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Pages: 276-279
Monika Choudhry (Tika Ram College of Education, Sonepat, Haryana)

Constructivism is basically a theory-based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Rooted in cognitive psychology and biology it is an approach that lays emphasis an the ways knowledge is created in order to adopt to the world. The learning goal is the highest order of learning, heuristic problem solving, meta-cognitive knowledge, creativity and originality. According to this theory, instructors have to adapt to the role of facilitators and not as teachers. Constructivism promotes social and communication skills by creating a classroom environment that emphasizes collaboration and exchange of ideas. Students must learn how to articulate their ideas clearly as well as to collaborate on tasks effectively by sharing in group projects. Constructivism gives teachers another perspective to rethink how students learn and to focus on cognitive process, provide ways of documenting change and transformation. In fact, constructivism taps into and triggers the student's innate curiosity about the world and how things work. Isolated learning is an oxymoron. The current chapters highlights on the basic concept of constructivism, principles of constructivism, benefit, criticism, and educational implications
Pages: 276-279 Monika Choudhry (Tika Ram College of Education, Sonepat, Haryana)
Pages: 272-275
Wricha Malik (Department of HSB, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

In the present times entrepreneurship is required for grave practical reasons in the sense that it can revolutionize the way business activity is conducted at every level. Though entrepreneurship is desired by all the countries but it is certainly a boon for developing countries like India. Where enhancing growth rate is a major challenge entrepreneurial firms enable million of people, across all sections of society, age and gender to pursue the pursuit of economic success. The present paper reviewed the relation between entrepreneurial orientation and personality characteristics of the individual.
Pages: 272-275 Wricha Malik (Department of HSB, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages: 268-271
Neeru Bala (Department of Sociology, GSSS, Chakkan)
Nivedita Hooda (Department of Education, CDLU, Sirsa, Haryana)

Occupational Stress has become increasing common in teaching profession largely because of increased job complexities and increased economic pressure on individual. A major source of distress among teachers is the result of failure of school to meet the social needs and job demands of the teachers.This paper analytically discusses the occupational stress among primary and secondary school teachers in relation to sex(male and female) in sirsa. “The occupational stress index” was used to measuare the extent of stress which employee perceive arising from various constituents and condtion of their jobs. During study in sirsa city of haryana a sample of 200 primary and secondary school teachers of government and private school was taken by random sampling technique.The analysis indicates that there is significant difference in occupational stress of primary male and female as secondary male teachers are found to be more prone to occupational stress than secondary female teachers.
Pages: 268-271 Neeru Bala (Department of Sociology, GSSS, Chakkan) Nivedita Hooda (Department of Education, CDLU, Sirsa, Haryana)
Pages: 265-267
Jyoti Rani (Dayanad College, Hisar, Haryana)
Jatesh Kathpalia and Rashmi Tyagi (Department of Sociology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Empowerment of women would mean equipping women to be economically independent and personally self-reliant with a positive self-esteem to enable them to face any difficult situation. Moreover, they should be able to contribute to the development activities of the country. For empowering women economically, we need to enlarge her choices and access to various opportunities and also build her capacity for taking up successfully income generating activities and compete favourably in the market. Women's role in agriculture is significant as more than 80 per cent of the economically active women are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. This trend still continues. It is fact that women grow half of the world's food but own hardly any land. The need of empowering women for rural development can hardly be under-estimated. Rural women should be empowered in all respects. That is why it requires a specific study to know the status of rural women at macro level. Women's share in various segments during census might be showing a low degree participation, however, in practice, women hold substantial share in the work force of various sectors viz. 90 per cent in informal sector, 70 per cent in agriculture sector, 35.33 per cent in allied sector, 46.1 per cent in the khadi village industries, 65.5 per cent in handloom and sericulture.
Pages: 265-267 Jyoti Rani (Dayanad College, Hisar, Haryana) Jatesh Kathpalia and Rashmi Tyagi (Department of Sociology, College…
Pages: 262-264
Talwar Mini Satish (Department of Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

