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Pages: 264-266
Manmohan Singh (Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan)
Agyajit Singh (Ex. Head, Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala)

The purpose of the present study was to find out the significant differences on emotional maturity of secondary school teachers in respect to sex, locations of schools and types of schools of teachers. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences on different aspects of emotional competency between male and female teachers, between rural and urban schools teachers as well as those of Govt and private schools. For it, 400 secondary school teachers were selected randomly; out of which were 200 were male and 200 were female teachers. Out of the total sample, 200 teachers (100 male and 100 female) were from rural schools and 200 (100 male and 100 female) were from urban schools. Similarly, 200 teachers were taken from government schools and 200 were taken from private managed but recognized schools. All these teachers were administered Emotional Competency Scale devised by Bhardwaj and Sharma for measuring emotional maturity. The results reveal that significant differences exist on some dimensions of emotional competency between male and female teachers, rural and urban school teachers as well as teachers of the government and private schools.

Pages: 264-266Manmohan Singh (Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan)Agyajit Singh (Ex. Head, Department of Psychology, Punjabi…

Pages: 261-263
Rajive Kumar (Department of Education, N.A.S. College, Meerut)
Narendra Kumar (Department of Education, S.G.P.G. College, Sarurpurkhurd, Meerut )

This study attempts to assess the vocational interests of the science and arts stream students of senior secondary Schools. A sample of 200 students was randomly selected from different Schools of Meerut province. They were administered Vocational Interests Record developed by S.P. Kulshrestha, which measures 10 dimensions of vocational interests. Results show that the science and arts stream students of senior secondary schools were found to be differed significantly on the vocational interest's dimensions Literacy vocational interests, Scientific vocational interests, Executive vocational interests, Commercial vocational interests, Constructive vocational interests, Artistic vocational interests, Agriculture vocational interests, Persuasive vocational interests, and House Hold vocational interests. However, no difference was observed between science and arts stream students on the dimension social vocational interests.

Pages: 261-263Rajive Kumar (Department of Education, N.A.S. College, Meerut)Narendra Kumar (Department of Education, S.G.P.G. College…

Pages: 259-260
Sunita (Department of Education, Singhania University, Singhania)

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is an effort to universalize elementary education by community-ownership of the school system. It is a response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country. The SSA program is also an attempt to provide an opportunity for improving human capabilities to all children, through provision of community-owned quality education in a mission mode. This paper is an attempt to appraise the viability of the project in different states. Though, this project has got huge success initially but thereafter it gradually lost its color.

Pages: 259-260Sunita (Department of Education, Singhania University, Singhania)

Pages: 253-258
Adfar Rashid Shah (Department of Sociology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi)

Named after the most famous Chinese product silk, Silk Route is a commercial trade route across Eurasia and prior to prosperity of sea route it had created a legendry history of Eurasian continent. Treated as the important connecting link and an effective agency of cultural exchange in the past silk route/road is a huge communication project connecting east and west. Apart from being a major trading route this road was of immense significance in the establishment and maintenance of diplomatic relations across the different nations as well. The revival of this historic route in contemporary globalised era amidst the technologically advanced and a more sophisticated information communication network with increasing independence among the states is the need of the hour. The route can serve for the dynamic development of healthy political relations, trade and better economic relation which in turn will strengthen the states if mutually advantageous partnership gets developed among all states on the Silk Road. This paper mainly focuses on the socio-cultural significance and more specifically upon the revival of the historical silk route along with the underlying issues and impediments. This paper also highlights the state of the land locked states of Afghanistan and other few central Asian countries and dependence on their neighbors.

Pages: 253-258Adfar Rashid Shah (Department of Sociology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi)

Pages: 244-252
Pirzada M. Amin (Department of Sociology & Head Department of Social Work, University of Kashmir, Srinagar)

Tourism and leisure in current era has emerged as one of the vital phenomenon which has assumed considerable facets in the given social configuration across the world. Therefore, it needs to be scrutinized in the developmental and literary context. Kashmir with the passage of time developed in terms of both number and infrastructure of tourism and leisure spots and remained a world famous destination from ancient to the present times. As a contribution to this argument, the social history of leisure is offered in an endeavor to set the record straight. It endeavors to present a plausibly tangible portrayal of how leisure has changed since 1600 A.D, arguing that most renovations have taken place since the 16th century. There is a significant trend in the measure and nature of leisure in the post modern societies because of the increasing level of competitive social life. The emergence of leisure as a value is universal from times immemorial and continues to be ideal value despite a numerous transformation in the form and content of avenues of leisure in the face of rapid modernization and technological changes. Leisure and tourism are a part of cultural universals. This paper provides a useful framework for academic research in unraveling the historical account of leisure and tourism in the valley of Kashmir and may be helpful for numerous community development curricula across a range of institutions. It provides a brief historical mapping of leisure and tourism landscape of the valley.

Pages: 244-252Pirzada M. Amin (Department of Sociology & Head Department of Social Work, University of…

Pages: 239-243
Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Hisar, Haryana)

The present study was carried out to study the attribution and outcomes in student behavior on eighty male students. The subjects were administered anagram tasks and attributional questionnaire. The results indicated that younger students attributed their outcomes for internal cause while elder students attributed positive outcome for internal causes and negative outcome for external causes.

