Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW)
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m-Learning on Contextually Relevant Sexuality Education (CRSE) among Adolescents of HIV Parents

Page: 28-33

A. Thomas William (Arul Anandar College (Autonomous), Karumathur, Madurai, Tamil Nadu)

Adolescents of HIV/AIDS parents' require twice as careful as they live in dual risks. In general Adolescents have poor Contextually Relevant Sexuality Knowledge (CRSK) due to lack of access to scientific information and sources. There are various programmes being implemented to the target groups by different agencies. But the level of Contextually Relevant Sexuality Knowledge (CRSK) is not up to the mark and hence the study is aimed to measure the impact of participation through online mobile programmes (m-Learning) and the results are correlated to socio-economic variables and daily habits for better understanding. The results showed that greater proportion of the respondents had only moderate level of CRSK. There was a significant mean difference between the educational status of the fathers and mothers of the respondents and the level of CRSK of the adolescents. There was no significant mean difference between the level ofCRSK and the family type of the respondents. There was a significant mean difference between the annual family income and the level of CRSKof the respondents. The respondents who had high level of participation in HIV/AIDS awareness programmes had statistically significant higher mean score. While planning Interventional strategies using latest ICT gadgets are essential.

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Dynamics of Perceived Depression among Selfie Addicts and Non-selfie Addicts Young Adults of Punjab

Page: 34-38

Satinder Kaur, Deepika Vig, and Asha Chawla Thakral (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

Social media usage has grown swiftly in recent years, with one of the most popular activities for young adults like clicking, editing and uploading, self-photos, known as selfies. However, research has only recently begun to investigate selfies, and little is known about selfe practices in young adults and its association with depression. The present study is based on the dynamics of perceived Depression among selfie addicts and non-selfie addicts of young adults of Punjab. Under this study, 500 young adults were surveyed aged between 19-21 years by using Self-Structured Selfie Addiction Checklist and Beck Depression Inventory. A complete list of all the districts falling under three cultural regions of Punjab, viz., Majha, Malwa, and Doaba was prepared. For equal representation of the sample from all cultural regions, proportionate numbers of districts were selected in the ratio of approximately 1:1:3 from Majha, Doaba, and Malwa region respectively. Amritsar district from Majha and Jalandhar district from Doaba region and Ludhiana, Moga and Patiala from Malwa region were purposively selected. The colleges and universities were chosen randomly for data collection to complete the sample. Survey results indicated that selfie addiction has no relationship with depression. However, whether, selfie addict or non selfie addict young adults, both were found to have minimal level of depression in Majha, Malwa, and Doaba.

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Socio-economic Impact of Custom Hiring Centres on Farmers in Haryana

Page: 39-44

Subhash Chander and Vinod Kumari (Department of Sociology, Ch. Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Custom Hiring Centres of agricultural machinery are very helpful for the farming community to increase the net income of the farmers by way of reducing the cost of cultivation at each and every stage of crop growth in a timely manner. From a socio-economic perspective, the different farm implements such as transplanter, multi-crop thresher, combine harvester and baler had been bought by the custom hiring centre owners as additional equipment on need-based through the income generation by operating the custom hiring centres. Further, it has been noted that custom hiring centres play an important role in water conservation strategies, developmental, sustainability and environmental issues. The study was conducted in wet and dry agro-climatic zones of Haryana on sixty custom hiring centes. It was found that overwhelming majority of the farmers (87.67%) increased the size of contractual landholding after the adoption of custom hiring centres. Majority of the farmers were also saving the seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. As per study, the farmers (61.67%) were also facing the problem of the high cost of farm implements followed by lack of service and maintenance support for machinery (56.67%) and non-availability of machines at peak times in the rabi and kharif seasons (50.00%). It was also suggested that people should be encouraged to adopt custom hiring centres and reduce the production cost.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and its Psychosocial Outcomes among People with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Page: 45-51

Anjo George and M. Vinothkumar (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Chronic diseases are still considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a major concern for national health systems. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of them with an unknown etiology. The prolonged course of illness has many impacts, and early diagnosis may provide opportunities to stop symptoms or the disease from getting worse or improve patients' quality of life. Environmental factors and personal characteristics, such as lifestyle choices and psychological makeup, can influence how negatively a disease affects a person's quality of life. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that aims to reduce the painful subjective experiences that are the causes of suffering and other psychological difficulties. It focuses on the client's ability to accept the conditions rather than control or escape them. It also helps to establish oneself with more clarity and purpose to survive the conditions. ACT involves attempts to change the existing perception by replacing specific maladaptive thoughts. It emphasizes the relative influence of conditioned thoughts and their negative influence on one's meaningful life. The present study aims to examine the benefits of ACT-based intervention and its impact on rheumatoid arthritis patients. A review analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy greatly support RA patients and help manage the disease. Even though it has several benefits, it is not applied in arthritis patients as a therapeutic technique. The study recommends the inclusion of acceptance-based interventions along with pharmacotherapy to address the psychosocial problems of arthritis patients.

