International Journal of Education and Management Studies (IJEMS) is an indexed, peer-reviewed and refereed journal published quarterly by the Indian Association of Health, Research, and Welfare (IAHRW). International Journal of Education and Management Studies likely aims to promote research and knowledge dissemination in the fields of education and management. Its objectives include fostering academic discussions on innovative teaching methodologies, educational policies, leadership strategies, human resource management, and organizational behavior. The journal focuses on areas such as pedagogy, curriculum development, educational psychology, business management, entrepreneurship, and corporate governance. Its goals are to publish high-quality, peer-reviewed research, encourage interdisciplinary collaboration, and contribute to the practical application of education and management theories for academic and professional growth. The journal is indexed with ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.58. IJEMS is being published regularly since 2011. For more details write to us to iahrw2019@gmail.com
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103, 7988885490
Publisher: IAHRW Publications
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly (March, June, September and December)
Indexing: ProQuest, ( ProQuest Central Premium, ProQuest One Academy, ProQuest One Community College ), Index Copernicus International, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.58
CHIEF EDITOR
Sunil Saini, PhD
ORCHID ID: 0000-0002-5342-3424
Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare, Hisar, Haryana, India
EDITORS
David Bennett, PhD, Charisma University, USA S. C. Kundu, PhD, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar
B.K. Punia, PhD, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar
Mahesh Thakur, PhD, Karve Institute of Social Sciences, Pune
Jaspreet Kaur, PhD, Punjabi University, Patiala
Vandana Punia, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Munish Nagpal, PhD, Deputy Commissioner, Govt of Haryana
Sangeeta Trama, PhD, Punjabi University Patiala
Sandeep Singh, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, Index Copernicus International, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library
Author’s guidelines:
International Journal of Education and Management Studies (IJEMS) is a peer-reviewed research journal published quarterly by Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare. The IJEMS is indexed with ProQuest, J-Gate, etc. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of scientific excellence in the area of Education, Psychology and Management Studies and other related fields. IJEMS is published Quarterly (March, June, September and December).
Manuscripts should be submitted in the format outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) and should be sent via email at iahrw2010@gmail.com. The papers are reviewed by professional reviewers who have specialized expertise in the respective area, and to judge the quality of the paper in a time bound and confidential manner. The paper shall be review by double blind review process.
Permission
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Online Submission
Please follow the hyperlink “Submit online” on the right and upload all of your manuscript files following the instructions given on the screen.
The title page should include:
• The name(s) of the author(s)
• A concise and informative title
• The affiliation(s) and address(es) of the author(s)
• The e-mail address, and telephone number(s) of the corresponding author
Abstract
Please provide an abstract of 150 to 250 words. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.
Keywords
Please provide 4 to 6 keywords which can be used for indexing purposes.
Main Text
Manuscripts should be submitted in Word.
Tables
Tables should be as per APA format
References
References should be as per APA format as follows
• Journal article
Panda, T., Lamba, V., Goyal, N., Saini, S., Boora, S., Cruz. (2018). Psychometric Testing in Schools. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(2), 213–245.
• Article by DOI
Slifka, M. K., & Whitton, J. L. (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Journal of Molecular Medicine, doi:10.1007/s001090000086
• Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Book chapter
O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107–123). New York: Springer.
• Online document
Abou-Allaban, Y., Dell, M. L., Greenberg, W., Lomax, J., Peteet, J., Torres, M., & Cowell, V. (2006). Religious/spiritual commitments and psychiatric practice. Resource document. American Psychiatric Association.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014645/http://www.psych.org:80/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200604.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2007.
Copyright form
Authors will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher (or grant the Publisher exclusive publication and dissemination rights). This will ensure the widest possible protection and dissemination of information under copyright laws.
Proof reading
The purpose of the proof is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor. After online publication, further changes can only be made in the form of an Erratum, which will be hyperlinked to the article.
Ethical Guidelines for the author
• Authors should adhere to publication requirements that submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any language. Work should not be submitted concurrently to more than one publication unless the editors have agreed to co-publication. If articles are co-published this fact should be made clear to readers.
• Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) should be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement.
• Relevant previous work and publications, both by other researchers and the authors’ own, should be properly acknowledged and referenced.
• Data, text, figures or ideas originated by other researchers should be properly acknowledged and should not be presented as if they were the authors’ own
• All sources of research funding, including direct and indirect financial support, supply of equipment or materials, and other support (such as specialist statistical or writing assistance) should be disclosed.
• Authors should disclose the role of the research funder(s) or sponsor (if any) in the research design, execution, analysis, interpretation and reporting
• The research literature serves as a record not only of what has been discovered but also of who made the discovery. The authorship of research publications should therefore accurately reflect individuals’ contributions to the work and its reporting.
• In cases where major contributors are listed as authors while those who made less substantial, or purely technical, contributions to the research or to the publication are listed in an acknowledgement section, the criteria for authorship and acknowledgement should be agreed at the start of the project.
• Researchers should ensure that only those individuals who meet authorship criteria (i.e. made a substantial contribution to the work) are rewarded with authorship and that deserving authors are not omitted. Institutions and journal editors should encourage practices that prevent guest, gift, and ghost authorship.
• All authors should agree to be listed and should approve the submitted and accepted versions of the publication. Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication (e.g. responding to reviewers’ comments).
• Authors should work with the editor or publisher to correct their work promptly if errors or omissions are discovered after publication.
• Authors should abide by relevant conventions, requirements, and regulations to make materials, reagents, software or datasets available to other researchers who request them. Researchers, institutions, and funders should have clear policies for handling such requests. Authors must also follow relevant journal standards. While proper acknowledgement is expected, researchers should not demand authorship as a condition for sharing materials.
• Authors should follow publishers’ requirements that work is not submitted to more than one publication for consideration at the same time.
• Authors should inform the editor if they withdraw their work from review, or choose not to respond to reviewer comments after receiving a conditional acceptance.
• Authors should respond to reviewers’ comments in a professional and timely manner.
• Appropriate approval, licensing or registration should be obtained before the research begins and details should be provided in the report (e.g. Institutional Review Board, Research Ethics Committee approval, national licensing authorities for the use of animals).
• If requested by editors, authors should supply evidence that reported research received the appropriate approval and was carried out ethically (e.g. copies of approvals, licences, participant consent forms).
• Researchers should not generally publish or share identifiable individual data collected in the course of research without specific consent from the individual (or their representative). Researchers should remember that many scholarly journals are now freely available on the internet, and should therefore be mindful of the risk of causing danger or upset to unintended readers (e.g. research participants or their families who recognise themselves from case studies, descriptions, images or pedigrees).
• The appropriate statistical analyses should be determined at the start of the study and a data analysis plan for the prespecified outcomes should be prepared and followed.
• Researchers should publish all meaningful research results that might contribute to understanding. In particular, there is an ethical responsibility to publish the findings of all clinical trials. The publication of unsuccessful studies or experiments that reject a hypothesis may help prevent others from wasting time and resources on similar projects. If findings from small studies and those that fail to reach statistically significant results can be combined to produce more useful information (e.g. by meta-analysis) then such findings should be published.
• Authors should supply research protocols to journal editors if requested (e.g. for clinical trials) so that reviewers and editors can compare the research report to the protocol to check that it was carried out as planned and that no relevant details have been omitted. Researchers should follow relevant requirements for clinical trial registration and should include the trial registration number in all publications arising from the trial.
Plagiarism
The acceptance rate depends on the below 10% plagiarism (Turnitin Software) and reviewers’ feedback and recommendations.
AI-Generated Content Policy
The Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing follows ethical publishing standards and may have specific policies regarding the use of AI in research and writing. Authors are expected to disclose the use of AI tools in manuscript preparation, ensuring that AI-generated content does not compromise originality, accuracy, or ethical integrity. For precise guidelines, it is recommended to refer to the journal’s official policy. The AI content by Turnitin should be below 15%
Retraction, Correction, and Expression of Concern Policy
The Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing (IJHW) is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. The journal follows the principles and recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) in handling corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions.