A lot of research is being undertaken around the world to decipher the best way to deal with the problems of students and teachers alike. On one hand is the effort to bring every child in the mainstream and on the other hand are factors like language disorders which are sometimes more psychological that medical. The present research is an attempt to find out if picture writing practice programme can help teachers in overcoming language disorders and developing language and writing ability.
Pages: 262-264 Talwar Mini Satish (Department of Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)
Pages: 257-261
Ritu Chaudhary (Independent Scholar Commerce, Bhiwani, Haryana)

The present study examines the effect of sales promotion as a tool on customer attention to purchase in LMJ Service Ltd. Sales promotion consists of all activities other than advertising, personal selling and publicity, which help in promoting sales of the product. Such activities are non-repetitive and one time offers. According to American Marketing Association, sales promotion include, "those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising and publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness, such as point of purchase displays, shows and exhibitions, demonstrations and various non-recurring selling efforts not in the ordinary routine."
Pages: 257-261 Ritu Chaudhary (Independent Scholar Commerce, Bhiwani, Haryana)
Pages: 252-256
Jyoti Singh, Chaitali Chatterjee and Anjali Sahai (AIPS, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh)

Women are at increasing risk of the HIV pandemic and face high rates of morbidity and mortality. Adverse associated factors are also playing an important role in their QOL. Present research aimed to examine the physical, psychological and social factors associated with quality of life among a sample of 120 HIV Afflicted rural women from Eastern Districts of Uttar Pradesh. Structured instrument were used to assess socio-demographic profile of women living with HIV. It is found prominently in results that socio-demographical variables like age, race, economic status, marital status, education level and time of HIV diagnosis were significantly associated with QOL of HIV Afflicted Women. It is also clear that HIV symptoms, perceived stigma, depression, adjustment problems were significantly and negatively associated with QOL whereas social support, problem focused coping strategies, perceived control on situations and healthy life-styles were significantly and positively associated with QOL (all p<.0001) of HIV Afflicted Women. HIV symptoms frequency, depression, problem-focused coping, perceived situational control, perceived stigma, healthy life-styles and race remained significant predictors of QOL and explained 55%of the variance among the study participants. These findings promote the need for support and resources in rural Indian Women Living with HIV. Intervention components that enhance spiritual peace, perceived QOL, may potentially be effective strategies for helping rural women living with HIV positive to cope with HIV stigma.
Pages: 252-256 Jyoti Singh, Chaitali Chatterjee and Anjali Sahai (AIPS, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh)
Pages: 249-251
Anju Kumari and M. C. Garg (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar)

Women have remained an active work partner since from the dawn of human civilization as far as history could trace. The presence of women at any other place except home fostered the feel of 'gender bias' and led the creation of specific attitude towards women at workplace. Various studies have focused on gender bias and the potential economic contributions of women in different sectors of economy. The paper discusses the studies done so far on attitude towards women managers. During the 1940's and 1950's, the number of women in high-ranking business positions was small. Women were not admitted on an equal basis with men to the Harvard MBA program until 1963. In fact gender bias results from the 'male norm' perspective wherein the traditional research tended to focus itself on the male experience and point of view. The paper includes the observations and findings from the related studies and also states its future implications.
Pages: 249-251 Anju Kumari and M. C. Garg (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of…
Pages: 246-248
Md. Ali Imam (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh)

Current study was conducted to study the influence of psychological well-being among the Engineers of Barauni Thermal Power. Sample of the study comprised of 300 subjects. The sample consists of 300 employees (200 male and 100 female) (age range from 22 to 58 years). The job satisfaction questionnaire was developed by Singh (1989) was used to measure levels of job-satisfaction among the subjects. There are 20 items and each items to be rated from very dissatisfied to very satisfied. Psychological well-being was measured by scale developed by Verma and Verma (1959). This is a 20 item scale.
Pages: 246-248 Md. Ali Imam (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh)
Pages: 243-245
K. P. Gogoi (Department of Education, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh )

