IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review is an indexed and refereed journal published monthly by the Indian Association of Health, Research, and Welfare (IAHRW). IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review likely aims to promote interdisciplinary research in social sciences by providing a platform for scholars, academicians, and professionals. Its primary objectives include fostering discussions on contemporary social issues, policy-making, and human development while encouraging evidence-based research in sociology, psychology, political science, economics, and cultural studies. The journal focuses on areas such as social behavior, education, governance, gender studies, mental health, and societal well-being. Its goals include publishing high-quality research, supporting academic discourse, and contributing to knowledge that influences social policies and community development. IAHRW IJSSR is a peer-reviewed journal, and the papers are published after a review process by the review panel of the journal. This journal has been published regularly since 2013. For more details write to us at iahrw2019@gmail.com
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, President Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW)
Editorial Office: 1245/4, Mohalla Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: suneil.psy@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2347-3797 (print version)
ISSN: . (electronic version)
Frequency: Monthly
Indexing: International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS), DHET (South Africa), EBSCOhost Connection Two, Academic Search Complete, The Belt and Road Initiative Reference Source, Cogito Indexing Text, Academic Search Ultimate, Academic Search Main Edition, Biomedical Index, Google Scholar Crawl Database, SocINDEX with Full Text, Sociology Source Ultimate, ProQuest Social Sciences Database, I-scholar, Google Scholar and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.42
CHIEF EDITOR
Sunil Saini, PhD
Indian Association of Health Research and Welfare, Hisar, Haryana, India
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD
Rankoana Sejabaledi Agnes, PhD, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Sakhile Manyathi, PhD, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
EDITORS
Dr. Arun Kumar Jaiswal, PhD
Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4430-6063
Dr. C. R. Darolia, PhD
Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3282-2733
Dr. Damanjit Sandhu, PhD
Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala
ORCID ID: ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8368-0133
Dr. Rekha Sapra, PhD
Department of Human Development and Family Empowerment, University of Delhi
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7610-3549
Dr. Sangeeta Trama, PhD
Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-9257-8722
Dr. Shashi Darolia
Department of Psychology, IIHS, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
ORCID: 0009-0001-7761-3441
Dr. Waheeda Khan, PhD
Former Dean and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, SGT University, Gurugram
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4384-7047
Dr. Jaspreet Kaur, PhD, Punjabi University Patiala
Dr. Ritesh Kumar Singh, PhD, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi
Dr. Radhy Shyam, PhD, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana
Dr. Sandeep Singh, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Dr. Sunita Malhotra, PhD, Former Dean, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana
Reviewer’s Pannel (2025-2026)
2. Prof. Arun Kumari Jaiswal, Former Prof. Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi
3. Prof. Sangeeta Trama, Punjabi University, Patiala
4. Prof. Annalakshmi Narayanan, Bharhityar University
Editorial Office: 1245/4, Mohalla Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com, suneil_psy@iahrw.org
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW)
ISSN: 2347-3797 (print version)
ISSN: . (electronic version)
Frequency: Monthly
Indexing: EBSCOhost Connection Two, Academic Search Complete, The Belt and Road Initiative Reference Source, Cogito Indexing Text, Academic Search Ultimate, Academic Search Main Edition, Biomedical Index, Google Scholar Crawl Database, SocINDEX with Full Text, Sociology Source Ultimate, ProQuest, I-scholar, Google Scholar and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.42Stellenbosch University, South Africa Human Development and Family Empowermen
Author Guidelines
About the Journal
The IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review (IJSSR) is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal published by the Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW). The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, theoretical papers, case studies, book reviews, and short communications in the fields of social sciences, psychology, sociology, education, economics, political science, social work, management, public policy, behavioural sciences, and related interdisciplinary areas.
Manuscript Submission
Manuscripts submitted to the journal must be original, unpublished, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Submission of a manuscript implies that all authors have approved the manuscript and agree to the journal’s publication policies.
Manuscript Preparation
Title Page
The title page should contain:
- Title of the manuscript
- Full names of all authors
- Institutional affiliations
- ORCID IDs (if available)
- Corresponding author details
- Author contribution statement
Abstract
Provide an abstract of 150–250 words summarizing objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions.
