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Page: 288-294
Vaishali, Sarita Saini, and DeepikaVig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study was undertaken to examine the association of defense mechanisms with anxiety, depression and stress among adolescents. The total sample comprised 240 adolescents studying in class +1 and +2. The sample was selected randomly from Government Senior Secondary Schools of Ludhiana district of Punjab and equally distributed across two genders (males= 120 & females=120). A self- structured personal information sheet, Defense Mechanisms Inventory (Mrinal & Singhal, 2012) and Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (Bhatnagar et al., 2020) were used to collect relevant information from the respondents. The results revealed that major proportion of adolescents were at high level of using defense mechanisms and only 5 per cent were at low level. Majority of adolescents had low level of anxiety, depression and stress. Furthermore, overall defense mechanisms were found to be non-significantly correlated with overall anxiety, depression and stress except one dimension of defense mechanisms, viz.,'Turning Against Object' which was found to be significantly and positively correlated with anxiety and stress among rural boys.

Page: 288-294 Vaishali, Sarita Saini, and DeepikaVig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab…

Page: 295-297
Neeru (Swarna Jayanti Haryana Institute for Fiscal Management, Panchkula, Haryana)

A study was conducted to develop a cereal bar for the gluten-intolerant population using flaxseeds, brown rice and quinoa and dried fruit such as almonds, dried figs and raisins. Honey was added as a sweetener and binder. The raw material was analysed for physicochemical properties such as moisture, ash, protein and fat content, and functional parameters such as antioxidant activity, total phenols, and β-carotene. A dry heat treatment (80-100°C for 8-12 minutes) was performed on the grains prior to use in the preparation of the cereal bar. After the grain treatment, a notable difference (p≤0.0499) was found between all physiochemical and functional parameters of grains except for ash content, which showed an insignificant difference (p≤0.05). Four formulations were developed using different combinations of grains with different levels of the honey (41%, 51% & 61%). The selected cereal-bar was evaluated for Physicochemical and functional parameters. Statistically significant changes were observed in moisture content, protein content, fat content, total phenolics, antioxidant activity and β-carotene content in heat-treated materials except for ash content, which showed insignificant changes.

Page: 295-297 Neeru (Swarna Jayanti Haryana Institute for Fiscal Management, Panchkula, Haryana)

Page: 298-303
Km Gulshan and Ajai Pratap Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh)

The aim of the present study were to explore the interplay of transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, HRM Practices and organisational innovativeness. A sample of Indian IT employees (N =223) took part in this study. They responded to the organisational innovativeness scale, transformational leadership scale, psychological empowerment scale and HRM practices scale. Results indicate that HRM practices, transformational leadership, and psychological empowerment significantly predicted organisational innovativeness. The findings have implications for possible program and policy developments seeking to enhance organisational innovativeness in IT personnel in India.

Page: 298-303 Km Gulshan and Ajai Pratap Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, VBS Purvanchal University…

Page: 304-308
Anuja Deshpande1 and Riya Shah2 (Department of Psychology, Maniben Nanvati Women's College, Mumbai, Maharashtra1 and Psychologist, Mumbai2)

COVID-19 imposed a great threat to individuals as well as mental health professionals. The virus had an impact across all aspects of our lives. It had an impact on the well-being and mental health of individuals as well. In these difficult times, it can be a possibility that there could be an increase in the prevalence of various psychological conditions particularly depression, anxiety, and stress. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress among female students. DASS-21 was used to measure the scores on the variables among 343 female students across India. The participants (18 years & above) enrolled in a full time university course were included in the study. The questionnaire was employed through various web-based platforms and social media sites. Results based on Pearson Product Moment Correlation indicated that depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly correlated to each other. It can be concluded that the pandemic has had a great impact on the mental health and well-being of individuals. Further research can be undertaken to understand the difference between and across various socio-demographic/cultural groups.