Corrections (Erratum/Corrigendum)
A correction may be issued when a published article contains significant errors that affect the accuracy, indexing, interpretation, or reputation of the publication but do not invalidate the study’s findings. Corrections may be initiated by authors, editors, or readers.
• An Erratum is issued when the error originates from the journal or publisher.
• A Corrigendum is issued when the error originates from the author(s).
• All corrections will be linked electronically to the original article and clearly identify the changes made.
Expression of Concern
The Editor-in-Chief may publish an Expression of Concern when substantial doubts arise regarding the integrity, reliability, ethical compliance, or authorship of a published article, and an investigation is ongoing. The notice will remain associated with the article until a final decision is reached.
Retraction Policy
Articles may be retracted if:
• There is clear evidence that findings are unreliable due to misconduct or honest error.
• The work constitutes plagiarism, duplicate publication, or redundant publication.
• Data fabrication, falsification, image manipulation, or unethical research practices are identified.
• Serious violations of publication ethics are confirmed.
Retraction Procedure
- Allegations may be submitted by authors, reviewers, readers, institutions, or third parties.
- The editorial office will conduct a preliminary assessment.
- Authors will be contacted and provided an opportunity to respond.
- Where necessary, the journal may seek clarification from the affiliated institution or ethics committee.
- The Editor-in-Chief, in consultation with the Editorial Board, will make the final decision.
- Retracted articles will remain accessible to preserve the scholarly record but will be clearly marked as “Retracted.”
- A retraction notice stating the reason for retraction will be published and linked to the original article.
Appeals
Authors may appeal editorial decisions regarding corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions by submitting a written explanation and supporting documentation to the Editor-in-Chief. Appeals will be reviewed independently, and the final decision of the Editorial Board shall be binding. The journal reserves the right to update published content when necessary to protect the integrity of the scientific record and the interests of readers, researchers, and the public.
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com,
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library
Peer Review
All content of the International Journal of Education and Management Studies is subject to peer-review. The Editor first checks and evaluates the submitted manuscript, examining its fit and quality regarding its significance, manuscript format, research quality. If it is suitable for potential pubication, the Editor directs the manuscript for Plagiarism check, and the minimum similarity acceptable is below 20% without references. After that, editor directs the manuscript to two reviewers, with both being experts in the field. This journal employs double-blind review, wehre the author and referee remains anonymous througout the process. Referees are asked to avaluate whetehr the manuscript is original, makes a theoretical contribution to the study, methodoogy is sound, follos appropriate ethical guidelines, whether the results are clearly presented and sufficient supporting studies are given and support the conclusion. The time for evaluation is approximately one month. The Editor’s decision will be sent to the author with recommendations made by the referees. Revised manuscripts might be returned to the initial referees who may then request another revision of the manuscript. After both reviewer’s feedback, the Editor decides if the manuscript will be rejected, accepted with revision needed or accepted for publication. The Editor’s decision is final. Regerees advise the Editor, who is responsible for the final decision to accept or reject the article.
Compaint policy
We ain to respond to and resolve all complaints quickly. All complaints will be acknowledged within a week. For all matters related to the policies, procedures, editorial content, and actions of the editorial staff, the decision of the Editor-in-Chief shall be final. The procedure to make a complaint is easy. It can be made by writing an email to editor: iahrw@iahrw.org
Confict of Interest Policy
Transparency and objectiity in research are essential for publication in this journal. These principles are strictily followed in our peer review process and decision of publication. Manuscript submissions are assigned to reviewers in an effort to minimize potential conflicts of interest. After papers are assigned, individual reviewers are required to inform the editor-in-chief of any conflict.
Manuscript Evaluation and Peer Review Process
1. Initial Manuscript Evaluation
All submitted manuscripts undergo an initial editorial screening to assess their relevance to the journal’s scope, originality, scientific quality, ethical compliance, adherence to submission guidelines, and overall suitability for peer review.
2. Number of Referees Assigned
Manuscripts that successfully pass the initial evaluation are typically sent to two independent expert reviewers for double-blind peer review. In cases of conflicting recommendations, a third reviewer may be invited.
