International Journal of Education and Management Studies (IJEMS) is an indexed, peer-reviewed and refereed journal published quarterly by the Indian Association of Health, Research, and Welfare (IAHRW). International Journal of
Education and Management Studies likely aims to promote research and
knowledge dissemination in the fields of education and management. Its
objectives include fostering academic discussions on innovative teaching
methodologies, educational policies, leadership strategies, human resource
management, and organizational behavior. The journal focuses on areas such as
pedagogy, curriculum development, educational psychology, business management,
entrepreneurship, and corporate governance. Its goals are to publish
high-quality, peer-reviewed research, encourage interdisciplinary
collaboration, and contribute to the practical application of education and
management theories for academic and professional growth. The journal is indexed with ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.58. IJEMS is being published regularly since 2011. For more details write to us to iahrw2019@gmail.com
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103, 7988885490
Publisher: IAHRW Publications
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly (March, June, September and December)
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, Index Copernicus International, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.58
CHIEF EDITOR
Sunil Saini, PhD
Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare, Hisar, Haryana, India
EDITORS
David Bennett, PhD, Charisma University, USA S. C. Kundu, PhD, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar
B.K. Punia, PhD, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar
Mahesh Thakur, PhD, Karve Institute of Social Sciences, Pune
Jaspreet Kaur, PhD, Punjabi University, Patiala
Vandana Punia, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Munish Nagpal, PhD, Deputy Commissioner, Govt of Haryana
Sangeeta Trama, PhD, Punjabi University Patiala
Sandeep Singh, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, Index Copernicus International, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library
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Author’s guidelines:
International Journal of Education and Management Studies (IJEMS) is a peer-reviewed research journal published quarterly by Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare. The IJEMS is indexed with ProQuest, J-Gate, etc. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of scientific excellence in the area of Education, Psychology and Management Studies and other related fields. IJEMS is published Quarterly (March, June, September and December).
Manuscripts should be submitted in the format outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) and should be sent via email at iahrw2010@gmail.com. The papers are reviewed by professional reviewers who have specialized expertise in the respective area, and to judge the quality of the paper in a time bound and confidential manner. The paper shall be review by double blind review process.
Permission
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Online Submission
Please follow the hyperlink “Submit online” on the right and upload all of your manuscript files following the instructions given on the screen.
The title page should include:
• The name(s) of the author(s)
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• The e-mail address, and telephone number(s) of the corresponding author
Abstract
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Tables
Tables should be as per APA format
References
References should be as per APA format as follows
• Journal article
Panda, T., Lamba, V., Goyal, N., Saini, S., Boora, S., Cruz. (2018). Psychometric Testing in Schools. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(2), 213–245.
• Article by DOI
Slifka, M. K., & Whitton, J. L. (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Journal of Molecular Medicine, doi:10.1007/s001090000086
• Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Book chapter
O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107–123). New York: Springer.
• Online document
Abou-Allaban, Y., Dell, M. L., Greenberg, W., Lomax, J., Peteet, J., Torres, M., & Cowell, V. (2006). Religious/spiritual commitments and psychiatric practice. Resource document. American Psychiatric Association.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014645/http://www.psych.org:80/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200604.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2007.
Copyright form
Authors will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher (or grant the Publisher exclusive publication and dissemination rights). This will ensure the widest possible protection and dissemination of information under copyright laws.
Proof reading
The purpose of the proof is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor. After online publication, further changes can only be made in the form of an Erratum, which will be hyperlinked to the article.
Ethical Guidelines for the author
• Authors should adhere to publication requirements that submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any language. Work should not be submitted concurrently to more than one publication unless the editors have agreed to co-publication. If articles are co-published this fact should be made clear to readers.
• Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) should be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement.
• Relevant previous work and publications, both by other researchers and the authors’ own, should be properly acknowledged and referenced.
• Data, text, figures or ideas originated by other researchers should be properly acknowledged and should not be presented as if they were the authors’ own
• All sources of research funding, including direct and indirect financial support, supply of equipment or materials, and other support (such as specialist statistical or writing assistance) should be disclosed.