In this study, the researcher has focused upon two major variables with respect to their scholastic achievement i.e. Concept Attainment and Reasoning Ability. For this study, total 140 adolescents are selected from same school and classes where institutionalized adolescents studies. Descriptive survey and causal comparative methods are taken into consideration for the study. Finally it is found that scholastic achievement and concept attainment of home reared adolescents are comparatively more than that of institutionalized Adolescents .
Pages: 243-245 K. P. Gogoi (Department of Education, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh )
Pages: 239-242
Are. Suresh Babu (Department of Psychology, S. V. University, Tirupati, A.P.)

The sales executives play an important role in the growth and development of pharmaceutical industry. They sell their company's products, which include medicines, prescription drugs and medical equipment to a variety of customers including general practitioners, primary care trusts, hospitals and pharmacies. They also work strategically to increase the awareness and use of their company's pharmaceutical and medical products. The core characteristics of these executives are highly competitive, achievement-driven and target oriented. Theories of personality explains that Type-A individuals are ambitious, aggressive, business-like, controlling, impatient, preoccupied with his/her status, time-conscious and tightly-wound. People with type-A personalities are “workaholics” who multitask, push themselves with deadlines and hate both delays and ambivalence. Type-B individuals are perfect contrast to those with type-A personalities. People with type-B personalities are generally patient, relaxed, easy-going, and at times lacking an overriding sense of urgency. In view of the above, the present study was aimed at investigating the impact of type-A and type-B personality on performance of the sales executives. The sample for the present study consisted of 480 sales executives attached to different pharmaceutical companies in both national and multinational companies were selected randomly. A well developed and used in Indian and western context, the job performance scale and type-A personality scale were used in the present study. The study reveals that the executives working in MNCs have shown better performance than the executives working in National companies. Further, the study reveals that the sales executives in the middle level have better performance than other two groups. The data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical methods.
Pages: 239-242 Are. Suresh Babu (Department of Psychology, S. V. University, Tirupati, A.P.)
Pages: 233-238
Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The present study is an attempt to determine an optimal capital structure in an imperfect market. The objective of the study was to determine whether an optimal capital structure exists both at micro level and macro level. Two hypothesis that there is no significant relation between cost of debt, cost of equity, cost of overall capital, debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio and market price of shares at micro level and macro level were framed and tested. So, in the absence of a well defined model on optimal capital structure, bivariate correlation technique was used. Then, t-test was applied to test the significance of coefficient of correlation. 30 companies listed on BSE Index were selected in the sample. The data for a 10 year period (2001-02 to 2010-11) are used. The main source of secondary data is Capitaline plus database. Seven companies have been excluded. Four of them are banks and three are excluded due to non-availability of data for the last 10 years. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire, mailed to the sample companies through post and e-mail. The questionnaires were sent to all 30 companies but since their response was poor, so the officials were contacted personally. In this manner, the data could be collected for a total 12 companies. At micro level, no significant and definite relationship was found between capital structure and value of the firm. This is because of the fact value of a firm is affected by a multiplicity of causes. At macro level, the relationship between capital structure and value of the firm was found to be highly positive. The external factors may result in overvaluation or undervaluation of shares at micro level, but at macro level their positive and negative effects neutralize each other. So the share prices are closely approximate to true indices of the aggregate financial and operating results. Thus we get a high degree of positive correlation between the two. Thus the results advocate that at macro level an optimal capital structure, i.e., D/C ratio do exist which is definitely higher than 0.25 because up to this level the value of 'r' was found to be 0.79 which is statistically significant. So issuance of additional debt will increase the value of the firm.
Pages: 233-238 Garima Dalal (Institute of ManagemPages: 233-238 Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi…
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