3. Delivery of Peer Review Feedback
Reviewer comments and recommendations are communicated to the corresponding author through the journal’s editorial system or email. Anonymous reviewer reports are provided along with editorial guidance for revision, where applicable.
4. Typical Length of Peer Review
The peer review process generally takes 4–8 weeks, depending on reviewer availability, the complexity of the manuscript, and the timeliness of responses.
5. Handling of Revise and Resubmit Requests
Authors receiving a revision decision are requested to submit a revised manuscript along with a detailed point-by-point response to reviewers’ comments within the specified timeframe. Revised submissions may be returned to the original reviewers for further evaluation when necessary.
6. Editorial Decisions
Based on reviewers’ recommendations and editorial assessment, one of the following decisions may be communicated to the author:
- Accept without Revision
- Accept with Minor Revisions
- Major Revisions Required
- Revise and Resubmit for Further Review
- Reject
The final decision is made by the Editor-in-Chief or the Editorial Board and is communicated to the corresponding author through email along with the relevant comments and recommendations.
Page: 288-294 The present study was undertaken to examine the association of defense mechanisms with anxiety, depression and stress among adolescents. The total sample comprised 240 adolescents studying in class +1 and +2. The sample was selected randomly from Government Senior Secondary Schools of Ludhiana district of Punjab and equally distributed across two genders (males= 120 & females=120). A self- structured personal information sheet, Defense Mechanisms Inventory (Mrinal & Singhal, 2012) and Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (Bhatnagar et al., 2020) were used to collect relevant information from the respondents. The results revealed that major proportion of adolescents were at high level of using defense mechanisms and only 5 per cent were at low level. Majority of adolescents had low level of anxiety, depression and stress. Furthermore, overall defense mechanisms were found to be non-significantly correlated with overall anxiety, depression and stress except one dimension of defense mechanisms, viz.,'Turning Against Object' which was found to be significantly and positively correlated with anxiety and stress among rural boys. Page: 288-294 Vaishali, Sarita Saini, and DeepikaVig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab… |
Page: 295-297 A study was conducted to develop a cereal bar for the gluten-intolerant population using flaxseeds, brown rice and quinoa and dried fruit such as almonds, dried figs and raisins. Honey was added as a sweetener and binder. The raw material was analysed for physicochemical properties such as moisture, ash, protein and fat content, and functional parameters such as antioxidant activity, total phenols, and β-carotene. A dry heat treatment (80-100°C for 8-12 minutes) was performed on the grains prior to use in the preparation of the cereal bar. After the grain treatment, a notable difference (p≤0.0499) was found between all physiochemical and functional parameters of grains except for ash content, which showed an insignificant difference (p≤0.05). Four formulations were developed using different combinations of grains with different levels of the honey (41%, 51% & 61%). The selected cereal-bar was evaluated for Physicochemical and functional parameters. Statistically significant changes were observed in moisture content, protein content, fat content, total phenolics, antioxidant activity and β-carotene content in heat-treated materials except for ash content, which showed insignificant changes. Page: 295-297 Neeru (Swarna Jayanti Haryana Institute for Fiscal Management, Panchkula, Haryana) |
Page: 298-303 The aim of the present study were to explore the interplay of transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, HRM Practices and organisational innovativeness. A sample of Indian IT employees (N =223) took part in this study. They responded to the organisational innovativeness scale, transformational leadership scale, psychological empowerment scale and HRM practices scale. Results indicate that HRM practices, transformational leadership, and psychological empowerment significantly predicted organisational innovativeness. The findings have implications for possible program and policy developments seeking to enhance organisational innovativeness in IT personnel in India. Page: 298-303 Km Gulshan and Ajai Pratap Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, VBS Purvanchal University… |
Page: 304-308 COVID-19 imposed a great threat to individuals as well as mental health professionals. The virus had an impact across all aspects of our lives. It had an impact on the well-being and mental health of individuals as well. In these difficult times, it can be a possibility that there could be an increase in the prevalence of various psychological conditions particularly depression, anxiety, and stress. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress among female students. DASS-21 was used to measure the scores on the variables among 343 female students across India. The participants (18 years & above) enrolled in a full time university course were included in the study. The questionnaire was employed through various web-based platforms and social media sites. Results based on Pearson Product Moment Correlation indicated that depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly correlated to each other. It can be concluded that the pandemic has had a great impact on the mental health and well-being of individuals. Further research can be undertaken to understand the difference between and across various socio-demographic/cultural groups. Page: 304-308 Anuja Deshpande1 and Riya Shah2 (Department of Psychology, Maniben Nanvati Women’s College, Mumbai… |