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Pranic Healing as an Effective Adjuvant Therapeutic Technique: A Literature Review

Page: 52-56

Malini Roy, Nidhi Kulkarni, Rudra Raghunath, Subhiksha Srinivasan, and Mahimna Vyas (Amity Institute of Behavior and Allied sciences, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Medical professionals of the modern era have begun incorporating energy healing as one of the supplements to modern medical treatment after noticing its merits. Many studies have been conducted to understand the benefits of these methods when utilized as complementary & alternative medicine (CAM) to modern medicine. Pranic Healing, an energy healing technique, is one such approach. This paper aims to review the existing research on Pranic Healing (PH), and Twin Heart Meditation (MTH) to assess their effectiveness and applicability as adjuvant therapeutic techniques. This paper acknowledges the effectiveness of PH and MTH and makes an effort to respond to the research questions provided. From the review, it could be concluded that Pranic healing can potentially treat various illnesses in the Indian population and among women. It was also found that MTH predicts positive mental health outcomes. The limitations of the paper have been discussed, along with recommendations for the future that might be pertinent for additional research.

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School Experiences in India: A Retrospective Study

Page: 57-60

Megha Mandalaparthy (Independent Scholar Psychology, Delhi)

School is an extremely important part of an individual's life. It consists of 12 years of a child's life and has a major influence on their development. The present study aimed to understand school experiences in a retrospective manner. The sample consisted of 37 adults who had graduated school in the time frame of 2009-2017. Both quantitative and qualitative measures were utilised. For the former, the Perceived School Experiences Scale and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were implemented. For the latter, a form was created with some rating questions, MCQs, as well as open-ended questions relating to participants' school experiences. Quantitative results revealed weak correlations between the studied school categories and self-esteem. School connectedness was the only category with a modest relationship with self-esteem (rs(35)=0.47, p<0.001). Qualitative data revealed that adults remembered their peer relationships and certain teachers positively, while at the same time, strongly recalled insensitive and biased teachers negatively, and finally, wished to change the bullying experiences, and in some cases wanted a co-educational schooling experience. Implications and suggestions for future research have been discussed.

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Number Size Framing Effect in Medical Decision Making

Page: 61-63

Atish Taukari, Archana Kalarikkal, Nidhi Kini, and Nanditha Venkatakrishnan (K.J. Somaiya College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Various studies have shown that the way information is framed (positively vs negatively, gain vs loss) influences decision-making (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Plous, 1993; Kühberger, 1998). People favoured the option which was framed positively (gain) over the option which was framed negatively (loss) though the situation was the same. However, Wong and Kwong (2005) based on a series of experiments, found that it was the 'number size' that was effective, and not the positive vs. negative framing of the situations. It suggests that 'number size framing effect' is having better explanatory power in understanding decision-making. Considering criticality of medical decision-making, the present study involving 50 college students investigated the number size framing effect in decision-making in medical situations. It was found that participants chose an option which was in small number size difference more significantly compared to when it was in large number size difference (effect size Cohen's d= 0.8). A study by Peng et al. (2013) has found number size effects more robust than other framing effects like risky choice, attribute and goal. Wong and Kwong (2005) demonstrated the number size framing effect using an example of basketball players' free-throw performance and choosing a home theatre system. When the difference in an attribute is expressed in small numbers, it appears to be more significant than when it is expressed in large numbers. Further studies could be conducted in the context of various types of medical situations (diseases, treatment options, age, side effects, etc.).

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Personality Influences on Decision-making

Page: 64-67

Sonia Rani (Department of Psychology, SUS Govt. College Matatmajri, Indri, Karnal, Haryana)

The present study explores the relationships between personality and decision-making. The Sample comprised of 200 male students within the age range of 13 to 17 years (mean age-15 years) studying in various schools in Haryana. Participants were assessed by Eysenck Personality Inventory and Adolescent Decision-Making Questionnaire. Correlational Analysis was computed to explore the relationships between the variables. Results revealed that Extraversion correlated positively with Decision Self Esteem and Vigilance. On the other hand, Neuroticism correlated positively with Panic, Cop Out and Complacency but correlated negatively with Decision Self-esteem.