• Authors should disclose the role of the research funder(s) or sponsor (if any) in the research design, execution, analysis, interpretation and reporting
• The research literature serves as a record not only of what has been discovered but also of who made the discovery. The authorship of research publications should therefore accurately reflect individuals’ contributions to the work and its reporting.
• In cases where major contributors are listed as authors while those who made less substantial, or purely technical, contributions to the research or to the publication are listed in an acknowledgement section, the criteria for authorship and acknowledgement should be agreed at the start of the project.
• Researchers should ensure that only those individuals who meet authorship criteria (i.e. made a substantial contribution to the work) are rewarded with authorship and that deserving authors are not omitted. Institutions and journal editors should encourage practices that prevent guest, gift, and ghost authorship.
• All authors should agree to be listed and should approve the submitted and accepted versions of the publication. Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication (e.g. responding to reviewers’ comments).
• Authors should work with the editor or publisher to correct their work promptly if errors or omissions are discovered after publication.
• Authors should abide by relevant conventions, requirements, and regulations to make materials, reagents, software or datasets available to other researchers who request them. Researchers, institutions, and funders should have clear policies for handling such requests. Authors must also follow relevant journal standards. While proper acknowledgement is expected, researchers should not demand authorship as a condition for sharing materials.
• Authors should follow publishers’ requirements that work is not submitted to more than one publication for consideration at the same time.
• Authors should inform the editor if they withdraw their work from review, or choose not to respond to reviewer comments after receiving a conditional acceptance.
• Authors should respond to reviewers’ comments in a professional and timely manner.
• Appropriate approval, licensing or registration should be obtained before the research begins and details should be provided in the report (e.g. Institutional Review Board, Research Ethics Committee approval, national licensing authorities for the use of animals).
• If requested by editors, authors should supply evidence that reported research received the appropriate approval and was carried out ethically (e.g. copies of approvals, licences, participant consent forms).
• Researchers should not generally publish or share identifiable individual data collected in the course of research without specific consent from the individual (or their representative). Researchers should remember that many scholarly journals are now freely available on the internet, and should therefore be mindful of the risk of causing danger or upset to unintended readers (e.g. research participants or their families who recognise themselves from case studies, descriptions, images or pedigrees).
• The appropriate statistical analyses should be determined at the start of the study and a data analysis plan for the prespecified outcomes should be prepared and followed.
• Researchers should publish all meaningful research results that might contribute to understanding. In particular, there is an ethical responsibility to publish the findings of all clinical trials. The publication of unsuccessful studies or experiments that reject a hypothesis may help prevent others from wasting time and resources on similar projects. If findings from small studies and those that fail to reach statistically significant results can be combined to produce more useful information (e.g. by meta-analysis) then such findings should be published.
• Authors should supply research protocols to journal editors if requested (e.g. for clinical trials) so that reviewers and editors can compare the research report to the protocol to check that it was carried out as planned and that no relevant details have been omitted. Researchers should follow relevant requirements for clinical trial registration and should include the trial registration number in all publications arising from the trial.
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com,
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library
Peer Review
All content of the International Journal of Education and Management Studies is subject to peer-review. The Editor first checks and evaluates the submitted manuscript, examining its fit and quality regarding its significance, manuscript format, research quality. If it is suitable for potential pubication, the Editor directs the manuscript for Plagiarism check, and the minimum similarity acceptable is below 20% without references. After that, editor directs the manuscript to two reviewers, with both being experts in the field. This journal employs double-blind review, wehre the author and referee remains anonymous througout the process. Referees are asked to avaluate whetehr the manuscript is original, makes a theoretical contribution to the study, methodoogy is sound, follos appropriate ethical guidelines, whether the results are clearly presented and sufficient supporting studies are given and support the conclusion. The time for evaluation is approximately one month. The Editor’s decision will be sent to the author with recommendations made by the referees. Revised manuscripts might be returned to the initial referees who may then request another revision of the manuscript. After both reviewer’s feedback, the Editor decides if the manuscript will be rejected, accepted with revision needed or accepted for publication. The Editor’s decision is final. Regerees advise the Editor, who is responsible for the final decision to accept or reject the article.