Keywords
Provide 4–6 keywords suitable for indexing and retrieval.
Main Text
Manuscripts should generally include:
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Objectives/Hypotheses
- Methodology
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
References
All references must follow APA 7th Edition guidelines and include DOI information wherever available.
Tables and Figures
Tables and figures should be numbered consecutively and prepared according to APA guidelines.
Funding Statement
All sources of financial support, grants, sponsorships, equipment, or institutional support must be disclosed.
Conflict of Interest
Authors must declare any financial, professional, institutional, or personal conflicts of interest that may influence the research.
Author Contributions
Authors are encouraged to provide a contribution statement based on the CRediT Taxonomy.
Data Availability Statement
Authors should indicate whether data supporting the findings are publicly available, available upon request, or subject to restrictions.
Use of AI Tools
Authors may use AI tools for language editing and technical assistance. AI systems cannot be listed as authors, and all use of AI must be disclosed.
Copyright and Permissions
Authors are responsible for obtaining permission for copyrighted materials reproduced in their manuscripts.
Ethical Guidelines
Publication Ethics
The IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review adheres to the principles and best practices recommended by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Authors, reviewers, editors, and publishers are expected to uphold the highest standards of integrity, transparency, and ethical conduct.
Originality and Plagiarism
Authors must ensure that submitted manuscripts are original. Plagiarism, self-plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, data falsification, citation manipulation, and image manipulation are strictly prohibited.
Multiple Submission
A manuscript submitted to the journal must not be under consideration by another journal simultaneously.
Authorship
Authorship should be limited to individuals who have made substantial scholarly contributions to the research and manuscript preparation. Guest, gift, and ghost authorship are not acceptable.
Research Involving Human Participants
Research involving human participants must receive approval from an appropriate ethics committee or institutional review board. Informed consent should be obtained where applicable.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Authors must protect the privacy and confidentiality of research participants and avoid publishing identifiable information without explicit consent.
Data Integrity
Authors are expected to present accurate data and findings. Any discovered errors should be promptly reported to the editor.
Research Misconduct
The journal investigates allegations of:
- Plagiarism
- Data fabrication
- Data falsification
- Duplicate publication
- Citation manipulation
- Authorship disputes
- Ethical violations
Appropriate actions may include rejection, correction, retraction, or notification to the relevant institutions.
Corrections and Retractions
The journal follows COPE recommendations regarding corrections, corrigenda, errata, expressions of concern, and retractions.
AI and Generative AI
Authors must disclose any significant use of AI tools in manuscript preparation and remain fully responsible for the content submitted.
Compliance with COPE
All participants in the publication process are expected to comply with internationally recognized publication ethics standards and COPE Core Practices.
AI-Generated Content Policy
The Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing follows ethical publishing standards and may have specific policies regarding the use of AI in research and writing. Authors are expected to disclose the use of AI tools in manuscript preparation, ensuring that AI-generated content does not compromise originality, accuracy, or ethical integrity. For precise guidelines, it is recommended to refer to the journal’s official policy. AI content by Turnitin should be below 15%
Retraction and Correction Policy
Retraction, Correction, and Expression of Concern Policy
The Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing (IJHW) is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. The journal follows the principles and recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) in handling corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions.
Corrections (Erratum/Corrigendum)
A correction may be issued when a published article contains significant errors that affect the accuracy, indexing, interpretation, or reputation of the publication but do not invalidate the study’s findings. Corrections may be initiated by authors, editors, or readers.
• An Erratum is issued when the error originates from the journal or publisher.
• A Corrigendum is issued when the error originates from the author(s).
• All corrections will be linked electronically to the original article and clearly identify the changes made.
Expression of Concern
The Editor-in-Chief may publish an Expression of Concern when substantial doubts arise regarding the integrity, reliability, ethical compliance, or authorship of a published article, and an investigation is ongoing. The notice will remain associated with the article until a final decision is reached.