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Problem Behaviors and Adolescent Temperament: A Cross Sectional Study

Page: 68-71

Jisha P.K. and Nice Mary Francis P. (Department of Psychology, Prajyoti Niketan College, University of Calicut, Pudukad, Thrissur, Kerala)

Most of adolescents are more likely to have both internalized and externalized behavioral issues. These behavioral problems are linked to temperament because studies show that particular temperamental traits are related to the chance of developing subsequent behavior problems. So this study focused on at what extent temperament is related to adolescent behavior problems. The purpose of the current study is to examine the association between temperament and behavioral issues in adolescents. The study was cross-sectional in nature. 67 people were chosen at random from the Thrissur district. Both male and female adolescents at higher secondary levels were included. The age range of the participants was 15-18. Problem Behavior Rating Scale (Radhika, Immanuel Thomas, & Nice Mary, 2005) and Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire- Revised (Milu Maria Anto & Jayan, 2014) was used to collect the data. Mean, Standard deviation, t test, and correlation were used to employ the interpretation of the data. Significant negative correlation was observed in the temperamental factor Effortful Control (EC) and Behavior Problems (r= -0.277*; p<0.05), where as significant positive correlation was observed in the temperamental factor Surgency (SU) and behavior problems (r=0.282; p<0.05). The study concluded that temperamental characteristics are associated with behavior problems. The study also provided useful information to the parents and teachers regarding the temperamental variations in problem behavior of the adolescents, which can be helped them to make considerations, assessments, and interventions planning.

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HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) Management among Key Populations in India

Page: 72-75

E. R. Babu1 and A. William Thomas2 (Madurai Kamarah University, Madurai, S. India & Director, FIND (An International NGO), New Delhi1 and Arul Anandar College Autonomous, Karumathur, Madurai, S. India2)

Key population experience multiple challenges in terms of health care with one or more infections/diseases with limited access to care. Stigma, discrimination, harassment, criminalization of behaviour, laws and policies adds further challenges to key population in access to healthcare in public health care settings. HCV infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Various studies have reported that HCV prevalence was higher among key population especially people living with HIV, those with sexually transmitted diseases, high-risk sex behaviour or injection drug use, and those receiving haemodialysis or frequent transfusions. HCV infection can now be cured in almost all patients with these effective, safe and tolerable combinations of oral DAAs. Key populations need of continuum of care including prevention, testing and treatment.

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Psychology of COVID-19 Recovered Persons

Page: 76-81

Shiv Kumar (Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Shri Vishwakarma Skill University, Dudhola-Palwal, Haryana)

The motive of this investigation is to find out the different Psychological Characteristics of COVID-19 recovered persons. In the present research, Psychological Immunity System (PIS), personality dimensions, Anxiety, depression, and stress (AD&S) were measured in COVID-19 recovered persons and normal persons. The data was collected from June 5, 2020, to August 15, 2020, from Urban and Rural areas of District Rohtak and Sonipat -Haryana. The data was collected through a random sampling method from 128 respondents out of which 64 were COVID-19 recovered and 64 were not infected by COVID-19. Each group of 64 participants was further divided into 32 males and 32 females. The data was collected via direct face to face interactions and by filling out questionnaires. The level of ADS was measured by ADS Scale developed by (Bhatnagar et al., 2011). The various Personality dimensions were measured by the scale NEO FFI-3 developed by (Costa et al., 1992). The Psychological Immune System (PIS) was measured by the PIS Inventory developed by (Olah et al., 2010). The mean, SD, and t-test were used for data comparison. COVID-19 recovered person and normal person results show a significant difference in the level of ADS. The persons with less PIS had high level ADS. On the other side, it was found that the level of Neuroticism of COVID-19 recovered persons is high whereas Openness and Conscientiousness were less and there was no significant impact on Extraversion and Agreeableness.