Compaint policy
We ain to respond to and resolve all complaints quickly. All complaints will be acknowledged within a week. For all matters related to the policies, procedures, editorial content, and actions of the editorial staff, the decision of the Editor-in-Chief shall be final. The procedure to make a complaint is easy. It can be made by writing an email to editor: iahrw@iahrw.org
Confict of Interest Policy
Transparency and objectiity in research are essential for publication in this journal. These principles are strictily followed in our peer review process and decision of publication. Manuscript submissions are assigned to reviewers in an effort to minimize potential conflicts of interest. After papers are assigned, individual reviewers are required to inform the editor-in-chief of any conflict.
Pages: 210-217 Ranita Banerjee and Santoshi Halder (Department of Education, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal) This review investigated the role of personality traits in promoting and sustaining motivation. The review consists of twenty- two empirical papers dealing with Big Five Personality traits and their effect on academic motivation. Findings show Conscientiousness and Neuroticism were most influential traits though the latter had negative influence. Other three traits were mostly positively associated with academic motivation. Self-report measures used may provide biased results as children cover their negative traits. Except one or two studies others did not explore the sub dimensions of motivation. Review highlights the importance of personality traits and their influence in attaining academic success. Pages: 210-217
Ranita Banerjee and Santoshi Halder (Department of Education, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal) |
Pages: 218-222 Khem Raj Bhatta and Bijay Rai (Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal) Test anxiety, a form of anxiety expressed before, during or after the tests, is one of the factors linked to academic achievement of students. Test anxiety differs across various demographic variables such as gender, age, and year of study. These demographic variables are also related to the academic achievement of students. In this study we assessed the level of student's test anxiety of psychology undergraduates and also investigates the relationship of academic achievement with respect to test anxiety and demographic variables with the use of multiple regression analysis. We use the data collected from psychology undergraduates studying in various private colleges of Kathmandu, Nepal. Altogether 382 students participated in this study. The Westside Test Anxiety Scale (Driscoll, 2007) was used to measure test anxiety level of students and the self-reported Grade Point Average (GPA) as an indicator of academic achievement. The results showed that (about 43% students) experienced moderate to extremely high test anxiety. Gender and the year of study were significant factors in test anxiety difference while age and life goal relation (to career choice) did not. Approximately 14% variance in academic achievement can be attributed to test anxiety and selected demographic variables (gender, age and year of study). Pages: 218-222
Khem Raj Bhatta and Bijay Rai (Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal) |
Pages: 223-225 Subhendu Bhattacharya and Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School, Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra) Thomas Cook, British travel group faced serious setback and were forced to file bankruptcy. Nobody ever thought that such a renowned company will confront disgraceful shocking fate. There are multiple factors that contributed to closure of venerable veteran business. Uncertainty of weather, high-strung competition from online travel agents and low-cost airlines, self-reliance of customers in ticket booking and hotel reservation, geopolitical tensions in the world, prolonged Brexit impasse and ongoing trade war made a deleterious blow to the business. Thomas Cook tried to restructure its business process and revive the moribund status but cash strapped company could not salvage its reputation in competitive business world. It was tragic for 178 years old illustrious British travel company to shut down its operation when it failed to garner emergency funding of $249 million. This distressing inability of debtridden UK based iconic travel company resulted in tremendous loss of shareholders, joblessness of 22,000 people and sudden uncertainty of service for 600,000 travelers in September 2019. Lack of foresightedness, failure to gauge the change in market dynamics, inability to perceive customer preference. indifference towards market trend pursued by competitors and laggardness in catching up with new technology caused the downfall and demise of century old travel giant. Pages: 223-225
Subhendu Bhattacharya and Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School, Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra) |
Pages: 226-230 Pallawi Kumari (Department of Economics, Patna University, Patna, Bihar) Bihar's economy is basically agrarian and small and marginal farmer based. With the onset of economic reforms, it was thought that Globalization would immensely benefit agricultural sector giving boost to its export and increase in agricultural production and productivity. But contrary to expectations, both the production and productivity of Bihar's agriculture has decelerated due to severe problems grappling agricultural sector like poor tenancy reforms, low public investment in agriculture, fragmented holdings, lack of mechanization, poor institutional support and lack of credit availability. However, despite various shortcomings, Bihar has the potential of becoming major exporting hub by concentrating on its dynamic crops like Litchi, makhana, mango, sugarcane, potato and tea. Pages: 226-230
