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Page: 97-99

Reena (Doctorate in Economics, Chanot, Hisar, Haryana)

The gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's economy. Improvement our agriculture and raising its productivity is one of the most important objectives of economic policies. The objective is to generate employment opportunities in the domestic industries. Exports, imports, and bilateral trade all play important roles in employment in export-oriented industries. The relationship between exports, imports, and employment in export-oriented industries can be complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, exports can create employment opportunities in the industries that produce the goods and services being exported. The present paper highlights the various factors affecting employment opportunities in export industries with an increase in GDP.

Page: 97-99Reena (Doctorate in Economics, Chanot, Hisar, Haryana) 

Page: 100-102

Anuradha Palta (Department of Psychology, Ranchi University, Jharkhand)

This study aims to explore the self-confidence levels of male and female University students from Christian and Hindu religions. A sample of 40 students (20 males & 20 females) from Ranchi University, Jharkhand India completed a self-confidence scale. The results showed that female students had lower self-confidence than male students, regardless of religion. Additionally, Hindu student students had higher self-confidence than Christian students, particularly among females. These findings suggest that gender religious affiliation play a significant role in shaping University student self-confidence levels

Page: 100-102Anuradha Palta (Department of Psychology, Ranchi University, Jharkhand)

Page: 103-105

Renu (Department of Psychology, Government PG College, Sec-1, Panchkula, Haryana)

Social intelligence is an individual's ability to comprehend other individuals' feelings and emotions and respond according to the situations. Social intelligence is necessary for leading a successful life in society. In recent years, the term intelligence has been explained in several ways, such as general, emotional, scientific, and spiritual intelligence. From among this social intelligence has gained special attention in recent years. The present paper reviews the relationship between social intelligence and aggression.

Page: 103-105Renu (Department of Psychology, Government PG College, Sec-1, Panchkula, Haryana)

Page: 106-107

Rupal Hooda1, Sachin Chawla2, and Sudesh Gandhi3 (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana1,3 and School of Health Sciences, OSGU, Hisar, Haryana2)

Ageing, a natural phenomenon imposes many challenges to the elder people. Along with physical challenges, financial insufficiency can also intensify the sufferings during later stages of elderly life. A study was conducted on the elderly people of Hisar city to access the personal profile and financial resources of elderly. From different localities of the city, 100 elderly respondents were selected each from living without families. It was revealed that more than half of the respondents (51.0%) were in age group of 70-80 year. Data related to the occupation of the elderly at the time of survey and after their retirement revealed that majority of the elderly were having no work (95.0% & 89.0%, respectively). Of the entire elderly population studied in this survey, it was observed that most of them (73.0%) were dependent on miscellaneous sources for finances like rent, farm and dividend etc. Other sources of financial support included regular pension for 61.0%, old age pension for 34.0%, help from children for 10.0% and existing job for 5.0% of the elderly.

Page: 106-107Rupal Hooda1, Sachin Chawla2, and Sudesh Gandhi3 (Department of Family Resource Management, COHS, CCS…

Page: <br>

Sajjan Kumar (Department of Psychology, Govt. College for Women Lakhanmajra, Rohtak, Haryana) <br><br>

Acts of aggression and violence are becoming all-pervasive in today's society. Violent video games, eve teasing, harassment, intimidation, robberies, and murders have become a regular feature of one's life today. What is shocking is that most of the violence/crime occurring these days is largely committed by adolescents and young adults. They are becoming increasingly aggressive, sensation seekers with poor impulse control. On the spur of acting out instantly, they tend to engage in many antisocial behaviors and activities, which further harms their future life. Drug abuse, risky driving, smoking, dating violence, dropping out of school, college, etc. are some of the major problems among adolescents, which have their roots in aggression. The present paper outlines various forms of adolescent aggression.

Page: <br>Sajjan Kumar (Department of Psychology, Govt. College for Women Lakhanmajra, Rohtak, Haryana)

Page: 238-242
Jamila Noory and Zhila Zharf Zaki (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat Afghanistan)

The purpose of this study is to examine the level of awareness of 10th to 12th class students in regard to the science of biotechnology. Biotechnology generally includes a set of technologies that use living or biological organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms to produce new products. The statistical population of this research includes male and female high school students of Herat Province, among whom 220 students were randomly selected. Data collection tools and research questioners with indicators on understanding of biotechnology and its usage was set. After determining the validity and reliability of the questionnaires using experts' opinion and coefficient Cronbach's alpha, the questionnaires were completed by the target group. The results of this research showed that students have relatively less understanding of the science of biotechnology, but showed a higher understanding in relation to the usage of this science. According to the results, teaching the basic concepts of this science is necessary to help students to understand and obtain information about this science.

Page: 238-242 Jamila Noory and Zhila Zharf Zaki (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Herat…

Page: 243-248
Anees Ajmal M.P.1 and Subodh Agarwal2 (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala1 and Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana2)

This paper reports some simple but significant empirical marketable surplus relations for a guar crop in Haryana state. The behavior of the marketed supply of food crops grow partly for home consumption is a matter of critical importance for a growing economy, for the rate of growth of the urban industrial sector depends on the availability of a food from the rural, agricultural sector. It discusses their overall policy implication in the farm sector as well as in the marketing sub-sectors so that it is suitable for Governments to focus more on encouraging a jump in farm output particularly in case of guar without any distinct consideration in favor of small or large farms. The nature of the marketable surplus function is such, in most areas that the usual arguments for discrimination in favor of large farms do not hold. Even with the farm structure remaining what it is, output increases will lead to more than proportionate increases in marketable surplus without a discriminatory or coercive policy. One aspect of the situation is that in the case guar concentration of marketable surplus amongst big farmers was higher. The study provides a comparative study on different blocks in Haryana state and also brings out the impact of the market access of villages as represented by weekly markets and the role of payments and receipts in kind.