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Livelihood Patterns among the Agrarian Communities in Rural Haryana: A Study of Rohtak District

Page: 82-87

Kuldeep Malik (Department of Geography, Pt. NRS Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Livelihood consists of capabilities, assets and activities required to make a living. Occupation is also one of the most important variables to find out the socio-economic status at an individual level. The majority of people engaged in agriculture and allied activities, i.e., animal husbandry, trading of animals (sale & purchase) and sale of fodder and so on. This paper discusses the rural livelihood patterns of agrarian communities in district Rohtak. Livelihood pattern is based on five components, i.e., human capital, social capital, financial capital, physical assets and natural assets. In order to analyze the structural features and livelihood pattern of agrarian communities in rural area these five components related to capitals and assets are considered for discussion and analysis. The aspects of agriculture such as of production of crops, irrigated and non-irrigated area are essential for cultivation of crops. Hence, the role of irrigation is vital to study the viability of livelihood. Some other variables of livelihood depend such as level and source of income for their survival of agrarian communities are also taken into account. Income is more important economic variable, not only affect the per capita income and standard of living but also affect other's cultural and social aspects of society. Agriculture and allied activities is main source of income of agrarian people in rural area in Haryana state.

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Demographic Study of Women Status in Mahendergarh District, Haryana: Census 2011

Page: 88-91

Sucheta Yadav (Department of Geography, Pt. NRS, Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Demographic profile of women in any country reflects the overall status of women. Economic development of any country significantly depends upon the participation rates of its women. Women's empowerment is crucial for raising their living standards and well-being. India is a country of diversity regarding the wide geographical, cultural and social variations. Haryana is known as one of the developed states of India, but even then there is prevailing much gender-based inequality and male dominance in all dimensions of life. The position of women in Mahendergarh district of Haryana is no better than the other districts of Haryana. The objective of the paper is to understand the demographic profile of women status in Mahendergarh District, Haryana as per Census 2011. It reveals the three main indicators sex ratio, women literacy and her work participation in the process of their empowerment with special attention to the gender perspective. This paper will examine the regional disparity of sex ratio, literacy rate and female work participation and the improvement of empowerment of women in the Mahendergarh district state of Haryana.

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Drinking Water and Waterborne Diseases: An Analysis of its Cognizance among Rural People of Haryana

Page: 92-95

Jogender Singh Khokher (Department of Geography A.I. Jat H.M. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Human requirements are met by water in numerous ways. Human life is not conceivable without water. Safe and widely accessible water is crucial for maintaining public health, whether it is used for drinking, food production or other home uses. Access to clean water and its improved and treated sources are able to stop the spread of water-borne diseases. Consuming contaminated water is a major factor in the transmission of the bacteria that cause water-borne illnesses. Along with the use of contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and poor hygiene habits as a high incidence of water-borne diseases in India. The majority of rural Indians deal with numerous difficulties brought by unsafe and unclean drinking water. The major water borne diseases found in these regions were typhoid fever, hepatitis A and E, cholera, bacillary dysentery, various diarrheal disorders and other gastrointestinal illnesses. These diseases are causing pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and protozoa. The main objective of this study is to gather data on how well-informed the rural community is on safe drinking water, sources of safe water and diseases that are spread by water. Another goals of the study are to identify waterborne diseases, and associated problems and recommend solutions to address such problems in the study area. In the present study both primary and secondary data was used and fully summarized in the data analysis section.

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Drinking Water Management and Challenges: A Case Study Siwara Village of Bhiwani District

Page: 96-97

Urmila Sabharwal (Department of Geography, Pt. N.R.S. Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Water is one of the most important natural resources. Life on earth depends on water. Water is the treasure of the world. It is nectar for human society. It is possible to live without food, but living without drinking water even for a few days is definitely life-threatening (Gleick, 1993). Water has been called medicine in Rigveda (Goyat, 2018). Therefore water is one of the basic needs of life. That's why we all know very well that water is life. This is the reason that all the civilizations developed in those places where water was available. It is well known that the occurrence of a high proportion of diseases and deaths worldwide is linked to unsafe drinking water. Therefore, the availability of potable or safe drinking water is an important element in improving health and nutritional status. Without proper management and planning, water scarcity has been felt even in those areas where water availability is adequate. A similar problem has been observed in Siwara village of Bawani Khera tehsil of Bhiwani district. Due to a lack of proper management in the study area, people are facing the problem of drinking water. Some of the shortcomings of management have been highlighted in this research paper.