Page: 304-308 Anuja Deshpande1 and Riya Shah2 (Department of Psychology, Maniben Nanvati Women’s College, Mumbai…

Page: 309-311
Akshay Ohlan and Taruna (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science, Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

Suicide, a major preventable public health issue, poses a challenge to each and every nation and society. Suicide statistics are available for almost all age groups and the under reporting of suicide data is still a challenge. Suicide statistics for India as reported by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB, 2020) mention that 1,53,052 people committed suicide in the year 2020. Furthermore, students account for 8.2% of total suicides in India (NCRB, 2020). Considering the scenario, it has become the need of the hour to study the underlying factors. The present study made an attempt to explore the relationship between academic stress, loneliness and suicide ideation among university students. The sample of the present study comprised of 200 (N=200) university students falling in the age group of 19-26 years. Academic Stress Scale (Kumar et al., 2022), Loneliness Scale (Russell et al.,1980) and Suicide Ideation Scale (Beck, 1991) were used to measure the variables. The findings established a significant positive correlation between academic stress, loneliness and suicide ideation.

Page: 309-311 Akshay Ohlan and Taruna (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science…

Page: 312-318
Salma Seth1 and Aanchal Aggarwal2 (Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi1 and Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi2)

Are we living in a world where opportunities and possibilities are equal affairs for both men and women? Is the corporate world sensitive enough to let women be women? Are working women still the 'women' they were once thought to be? Does gender equality really exist or is it just a myth disguised as reality? What organisations and their leaders actually believe, think, feel, and do in the garb of providing equal rights for women in the workplace, encouraging gender diversity, revised policies and guidelines, is the reality that exists that no one wants to talk about. The present article throws light on these concerns and pushes the reader to constantly question the reality of the world we are living in and to reflect on the part they, as members of this society, are playing in it.

Page: 312-318 Salma Seth1 and Aanchal Aggarwal2 (Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of…

Page: 319-321
Harshith B. Nair (Regional Institute of Education-NCERT, Mysuru, Karnataka)

This paper synthesizes theory and research on confirmation bias on the part of students and teachers in the classroom with the goal of understanding the implication of confirmation bias on the teaching-learning process. The degree or extent of bias in teachers differs from the bias in students and learning the repercussions of said extent can result in a better learning environment, which is democratic and open-minded in its proceedings and transactions.

Page: 319-321 Harshith B. Nair (Regional Institute of Education-NCERT, Mysuru, Karnataka)

Page: 322-325
Vinod Kumari, Subhash Chander, Karmal Malik, and Kushagra Prasad (Cotton Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)

Cotton is one the most indispensable fiber crop in the country and it plays a pivotal role throughout the world in flourishing the industrial and agricultural economy. The extensive use of cotton for various activities and industries has accorded it the status of “King of the Fiber Crops” and “White Gold”. The objective of the present study is to assess the knowledge levels and adoption of using the Drip Irrigation System (DIS) along with the subsequent impact and constraints. The data for accessing the above mentioned aspects were collected by the authors through the personal interviews conducted with the respondents at their respective homes/farms as well as findings of other authors were incorporated. It was found that knowledge level was moderate to high whereas adoption level was found medium among the farmers. It was noticed that factors like income, landholding, mass media exposure, education and socio-economic status played an important rle in adoption of drip irrigation in cotton crop. The research takes a step ahead in examining many aspects connected with cotton production, taking into account the position of drip irrigation for sustainable agriculture.

Page: 322-325 Vinod Kumari, Subhash Chander, Karmal Malik, and Kushagra Prasad (Cotton Section, CCS Haryana…

Page: 326-330
Shikha Bhukal, Ella Rani, Vandana Verma, and Diksha Rani (Department of Extension Education and Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Beauty culture techniques are very common in almost every Indian household and girls learn this art from their elders and beauty specialists. PMKVY is on generating job possibilities and entrepreneurship especially grey collar (knowledge workers), pink collar (waiters, retail clerks, salespersons) and rust belt workers (construction) besides white and blue collars. Training is effort initiated by an organization to foster learning among its workers, and development is effort that is oriented more towards broadening an individual's skills for the future responsibility. It provides a systematic improvement of knowledge and skills which in turn helps the trainees to function effectively and efficiently in their given task on completion of the training. The study was conducted in Hisar district in Haryana state purposively. A total of 120 respondents were selected from four training centres, i.e., 30 respondents from each training centre. Satisfaction of trainees in terms of subject matter, physical facility and quality of the trainer towards trainings was measured. The constraints faced by the respondents were observed. Results showed that majority of the respondents were satisfied with coverage of subject matter, methodology used, working environment, usefulness of training material whereas, practical sessions of the training programme were reported to be somewhat satisfactory. Further, it was also found that the economic constraints were perceived as major constraint followed by marketing, and technical constraints for all the beauty culture trainings.