Page: 243-248 Anees Ajmal M.P.1 and Subodh Agarwal2 (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad…

Page: 249-260
Harshal G. Vashi (GIDC Degree Engineering College, Navsari, Gujarat)

All stakeholders, including entrepreneurs, financial companies, and governmental institutions have expressed concern about just the source of financing for different sized enterprises (MSMEs). The main mission of the study was to pinpoint the numerous difficulties MSMEs encountered while trying to find financing at certain points in their life cycles. This study represents a groundbreaking effort to concentrate on such elements. This research investigates regarding the lack of finance related literacy among owners of different-sized enterprises poses a significant obstacle to finding and utilizing funding sources. A sample of 85 MSMEs was used to gather data through personal interviews with a structured questionnaire. The survey, which covered a wide range of industries including precision tools, weavers, jewelers, food stores, metal works, textiles, etc., was mostly done in the South Gujarat region. The results support prior studies' findings that formal sources like banks are greatly under-utilized in comparison to non-formal solutions of finance individual as well as group assets. According to this study, the main inadequate collateral assets and the entrepreneurs' lack of financial literacy were the biggest obstacles to the under-utilization of formal sources. There have been suggestions made for business owners, financial institutions, and politicians based on the finding that the need for finance varies depending on the MSME's life-cycle stage.

Page: 249-260 Harshal G. Vashi (GIDC Degree Engineering College, Navsari, Gujarat)

Page: 261-270
Tarannum Mohan (Punjabi University Regional Centre for IT and Management, Mohali, Punjab)

The purpose of this paper is to identify the level of Spirituality at Work among the participants and to examine whether demographics have any influence on workplace spirituality. The study is of a descriptive kind. Demographic factors were explored as independent variables, whereas workplace spirituality was examined as a dependent variable. 300 people were contacted and approached for the aim of sampling as part of the research from various organisations of Chandigarh and Mohali. The sample was gathered using the judgment sampling technique through the use of a questionnaire. To analyze the data, various statistical tools and techniques were used. The aggregate findings showed that the respondents' ages had a big influence on the spirituality at work. The findings showed that qualification had a substantial impact on mystical experience. The other factors had comparatively less of an impact on workplace spirituality. The study clearly demonstrates and implies that spirituality definitely contributes to both the well-being of employees and improved employee output. Organizations should not just promote spirituality but should also make genuine efforts in creating structured, high-quality programmes on spirituality-related topics.

Page: 261-270 Tarannum Mohan (Punjabi University Regional Centre for IT and Management, Mohali, Punjab)

Page: 271-277
Sonu (Department of History, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Education is considered as a significant instrument of women empowerment because it enables them to face the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their lives. Education is the only tool through which women can change their positions in society. History speaks that women education has played a very important role in the overall development of the country since ancient times. A number of social activists have contributed significantly for the development of women education and their upliftment. As a result, India has reached at a respectable place as regards to literacy rates. The state of Haryana has also made rapid strids in the field of education after its formation. Yet it lags far behind as far as interstate literacy levels are concerned. Gender gaps in the levels of literacy rates and Gross Enrolment Ratio are still at higher levels. Even though, Haryana is among the smaller states in terms of population and area, inter-district variations in literacy rates are still very high.

Page: 271-277 Sonu (Department of History, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Page: 278-282
Hoori Nadir (School of Management, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Teaching is the activity that shapes the future of any country. Teachers serve the university and the students' needs at large. The students achieve success through knowledge. The learned students are treated as a capital resource and the future of every country. As responsibility increases the stress also increases. This rise in responsibility and stress give rise to burnout amongst teachers. This paper speaks about burnout among female university teachers. A sample of 50 respondents has been taken randomly and were asked to fill the Maslach burnout Inventory which is having 22 items divided among three heads namely occupational exhaustion, depersonalisation, and personal accomplishment assessment. The paper speaks about the level of occupational stress and job-related burnout related to other factors.

Page: 278-282 Hoori Nadir (School of Management, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Page: 283-287
Sharmin Palsetia and Juhi Deshmukh (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)

The Indian IT industry boomed after 2005 and is continuing to grow. The role of a leader is to handle strategy, manage resources, inspire the team and still be humane. After the pandemic, it is now even more necessary to alter the pillars of leadership. Although the personality and characters of leaders are similar, the effectiveness with which leaders perform is altering. There is a paucity of tools to measure the same. There are theoretical models and tools developed to gauge the personality factors of an effective leader, behavioural factors that contribute to leadership effectiveness are not vastly studied. The behaviours used in the test align with developing strategy, change management, operations, performance and entrepreneurial effectiveness of the leader. The aim of the study was to establish a scale to measure leadership effectiveness through an item analysis process and EFA. 50-item scale of leadership effectiveness was developed for the standardisation process. Representative data from 300 leaders (150 male & 150 female leaders) was procured from mid and large size organisations of IT and ITES sectors from Indian metro cities. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Item analysis was carried out, to explore the factor structure of the scale and establish the other psychometric properties of the scale. This scale can be widely applied considering the cultural unique aspects of Indian leaders. The scale can be used in training and behaviour modification set up.

Page: 283-287 Sharmin Palsetia and Juhi Deshmukh (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune…
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