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Efficacy of Mental Health Apps and Related Tools on Social Media: A Systematic Review of Researches

Page: 98-103

Poonam Phogat and Vasundhra Verma (Department of Psychology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

In recent times, digital consumers have access to a variety of MHApps but choosing one that's useful presents a challenge. Google and Apple's digital marketplaces offer approximately 20,000 MHApps. In India, relying on such apps to understand and improve mental health issues remains ambiguous due to the stigma attached. MHApps may facilitate skill building, endorse psychoeducation, and self-monitoring features to treat and improve clinical symptomatology. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate prior research studies on the effectiveness of social media tools and MHApps on various digital platforms. The study drew on governmental statistics in addition to secondary data derived from national and international journals, websites, Google and Apple app stores. Using MHApps is a potential way to enhance well-being as they provide coping strategies in the absence of clinicians and in immediate crisis situations. However, with a lack of options depending on one's preferences and features such as personalization, control, trust, poor customer service, security and unaffordability usage becomes difficult. Without awareness among people designing MHApps would be misleading. Consequently, randomized control trials (RCTs) on larger sample sizes are needed to measure the effectiveness of such apps. Despite the claims and usage of MHApps, it is evident that adherence remains seemingly low, therefore offering cost-effective ways to incorporate an array of system features and strategies to manage mental health and well-being on devices should be integrated. For legitimizing such apps intervention by professional clinicians and empirical evidence based-methods are needed in their development to help alleviate symptoms. To make MHApps more effective in the Indian context, cross-cultural differences should be examined.

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A Study on War Tourism in Pertinence to Imphal War-1944

Page: 104-110

Suzanne Ngasseppam (Department of Travel and Tourism, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bangalore, Karnataka)

The historical significance of the Imphal War has made tourists, mainly scholars and war tourists from all around the world visit Imphal, Manipur each year, with a significant number of tourists mainly from Japan. The purpose of this study is to find out what measures the Indian government and the Japanese government has taken while developing the war sites. There are many tourists keen on getting to know the history behind the war and its effects. The data of this study are collected through open-ended questionnaires and articles related to the Imphal War tourist sites. The main findings from the study are that Japanese tourists visit Manipur each year to pay tribute to the deceased soldiers of the Imphal War and the Japanese government has collaborated with the state government to preserve the war sites recently. Henceforth we can say that India and Japan are one step towards enhancing their bond, mostly due to their pertinence to war.

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An Impact Assessment of Government-Initiated Programs and Schemes for the Socio-economic Development of Gujarat Tribes in India

Page: 111-116

Acharya Balkrishna1, Shalini Bhatt,2, Nidhi Sharma,3, Deepika Srivastava,4, and Vedpriya Arya5 (Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand1,2,3,4,5 and Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand1)

Tribes are generally established as a stage or category of society that lacks the positive characteristics of modern culture, resulting in a simple, ignorant, and backward community. Gujarat comprises 8.1 percent of the country's Scheduled Tribe population. Relying solely on agriculture for improving the socio-economic status of the tribal communities could not serve as a reliable source because of the uneven geographical attributes of the landscape. The state government has made a concerted effort to develop Scheduled Tribes dominated areas. The State's initiatives for Scheduled Tribes have a long-term objective of improving their quality of life by enhancing and ensuring their right to schooling, health care, and economic development. This can be characterized by the State government's massive initiatives in the formation and implementation of different various programs and innovative schemes toward the sustainable livelihood and development of the tribal regions. The present study is an effort to review the insights of all the government-initiated programs that aim to enhance the socio-economic status of these schedule tribes. The study also focused to analyze the impact of these schemes on the growth of tribes without affecting their inherent culture and lifestyle.

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An Informal Economy of Women in Asmara (Eritrea): A Case Study

Page: 117-128

J. Lalu Naik1, K. Surendranadha Reddy2, and M. Surendra3 (Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh1,2 and Department of Sociology & Anthropology, College of Business and Social Sciences, Adi Keih, Eritrea, East Africa3)

This case study focuses on the participation of women street vendors in the central business area of Asmara, Eritrea, particularly around the chicken market and outlying streets. Women who fail to find jobs in the formal sector engage in alternative work in the informal economy (street vending). Today, many street vendors depend on their illicit business to earn them and rescue themselves from different poverty levels. This case study seeks to examine the involvement of women in street vending activities. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the apparent literature gaps by utilizing qualitative and ethnographic analysis of the cause of their participation and the problems they encounter. This study applied anthropological ethnographic fieldwork methodology. Furthermore, the study involved participant observation, semi-structured and in-depth interviews and photographs as a leading data collection method among the women vendors. Implementing these research methods examined the overall daily routine and livelihood of the street vending women. Additionally, focused on the reasons why they engaged and what practical problems they faced, both during the work in the street and other socio-cultural problems in their home, were examined and described in this literature.