Retraction Policy
Articles may be retracted if:
• There is clear evidence that findings are unreliable due to misconduct or honest error.
• The work constitutes plagiarism, duplicate publication, or redundant publication.
• Data fabrication, falsification, image manipulation, or unethical research practices are identified.
• Serious violations of publication ethics are confirmed.
Retraction Procedure
- Allegations may be submitted by authors, reviewers, readers, institutions, or third parties.
- The editorial office will conduct a preliminary assessment.
- Authors will be contacted and provided an opportunity to respond.
- Where necessary, the journal may seek clarification from the affiliated institution or ethics committee.
- The Editor-in-Chief, in consultation with the Editorial Board, will make the final decision.
- Retracted articles will remain accessible to preserve the scholarly record but will be clearly marked as “Retracted.”
- A retraction notice stating the reason for retraction will be published and linked to the original article.
Appeal
Authors may appeal editorial decisions regarding corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions by submitting a written explanation and supporting documentation to the Editor-in-Chief. Appeals will be reviewed independently, and the final decision of the Editorial Board shall be binding. The journal reserves the right to update published content when necessary to protect the integrity of the scientific record and the interests of readers, researchers, and the public.
Conflict of Interest Policy
Authors are required to disclose on the title page of the initial manuscript any potential, perceived, or real conflict of interest. Authors must describe the direct/indirect financial/personal support (ownership, grants, honorarium, consultancies, etc.) in (1) the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; (2) the writing of the report; and (3) the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Authors should explicitly mention on the cover page that whether potential conflicts do or do not exit. A declaration should be made on the cover page for all types of conflicts that could affect submission to publication of a manuscript. The role of funding agencies should be clearly mentioned.
Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India,
Email: suneil.psy@gmail.com,
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2347-3797 (print version)
ISSN: . (electronic version)
Frequency: Monthly
Peer Review
All manuscripts submitted to the IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review (IJSSR) are subject to a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure the publication of high-quality and ethically sound research. Upon submission, manuscripts undergo an initial editorial screening to assess their relevance to the journal’s scope, originality, academic significance, methodological quality, ethical compliance, and adherence to submission guidelines. Manuscripts that successfully pass the preliminary evaluation are screened for plagiarism using recognized similarity detection software, and generally a similarity index below 15% (excluding references) is considered acceptable. Eligible manuscripts are then sent to at least two independent expert reviewers in the relevant field. Reviewers evaluate the manuscript’s originality, theoretical and practical contribution, research design, methodological rigor, data analysis, ethical standards, clarity of presentation, and overall suitability for publication. Reviewer comments and recommendations are communicated to the authors for revision where necessary. The original reviewers may re-evaluate revised manuscripts before a final decision is made. Based on the reviewers’ reports and editorial assessment, the Editor may decide to accept the manuscript, accept it with revisions, request major revisions, invite resubmission, or reject the manuscript. The final decision regarding publication rests with the Editor-in-Chief.
Manuscript Evaluation and Peer Review Process
1. Initial Manuscript Evaluation
All submitted manuscripts undergo an initial editorial screening to assess their relevance to the journal’s scope, originality, scientific quality, ethical compliance, adherence to submission guidelines, and overall suitability for peer review.
2. Number of Referees Assigned
Manuscripts that successfully pass the initial evaluation are typically sent to two independent expert reviewers for double-blind peer review. In cases of conflicting recommendations, a third reviewer may be invited.
3. Delivery of Peer Review Feedback
Reviewer comments and recommendations are communicated to the corresponding author through the journal’s editorial system or email. Anonymous reviewer reports are provided along with editorial guidance for revision, where applicable.
4. Typical Length of Peer Review
The peer review process generally takes 4–8 weeks, depending on reviewer availability, the complexity of the manuscript, and the timeliness of responses.
5. Handling of Revise and Resubmit Requests
Authors receiving a revision decision are requested to submit a revised manuscript along with a detailed point-by-point response to reviewers’ comments within the specified timeframe. Revised submissions may be returned to the original reviewers for further evaluation when necessary.