Pallawi Kumari (Department of Economics, Patna University, Patna, Bihar) |
Pages: 231-233 Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra) Last year, Indian Railways, the fourth largest railways network of the world, took the plunge to carry out major restructuring in line with recommendations of several committees namely the Prakash Tandon Committee (1994); Rakesh Mohan Committee (2001); Sam Pitroda Committee (2012); and Bibek Debroy Committee (2015). More than 160 years old, Indian Railways has failed to match the growth rate of the country. Operating ratio has gone up from 74.7% in early sixtiesto 98.4% in last few years.Losing marketshare to road and airlinesin both passenger as well as goods traffic has put a lot of pressure on its profitability. As per recommendation of different committees, excessive departmentalization is identified as the biggest hurdle in the growth of Indian Railways. Traffic, civil, mechanical, electrical,signal and telecom,stores, personnel, and accounts are the important departmentsin IndianRailways, which are vertically separated.Each department isrepresented by a secretary level officerinRailwayBoard.This hasmade IR an extremely complex over departmentalized organization characterized by unhealthy and ugly competition among the departmentsforlimited resources andmanagement posts,resulting in poorteamwork and ineffective decisionmaking. Recommendation for organizational restructuring has always met with lot of resistance from officers as well as union and several administrative problems. Lastyear, in order to end depart mentalism and improve effective and smooth decisionmaking,restructuring ofthe IndianRailwaysleading to merger of eight of GroupAservices was given a green signal by the Cabinet. Now the concern is if merging the services would actually help in the growth of the Indian railways as there would be a lot of resistance from the officers as well as the union. If yes, then should the recommendation be modified or should the original plan be implemented? Pages: 231-233
Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra) |
Pages: 234-237 Akanksha Soni and Anshika Bhalla (Department of Psychology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab) The current study examined the gender differences in perceived stress and coping strategies among college students'. Two Hundred college students' (100 females & 100 males) were included in the study. The Perceived Stress Scale and Ways of Coping Questionnaire scale were used to measure college students' perceived stress and coping styles. The results indicated that females experienced high perceived stress as compared to male college students'. In addition to this, during stressful situations males college students' employ positive coping strategies and females college students' implement negative coping strategies. Pages: 234-237
Akanksha Soni and Anshika Bhalla (Department of Psychology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab) |
Pages: 238-240 Archana Mishra (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) The present paper is attempt to analyses self-concept from the perspective of psychological theories in context of gender. The review has showed that there has been a developing interest and a recovery in the investigation of contrasts and similitudes among the qualities of individuals. One that grabbed the eye of numerous analysts and researchers is simply the investigation of Self has been consistently the subject of interest. The self-concept has a significant function in deciding the conduct of somebody so as to realize ourselves totally to determine clashes there is in him and to decipher the encounters they picked up. Consequently, the self-concept is vital for somebody to utilize it as a reference to life. The self-concept of a person is not innateness but is formed through the learning process from someone's growth period from childhood to adulthood. Other than the self-concept emerged from the cycle of individual collaborations with the condition consistently. The expression "self-concept" is just of the twentieth-century roots. The most pre-twentieth-century conversation of self was inserted in a bog of reasoning and strict doctrine. Such perspectives are evident in Homeric works. Such a record limits the self to the informal hypothesis in religious and philosophical terms. Pages: 238-240
Archana Mishra (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) |
Pages: 241-245 Santosh and Mayuri Bora (Department of Extension and Communication Management Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam) The present study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the impact of scholarship on students of higher education. Forty students from Assam Agricultural University of Jorhat were included for the study. Aquestionnaire was prepared for collection of data. Findings of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents felt that Scholarship gives a feeling of independence during study and it reduces financial burden on parents and decreases number and amount of loans needed to take for completing higher education. It was found that a large proportion of students perceive that scholarship puts a positive impact on their education. Majority of students experienced that scholarship creates more interest in college education, research and technical expertise. Pages: 241-245
Santosh and Mayuri Bora (Department of Extension and Communication Management Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat… |