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Environmental Law and Human Rights

Page: 129-131

Iftikhar Arshad (Department of Arts (History), Prabhudhan Degree College, Bhorugram, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan)

In recent years, environmental preservation has risen to prominence as a subject of paramount importance on the global agenda. Respect for human rights and care for the environment are interdependent and mutually beneficial. It is essential to thoroughly investigate the connection between these two concepts in order to develop a more sustainable ecology. On the issue of health, human rights and environmental law may find common ground. Many international treaties and conventions have been signed during the last four decades to protect human rights and the environment, expanding on the work begun at the Stockholm Conference in 1973. Because of poverty and a lack of resources to protect human rights, the environment is under significant stress. This article will examine human rights' influence on environmental law and the court's role in developing environmental jurisprudence. The article continues by discussing the numerous treaties and initiatives signed by international organizations and states to safeguard human rights and improve environmental quality. The article also analyzes the government's response, as well as the courts' interpretation of international accords and laws.

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Pollution and Environmental Impacts during Festivals in India

Page: 132-133

Urmila Sabharwal (Department of Geography, Pt. Neki Ram Sharma Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

This paper aims to examine the impact of pollution on the environment during festivals in India. Festivals are a significant part of Indian culture and play an important role in bringing people together. However, these festivals in recent years have started to significantly impact the environment. The present paper focuses on highlighting the impact on the environment during the celebration of major festivals such as Diwali, Holi, Durga Puja, and Ganesh Chaturthi. The elements of environmental pollution are air pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution. Further, the paper highlights the measures taken at various levels such as by individuals, governments, and non-government organizations to spread awareness among the public regarding the negative consequences. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of sustainable practices and how they can be incorporated into festival celebrations to ensure a better future for both people and the environment.

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Understanding Gravity Model and Trade: A Review

Page: 134-136

Reena (Doctorate in Economics, Chanot, Hisar, Haryana)

The gravity model is a common practice base transportation costs on the distance travelled. Flow volumes and population size have a positive association, and there exists a negative association in distance and trade, i.e., when the two places in trade are separated by a great distance. Therefore, population size has a positive relation and distance has a negative relation. Empirical research also suggests that distance appears to reduce the total volume of trade in a country, and the gravity model shows the reverse relation. The present paper reviews understanding the gravity model and trade across countries.

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Concept of Plagiarism: How to Use Turnitin for Checking Plagiarism

Page: 137-140

S.S. Joshi1, Pooja Singla2, and Tamanna3 (Deputy Librarian, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana1, Programmer, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana2 and GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana3)

Research plays an important role in the development of any country. In present scenario research oriented countries are developing like anything. The main hindrance coming in to the way of research is stealing someone else's research material and presenting the same by own name. to curb such practice, the term 'Plagiarism” came in to existence. Every educational institutional trying hard to stop the mentality of researchers with respect to copying the research work of other persons. Various software is taking place to check the plagiarism before submission of research work. Turnitin is one of the best and reliable software used for the purpose these days. The paper will highlight the concept of plagiarism and use of Turnitin in research work.

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Social Intelligence in Everyday Life

Page: 141-143

Renu (Department of Psychology, Government PG College, Sec-1, Panchkula, Haryana)

Social intelligence is the ability of an individual to comprehend the feelings and emotions of other individuals and respond according to the situations in everyday life. Social intelligence is necessary for leading a successful life in society. According to Edward Thorndike," social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage men and women and girls, to act wisely in human relations". Therefore, understanding social intelligence in everyday life is very important to make healthy relations and avoid unhealthy and negative relationships. The present paper is focused on various aspects of social intelligence and how to improve it in everyday life.

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Situational Analysis of Features and Fixtures of Elderly House in Hisar City

Page: 144-145

Rupal Hooda1, Sachin Chawla2, and Sudesh Gandhi3 (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana1,3, School of Health Sciences, OSGU, Hisar, Haryana2)

Ageing adversely affects the fine motor skills and activities associated with writing, sewing, and typing etc. For older people it is more challenging to grasp, push or pull anything. A study was conducted on the elderly people of Hisar city to access the socio-economical status, features and fixtures of elderly houses. From different localities of the city, 100 elderly respondents were selected each from living without families. More than half of the elderly's house (58.0%) had simple wooden doors and also, it was reported that D-handle (60.0%) with simple door lock (68.0%) were used in maximum of the elderly's house.

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