6. Editorial Decisions
Based on reviewers’ recommendations and editorial assessment, one of the following decisions may be communicated to the author:
- Accept without Revision
- Accept with Minor Revisions
- Major Revisions Required
- Revise and Resubmit for Further Review
- Reject
Reviewer Confidentiality
Reviewers must maintain strict confidentiality regarding manuscripts and associated materials.
Conflict of Interest
Reviewers and editors must disclose any actual or potential conflicts of interest and recuse themselves when appropriate.
Appeals and Complaints
Authors may appeal editorial decisions by submitting a written justification to the Editor-in-Chief. Complaints regarding editorial procedures, peer review, or publication ethics may be submitted to the editorial office and will be handled confidentially and fairly.
Editorial Independence
Editorial decisions are based solely on scholarly merit and are free from commercial, institutional, political, or personal influence.
Commitment to Ethical Publishing
The journal is committed to maintaining transparency, fairness, integrity, and accountability throughout the peer review and publication process in accordance with COPE principles and international best practices.
The final decision is made by the Editor-in-Chief or the Editorial Board and is communicated to the corresponding author through email along with the relevant comments and recommendations.
Page: 247-251 Priyanka Rani, Rashmi Tyagi, Jatesh Kathpalia, and Vinod Kumari (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 252-255 Varsha Rani1, Vijay Pal Singh Yadav2, Rajinder Kumar3, A.K. Deswal4, and J.N. Yadav5 (Home Science, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana1, Agricultural Extension Education, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana2, Agronomy, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana3, Agro-Forestry, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana4, Training, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana5) |
Page: 256-259 Jatesh Kathpalia1, Rashmi Tyagi2, Anil Kumar3, and Vinod Kumari4 (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana1, 2, 4 and Department of FMPE, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana3) |
Page: 260-266 Diksha Rani, Vandana Verma, Ella Rani, and Shikha Bhukal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 267-271 Sanyogita Dhanwal, Vandana Verma, and Anju (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 272-277 Barani Vidya and K.V. Krishna (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) |
Page: 278-284 Kumkum Pandey1, Deepa Vinay2, and Priya Pandey3 (Department of Home Science, Government PG College, Khair, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh1, Department of Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand2, and Jeevan Jyoti Medical College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh3) |
Page: 285-290 Madhulika Mishra and Ajai Pratap Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh) |
Page: 291-295 Satyakaam Malik1, Suman Ghalawat2, Atul Dhingra3, Abhilash4, and Rekha Malik5 (Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana1,2, 3, Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana1, ICAR–Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands4, and ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana5) |
Page: 296-300 Shikha Bhukal, Ella Rani, and Diksha Rani (Department of Extension Education and Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 301-305 Supriya and Sanjay Kumar (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 306-309 Prachi Pratikshya Parida, Prasanjeet Swain, and Prabhudarsan Sahoo (Department of Psychology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha) |
Page: 310-314 Nidhi Meet Soni (Maniben Nanavati Women's College, Affiliated to S.N.D.T Women's University, Vile-Parle, Mumbai, Maharashtra) |
Page: 315-321 Satyakaam Malik1, Suman Ghalawat2, Atul Dhingra3, Abhilash4, and Rekha Malik5 (Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana1,2, 3, Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana1, ICAR–Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands4, and ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana5) |
Page: 322-325 Twinkle and Manju Mehta (Department of Family Resource Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 326-330 Tejinder Pal Singh (Department of Sociology, DES-MDRC, Panjab University, Chandigarh) |
Page: 331-334 Shama Norien Major and Surbhi Mittal (Department of Elementary Education, Lady Shri Ram College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi) |
Page: 335-339 Mamta Chahal, Bas Kaur, Vinod Kumari, Manisha, and Sahil Boora (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 340-343 Kajal and Kannappa V. Shetty (School of Social Work, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi) |
Page: 344-346 Meghna Sharma and Bijender Singh (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana) |
Page: 347-349 Rupal Hooda, Sudesh Gandhi and Manju Mehta (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana) |
