodies of nationality, race and culture. Music affects us in ways that are personal and require psychological explanation. It is a divine and a spiritual phenomenon that expresses emotions, uplifts and inspires, touch the heart and heal and soothe the soul. The choice of a particular song can be subjective and situational, but the general and overall preference for a particular kind of music involves more psychological attributes. Music has a remarkable ability to conjure up emotions in individuals. Listeners are predisposed to their taste in music; and they have broadly convergent emotional interpretations of music. Keeping this background in view for the purpose of this study, differences in the musical preferences and the accompanying emotional states and the orientation towards life was studied on a sample of 100 female college students from the age group of 17-22 years. The findings observed differences in emotional states and the orientation towards life of the subjects showing preferences for upbeat or reflective music respectively.
Pages: 130-134
Subhash Savant (Department of Economics, Bhonsala Military College, Nashik, Maharashtra)

The Indian banking sector, in general, and public sector banks, in particular, has been going through tough phase. The Indian banking sector is denting with non performing assets problem in recent years. The NPA issue is influencing the portfolio of banks and financial institutions, market mechanism, economy and different banks differently. Therefore, in this context the study is undertaken with an empirical analysis of contribution of different banks in advances and NPAs. A comparative study of NPAs related to sector wise, banks wise is also carried out. This will help us to understand the concept of NPAs thoroughly. The current study focuses on the share of different banks in terms of Gross advances, Net advances, GNPA, NNPA, priority and non-priority sectors. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section is theoretical and it is related to the concept of NPA, review of literature and research methodology whereas the second section presents a deep analysis of NPAs. Final section dwells upon some conclusion remarks.
Pages: 135-137
Minchekar, Vikas S. (Kasturbai Walchand College (Arts-Science), Sangli, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra)

This article presents the relation between adjustment and neurotic tendency among elderly people. The old age is the natural process which starts from birth and ends at death. The old age or elderly is later part of the life of an individual also known as the closing period of the life. Indian society provides a congenial set of condition for physically conformable and emotionally satisfying old age. But, day by day the elderly people are facing psychosocial problems due to the changing family patterns. Hence, the aim of this study was to predict the levels of the neurotic tendency of elderly people caused by home, emotional and social adjustment. The research population contained 300 respondents aged between 65 and 85 years. The neurotic tendency was measured using the PGI Health Questionnaire (PGI HQ) while adjustment was measured using Shamshad Jasbir Old Age Adjustment Inventory. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression, and Student's t-tests. The results showed that the neurotic tendency of elderly people could significantly be predicted by looking at adjustment. The results further revealed that the mean level of the home, emotional and social adjustment in elderly males is higher than it is in elderly females. However, the neurotic tendency is higher in elderly females than it is in elderly males.
Pages: 138-142
Chandrani Sen and Surbhi Dulara (Department of Psychology, IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The present paper aims to analyse the relationship of job characteristics and performance (task performance & contextual performance) by assessing the mediating role of work engagement. The research targeted 100 middle level managers working in the service sector (hotel industry). To evaluate the mediational analysis PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2012) was employed in SPSS. A positive and significant correlation was found between the three variables and while analysing work engagement as a mediator it was depicted that work engagement fully mediated the relationship between job characteristics and task performance and also between job characteristics and contextual performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that being engaged in a job enriches one's performance.
Pages: 143-145
Vinayak Madhukar Honmore (Department of Psychology, Smt. Mathubai Garware Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Sangli, Maharashtra)

The facial recognition is an important task in criminal investigation procedure. The security guards can help to identify the suspected accused because they are constantly watching the people. The forensic psychologists are tackled such cases in the criminal justice system. The security guards may loss their ability to correctly identify the persons due to constant stress while performing the duty. The present study aimed at to identify the effect of experimentally induced stress on facial recognition ability of security guards. For this study 50 security guards from Sangli, Miraj, and Jaysingpur city of the Maharashtra States of India were recruited in the experimental study. The randomized two group design was employed to carry out the research. In the initial condition twenty identity card size photographs were shown to both groups. Afterward, artificial stress was induced in the experimental group through the difficult puzzle-solving task in a limited period. In the second condition, both groups were presented earlier photographs with another additional thirty new photographs. The subjects were asked to recognize the photographs which are shown earliest. The analyzed data revealed that control group has a highest mean score of facial recognition than experimental group. The results were discussed in the present research.
Pages: 146-149
Ekta Soni and Rakesh Kumar Behmani (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana)
Sunita Rani (Department of Social Management, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussorie, Dehradun, Uttarakhand)

Women in India have a status of being sub-ordinate to men. Men and women are not considered equal, men being the superior. The patriarchal set up of this country leads to gender specific socialization. Men learn to rule women form childhood, either directly or indirectly. Thus the cultural limitation in India often makes women think that all the atrocities done to them are fair. It is seen many a times that women themselves support violence against women, whether to themselves or to other women they know. Education is also a very important factor in determining how women take the abuse form others. Higher educational level seems to be a protective factor against domestic violence. Apart from these social supports, living area, employment, socio-economic status, family structure, husband's characteristics are considered important in determining in attitudes towards domestic violence in women and how they attribute the causes of domestic violence.
Pages: 150-155
G. Valentina (National Institute of Rural Development, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad )

Social development of tribals is still in a questionable status though many privileges are accorded to the community in a village in terms of schools, hostels, scope for economic activities. Pitiable aspect of this community is that people are not aware of the privileges extended to them by Government of India. They are still dependent notwithstanding 70 years of independence and have still not thought and found ways to become independent and self-sustainable. The nagging reason is that they are grouped into customs and social evils sinking them into the mire pit of superstitions standing in the way of their development. Present article is based on a village study research in the state of Karnataka, Gulburga district untaken by the National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayatiraj. The article captures the saga of a small baby girl who is unaware of the uncouth world around her which does not welcome her and is waiting to consume her.
Pages: 156-159
Stuti Singh (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Social comparison is an integral part of our social life. It provides us a better understanding of who we are, how we are doing, how we can improve and many other things. These comparisons can be on various levels such as inter-personal, intra-group and inter-group social comparisons. Nature and outcomes of different type of comparisons vary because each one has different dynamics. The focus of the present study is to explore the nature of emotions that people feel while making intra-group social comparison. The study being exploratory in nature, interview method was chosen for data collection. Individual interviews were taken from boys and girls in the age group 18 to 25 years. A semi structured interview schedule was prepared for the interviews. Each interview was audio taped and then transcribed for further analysis. Response themes indicate a wide variety of emotions felt by participants. These ranged from feeling of positive emotions such as, happiness, satisfaction, and pride to feeling of negative emotions such as, anger, jealousy, dissatisfaction, grief, etc. Implications of these emotions have been discussed in context of our social interactions and intra-group social comparison.
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