Page: 326-330 Shikha Bhukal, Ella Rani, Vandana Verma, and Diksha Rani (Department of Extension Education…

Page: 331-333
Renu Rathee1 and Nirmala Kaushik2 (Department of Psychology, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana1 and Department of Psychology, CMG, GCW, Bhodia Khera Fatehabad. Haryana2)

In the present scenario of society the adolescents are facing many kinds of problems. Aggression is physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt someone. Aggression is commonly defined as behavior intended to harm another person and this harm can be either physical or psychological. Hardiness is a kind of ability to tolerate the things in unfavorable circumstances. The adolescents who have hardiness trait can manage their aggression. By keeping all these views in mind the present research was conducted on school going adolescents. This study was conducted on 100 male and 100 female adolescents. The results were analyzed by using different statistical tools. The results depicted that boys and girls (adoloscents) have same level of aggression and hardiness. Their views are not different on these variables. Hardiness and aggression are not related with each other.

Page: 331-333 Renu Rathee1 and Nirmala Kaushik2 (Department of Psychology, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana1 and…

Page: 334-335
Atul (Department of Fashion Design, Faculty of Management, Chandigarh School of Business, Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab)

The relationship between gender and clothing is complex and ever-evolving. For centuries, clothing has been used to signify gender roles in many societies. Clothing styles, colours, and materials have been associated with certain genders, and these associations have changed over time. For example, traditionally, women's clothing was more colourful and decorated, while men's clothing was more utilitarian. Today, both genders are free to express themselves through clothing in ways that were not possible in the past. However, clothing is still often used to signify gender roles, with men's clothing typically being more structured and women's clothing more fluid. Moreover, clothing is also used to convey social status and power, with some clothing items being deemed “appropriate” for certain genders. Ultimately, clothing is a tool to express identity, and the ways in which it is used to signify gender roles and identities can be complex and ever-changing. Religious clothing has been a part of most cultures and societies throughout history. Wearing religious clothing is an outward sign of devotion to a certain faith or belief system. It is also often a symbol of commitment to a certain religious community.

Page: 334-335Atul (Department of Fashion Design, Faculty of Management, Chandigarh School of Business, Jhanjeri, Mohali…

Page: 336-342

Diksha Rani, Sushma Kaushik, and Shikha Bhukal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Humanity is empowered when women are empowered. Gender equality was a specific goal outlined in the Millennium Development Goals. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which replaced them and were adopted in 2015, set goals for the global community over the following 15 years. These global objectives have a strong emphasis on including women and gender in every goal, from "Zero Hunger" and "No Poverty" to "Quality Education," and have one target that is especially geared toward women. A very fundamental indication of women's equality and empowerment is education. Relevant indicators include literacy levels among women, gender disparities in literacy, and enrollment and dropout rates in elementary schools. Women contribute to the labour force and the household through their work. While some of this labour is acknowledged and rewarded, the majority is not listed and is still unpaid. The current study was designed to reflect three various economic strata in Hisar, Haryana, through urban areas. From each strata data was collected from 60 respondents. This paper revealed that overall Chi- square value was found significant thus indicating that both level of education and economic participation was associated with gender and in both high as well as medium ES households, more females opted for arts (39.7% & 31.6%, respectively) compared to males (33.3% & 30.0 % respectively). More males were working as labour (19.8%), compared to females (10.0%), while more females were non-working (40.7%) compared to males (14.2%). On an overall basis, this study showed a difference in educational and financial status of male and female in various economic strata (ES).

Page: 336-342Diksha Rani, Sushma Kaushik, and Shikha Bhukal (Department of Extension Education and Communication Management…
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