Page: 01-06 Jolly Manyathukudy Louis1 and Marc Eric S. Reyes2 (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines1,2 and Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines2) Intimate partner violence (IPV) increased exponentially during the COVID-19 epidemic. But knowledge of the children's exposure to parental IPV is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of children's exposure to parental IPV and its association with self-esteem. 482 adolescents aged 11 to 17 were included in this study from Kerala, India. The samples were chosen using convenient and random sampling methods. The child Exposure to Domestic Violence scale and Cooper smith Self-Esteem scale were used to collect the data. The correlation and gender differences were analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation and an independent sample t-test. Results show that 42.5 % of adolescents were exposed to parental IPV and that exposure to parental IPV is negatively correlated with participants' self-esteem. Sex and age differences were not statistically significantly related to exposure to parental IPV and self-esteem. The findings highlight a need for online interventions and policies to protect adolescents exposed to parental IPV and boost their self-esteem during this pandemic. |
Page: 07-14 Liji Joseph1 and Clarissa F. Delariarte2 (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, Philippine1,2, The Graduate School, Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippine2, and De La Salle University, Taft, Manila, Philippine2) In the present competitive world, raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not easy, and it demands lifelong commitment, dedication, and many challenging situations. There is ample proof that caring for a son or daughter with autism is a stressful, complex, and tiring experience for primary caregivers, especially mothers. Therefore, the study aims to explore the living experience of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder who are affected by symptoms of psychological distress in Kerala, South India. The participants' lived experiences were thematically analyzed using Braun and Clarke's procedure. Based on their high score on the psychological distress scale, eight and six mothers of children with ASD were selected for in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, respectively. The qualitative study results explain the personal experiences of mothers caring for a child with ASD and the factors that contributed to their psychological distress. In the analysis, physical, psychological, family, social, spiritual, and existential issues were the major themes found in the inquiry. The study result can be used by mental health professionals, special educators, and policymakers to understand and deal with the unique needs of mothers who serve as primary caregivers for their children with ASD. |
Page: 15-21 Jolly Manyathukudy Louis1 and Marc Eric S. Reyes2 (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines1,2 and Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines2) The goal of this qualitative study was to see how adolescents who were exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) in a six-week Cognitive Self Compassion (CSC) Online intervention program improved their self-esteem and dealt with the obstacles that came with it. 20 adolescents completed an online survey, and 13 people were interviewed by Zoom. The written responses to the online survey were first thematically examined, then sorted by frequency to indicate their representativeness. The following themes were identified: (1) the change of inadequacy through self-compassion affirmations, (2) self-acceptance, (3) consciousness of negative thoughts, (4) social connectedness, and (5) tranquility. The study found that the CSC Online intervention program helped participants improve their self-esteem over time. |
Page: 22-27 Abdul Ahad Shafiq Faqiry1, Khaja Hamiddudin Jami2, and Abedin Momeni3 (A Doctoral Student of the Islamic Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran1, Department of Islamic Culture, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Herat University, Afghanistan2, and Faculty of Islamic Studies, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran3) Based on Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan law, everything that belongs to the members of the society, owned and if in case its value and benefit is permissible in the case of abundance and difficulty, and its loss leads to compensation is called public property. According to this definition, with the rule of democracy systems in Afghanistan from 1980 onwards; Some people knowingly tried to embezzle public property in various ways under the name of embezzlement, waste, destruction, theft, betrayal, bribery, etc., which gradually became a big social problem in the country. In the meantime, the national wealth, which included billions of dollars in international aid in Afghanistan, was stolen by many people. Therefore, the research of this problem and the understanding of the strategies to fight against the profit seekers of this sinister and corruption-oriented phenomenon are of particular importance from the point of view of Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan law. It is worth noting that in some cases in the views of Islamic jurists and Afghan law, there are common points such as the imprisonment of transgressors. However, different points such as cutting off the hand of a thief is a controversial issue the Islamic jurists advocates for it and other jurists do not. Therefore, knowing the ways of encroaching on the national wealth, explaining and examining the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan law, and how to punish looters of public property are among the most important goals of this research. |