Pages: 246-251 Aruna Mathur (Department of Education, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan) A good teacher is one who is able to inspire and motivate her/his students. For this, it is crucial for her/him to have excellent communication skills. Communication skills help teachers in motivating students, building an effective teaching-learning environment, using information and technologies, understanding students and making oneself understood, connecting with students and colleagues, collaboration, maintaining discipline, using resources effectively, facilitating class and out-of-class activities, etc. These skills are not only fundamental to teaching but also interacting with different stakeholders in the educational set up and beyond, and in all aspects of life in general. The objective of this research is to study the Status of Communication Skills of Prospective Teachers. Data was collected from a total of 400 prospective teachers from eight teacher training colleges of Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India, selected using the Stratified Random Sampling Method. A self-developed tool 'Communication Skills Questionnaire' was used for data collection using the survey method. The findings of the research indicated that overall, the Status of Communication Skills of the Prospective Teachers is unsatisfactory. As compared to Prospective Teachers from the Social Science Faculty, the Communication Skills of Prospective Teachers from the Science Faculty were found to be better. No significant difference was found in the Communication skills of Graduate and Postgraduate Prospective Teachers. In the context of Male and Female Prospective Teachers, no significant difference was found in their Communication Skills. Pages: 246-251
Aruna Mathur (Department of Education, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan) |
Pages: 252-258 Jayatika Sinha (Department of Applied Psychology, Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) Anjali Sahai (Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) Workplace demographics is changing significantly in the recent times. There has been an unexpected shift in the workforce composition as three to four generations coming to work together in most of the organizations. So the real challenge is to retain senior employees who are valuable but at the same time recruiting young and bright talents. This is dependent upon the understanding of the requirements of rewards, training needs, and the different motivational level of the generational cohorts. Currently five Generations make up the workforce. They are Traditionalist, Baby boomers, Generation X, Generation Y and a recent addition of Generation Z but the purpose of this study is to assess and compare the relationship between work motivation and burnout levels of Generation X and Generation Y. For this Work Motivation Questionnaire by Agarwal (1990) and Maslach Burnout Inventory by Maslach, Jackson, and Leiter (1981) were taken. Results indicate significant difference in the work motivation and burnout levels of Generation X and Generation Y Pages: 252-258
Jayatika Sinha (Department of Applied Psychology, Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity… |
Pages: 259-264 Anusha and Ritu Mittal Gupta (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab) Recent lockdown due to Covid-19 pandemic proved that e-learning overcomes the barriers of time space and location, when many institutes used e learning to continue education while their institutional buildings were shut down. Though the teachers managed to go for on teaching, students may be reluctant to use e learning due to many factors such as lack of self-efficiency, self efficacy and computer skills. The current research was undertaken to study access, usage pattern of e-learning services and the perception of students towards e-learning in Punjab state. Overall, most of the male and female students had access to e-learning devices such as smartphone, laptop and computer. The findings showed that on an average, students were using internet for more than three and half hours daily and they were using internet since more than five years. Students had positive perception towards perceived ease of use and usefulness of e-learning system. Overall, the students had positive perception towards e-learning and therefore teaching facultiesshould blend e learning in their day to day teaching to make learning more meaningful and interesting. Gender comparison showed that male have more positive perception than female for e-learning. Pages: 259-264
Anusha and Ritu Mittal Gupta (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, Punjab Agricultural… |
Pages: 265-269 Manjot Kaur and Ritu Mittal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab) In Indian houses, women make every effort for the integrity of the family whole-heartedly and take care of family members sincerely. Women are more responsible for nutritional, emotional and social needs of the family especially in rural areas. But their contribution has hardly been recognized due to lack of few basic and advance skills. Therefore, the current study was planned to capture the skill gaps of rural women for short duration training courses. The study was carried out on 120 rural women from Punjab State. Majority of the women were from schedule caste, landless, low economic strata, young, educated only up to intermediate level and were home makers. Skill gap analysis shows that skill on stain removal was most preferred by the rural women. This was followed by tie and dye, therapeutic diets, geriatric care and consumer rights besides other skills. Their interest in tie and dye bakery, preservation and flower arrangements depicts that women want to create resources for their families by using locally available inputs. These skills if polished properly will help them to generate income and contribute to family income as majority of women were from low socio economic status families. Pages: 265-269
Manjot Kaur and Ritu Mittal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, PAU, Ludhiana… |