Page: 309-311 Suicide, a major preventable public health issue, poses a challenge to each and every nation and society. Suicide statistics are available for almost all age groups and the under reporting of suicide data is still a challenge. Suicide statistics for India as reported by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB, 2020) mention that 1,53,052 people committed suicide in the year 2020. Furthermore, students account for 8.2% of total suicides in India (NCRB, 2020). Considering the scenario, it has become the need of the hour to study the underlying factors. The present study made an attempt to explore the relationship between academic stress, loneliness and suicide ideation among university students. The sample of the present study comprised of 200 (N=200) university students falling in the age group of 19-26 years. Academic Stress Scale (Kumar et al., 2022), Loneliness Scale (Russell et al.,1980) and Suicide Ideation Scale (Beck, 1991) were used to measure the variables. The findings established a significant positive correlation between academic stress, loneliness and suicide ideation. Page: 309-311 Akshay Ohlan and Taruna (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science… |
Page: 312-318 Are we living in a world where opportunities and possibilities are equal affairs for both men and women? Is the corporate world sensitive enough to let women be women? Are working women still the 'women' they were once thought to be? Does gender equality really exist or is it just a myth disguised as reality? What organisations and their leaders actually believe, think, feel, and do in the garb of providing equal rights for women in the workplace, encouraging gender diversity, revised policies and guidelines, is the reality that exists that no one wants to talk about. The present article throws light on these concerns and pushes the reader to constantly question the reality of the world we are living in and to reflect on the part they, as members of this society, are playing in it. Page: 312-318 Salma Seth1 and Aanchal Aggarwal2 (Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of… |
Page: 319-321 This paper synthesizes theory and research on confirmation bias on the part of students and teachers in the classroom with the goal of understanding the implication of confirmation bias on the teaching-learning process. The degree or extent of bias in teachers differs from the bias in students and learning the repercussions of said extent can result in a better learning environment, which is democratic and open-minded in its proceedings and transactions. Page: 319-321 Harshith B. Nair (Regional Institute of Education-NCERT, Mysuru, Karnataka) |
Page: 322-325 Cotton is one the most indispensable fiber crop in the country and it plays a pivotal role throughout the world in flourishing the industrial and agricultural economy. The extensive use of cotton for various activities and industries has accorded it the status of “King of the Fiber Crops” and “White Gold”. The objective of the present study is to assess the knowledge levels and adoption of using the Drip Irrigation System (DIS) along with the subsequent impact and constraints. The data for accessing the above mentioned aspects were collected by the authors through the personal interviews conducted with the respondents at their respective homes/farms as well as findings of other authors were incorporated. It was found that knowledge level was moderate to high whereas adoption level was found medium among the farmers. It was noticed that factors like income, landholding, mass media exposure, education and socio-economic status played an important rle in adoption of drip irrigation in cotton crop. The research takes a step ahead in examining many aspects connected with cotton production, taking into account the position of drip irrigation for sustainable agriculture. Page: 322-325 Vinod Kumari, Subhash Chander, Karmal Malik, and Kushagra Prasad (Cotton Section, CCS Haryana… |
Page: 326-330 Beauty culture techniques are very common in almost every Indian household and girls learn this art from their elders and beauty specialists. PMKVY is on generating job possibilities and entrepreneurship especially grey collar (knowledge workers), pink collar (waiters, retail clerks, salespersons) and rust belt workers (construction) besides white and blue collars. Training is effort initiated by an organization to foster learning among its workers, and development is effort that is oriented more towards broadening an individual's skills for the future responsibility. It provides a systematic improvement of knowledge and skills which in turn helps the trainees to function effectively and efficiently in their given task on completion of the training. The study was conducted in Hisar district in Haryana state purposively. A total of 120 respondents were selected from four training centres, i.e., 30 respondents from each training centre. Satisfaction of trainees in terms of subject matter, physical facility and quality of the trainer towards trainings was measured. The constraints faced by the respondents were observed. Results showed that majority of the respondents were satisfied with coverage of subject matter, methodology used, working environment, usefulness of training material whereas, practical sessions of the training programme were reported to be somewhat satisfactory. Further, it was also found that the economic constraints were perceived as major constraint followed by marketing, and technical constraints for all the beauty culture trainings. Page: 326-330 Shikha Bhukal, Ella Rani, Vandana Verma, and Diksha Rani (Department of Extension Education… |
Page: 331-333 In the present scenario of society the adolescents are facing many kinds of problems. Aggression is physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt someone. Aggression is commonly defined as behavior intended to harm another person and this harm can be either physical or psychological. Hardiness is a kind of ability to tolerate the things in unfavorable circumstances. The adolescents who have hardiness trait can manage their aggression. By keeping all these views in mind the present research was conducted on school going adolescents. This study was conducted on 100 male and 100 female adolescents. The results were analyzed by using different statistical tools. The results depicted that boys and girls (adoloscents) have same level of aggression and hardiness. Their views are not different on these variables. Hardiness and aggression are not related with each other. Page: 331-333 Renu Rathee1 and Nirmala Kaushik2 (Department of Psychology, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana1 and… |
Page: 334-335 The relationship between gender and clothing is complex and ever-evolving. For centuries, clothing has been used to signify gender roles in many societies. Clothing styles, colours, and materials have been associated with certain genders, and these associations have changed over time. For example, traditionally, women's clothing was more colourful and decorated, while men's clothing was more utilitarian. Today, both genders are free to express themselves through clothing in ways that were not possible in the past. However, clothing is still often used to signify gender roles, with men's clothing typically being more structured and women's clothing more fluid. Moreover, clothing is also used to convey social status and power, with some clothing items being deemed “appropriate” for certain genders. Ultimately, clothing is a tool to express identity, and the ways in which it is used to signify gender roles and identities can be complex and ever-changing. Religious clothing has been a part of most cultures and societies throughout history. Wearing religious clothing is an outward sign of devotion to a certain faith or belief system. It is also often a symbol of commitment to a certain religious community. Page: 334-335Atul (Department of Fashion Design, Faculty of Management, Chandigarh School of Business, Jhanjeri, Mohali… |
Page: 336-342 Diksha Rani, Sushma Kaushik, and Shikha Bhukal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana) Humanity is empowered when women are empowered. Gender equality was a specific goal outlined in the Millennium Development Goals. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which replaced them and were adopted in 2015, set goals for the global community over the following 15 years. These global objectives have a strong emphasis on including women and gender in every goal, from "Zero Hunger" and "No Poverty" to "Quality Education," and have one target that is especially geared toward women. A very fundamental indication of women's equality and empowerment is education. Relevant indicators include literacy levels among women, gender disparities in literacy, and enrollment and dropout rates in elementary schools. Women contribute to the labour force and the household through their work. While some of this labour is acknowledged and rewarded, the majority is not listed and is still unpaid. The current study was designed to reflect three various economic strata in Hisar, Haryana, through urban areas. From each strata data was collected from 60 respondents. This paper revealed that overall Chi- square value was found significant thus indicating that both level of education and economic participation was associated with gender and in both high as well as medium ES households, more females opted for arts (39.7% & 31.6%, respectively) compared to males (33.3% & 30.0 % respectively). More males were working as labour (19.8%), compared to females (10.0%), while more females were non-working (40.7%) compared to males (14.2%). On an overall basis, this study showed a difference in educational and financial status of male and female in various economic strata (ES). Page: 336-342Diksha Rani, Sushma Kaushik, and Shikha Bhukal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management… |