Pages: 239-243Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Hisar, Haryana)

Pages: 235-238
Poonam (Department of Economics, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, JhojhuKalan, Bhiwani)

This paper explains that poverty is a social phenomenon in which a section of society is unable to fulfill even its basic necessities of life. The countries of world exhibit invariably the existence of mass poverty, although poverty also exists even in the developed countries of Europe and America. In almost all underworld countries where per capital income is very low, income inequality has resulted in a member of evils, of which poverty is certainly the most serious one. The major problem before any economy is to achieve consistently rising levels of economic growth. In recent years, there has grown disillusionment both in rich and poor countries about the pursuit of growth as the main socio-economic objective. In the countries of Third world, e.g. in India economic growth has resulted in glaring inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth; it has widened the gap between the rich and the poor. The paper covers characteristics, causes of rural and urban poverty, strategies to remove, and poverty alleviation programmes for rural and urban poverty. The paper also provides estimates about poverty. Planning Commission, as the Government's nodal agency, estimates the incidence of poverty at the national and state levels, on the basis of large sample survey on household consumer expenditure conducted by National Sample Survey (NSS) Organization approximately every five years. India has emerged at the 4th largest economy globally with a high growth rate and has improved its global ranking in terms of per capita income. India has moved up the ranks, but is still the poorest among theG-20. The paper explains New BPL Criteria formed by N. C. Sexena panel in August 2008. This paper also explains Tendulkar Committee's Recommendations about poverty. The committee suggested a formula based on 'Consumption Expenditure' for identifying BPL families. A 'Basket of Minimum List' has been included in consumption expenditure. Tendulkar's new formula adopted the 'Cost of Living' as the basis for identifying poverty. The paper shows India's ranking in Global Hunger Index.

Pages: 235-238Poonam (Department of Economics, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, JhojhuKalan, Bhiwani)

Pages: 231-234
Meenakshi Katyal (Department of Management Studies, Bhagat Phool Singh Women University, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat)

The private label is emerging as a new business model in the dogfight world of Indian retail. Growth in private label sales appears to be coming more from consumers as the taste and preferences are changing due to change in lifestyles and spending patterns which in turn is giving rise to new business opportunities for the Indian retailers. Private label retailers are bridging the gap in their product mix and are targeting the specific needs of the Indian consumers and are relying heavily on Private labels. The Paper is fully review based. The aim of the research is to determine the motivators for retailers to introduce Private Label Brands. To mention the growth of private label brands in various categories and the reasons why Private Label Brands are preferred? In this paper some leading private label brands has been discussed. This paper has shown that the Private Label Brands are expanding into many categories like FMCG, Apparels, Consumer Durables, Home Care etc. As Private Label Brands has high gross margin, low cost, increased bargaining power, low cost on R&D, reduced costs in packaging, product design and advertising, retailers are motivating to introduce more and more Private Label Brands in the market.

Pages: 231-234Meenakshi Katyal (Department of Management Studies, Bhagat Phool Singh Women University, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat)

Pages: 228-230
Munni Choudhary (Department of Commerce, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, JhojhuKalan, Bhiwani)

This paper explains banks have played a critical role in the economic development of some developed countries such as Japan and Germany and most of the emerging economies including India. Banks today are important not just from the point of view of economic growth, but also financial stability. Bank has developed around 200 years ago. The natures of banks have changed the time has changed. The term bank is related to financial transactions. Banking is a financial institution that provides services, such as accepting deposits, giving business loan, auto loans, mortgage lending basic investment products like saving accounts and certificates of deposit.The commercial banking industry in India started in 1786 with the establishment of the bank of Bangal in Calcutta. Commercial banks in India have traditionally focused on meeting the short-term financial needs of industry, trade and agriculture. However, given the increasing sophistication and diversification of the Indian economy, the range of services extended by commercial banks has increased significantly, leading to an overlap with the functions performed by other financial institutions. The paper explains objectives, functions, and significance of commercial banking.

Pages: 228-230Munni Choudhary (Department of Commerce, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, JhojhuKalan, Bhiwani)

Pages: 225-227
Anita (Department of Economics, Shaheed Udham Singh Govt. College, Matak Majri, Karnal)

Thispaper explains monetary policy and its functioning with central bank. Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authorities of a country control the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability. The paper explains goals of monetary policy that include inflation targeting, employment, equilibration of the balance of payments, growth targets for monetary aggregates, and the stabilization of exchange rates etc. The official goals usually include relatively stable prices and low unemployment. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. It is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary. The paper explains types of monetary policy; its objectives i.e. price stability and economic growth. The paper explains tools of monetary policy include quantative and qualitative. Credit rationing, change in Lending margins, moral suasion, and publicity are qualitative methods of monetary policy. Its quantative methods include bank rate policy, the repo rate, statutory liquidity ratio; the cash reserve ratio, and open market operations. The paper also explains limitations and effectiveness of monetary policy.

Pages: 225-227Anita (Department of Economics, Shaheed Udham Singh Govt. College, Matak Majri, Karnal)

Pages: 220-224
Jat Dhansingh (Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)
Rajkumar Khyalia (Govt. P. G. College, Hisar)

The present study was conducted on “Role of the Block Officials in the implementation of MGNREGA Programme” in district Bhiwani and Sirsa. They were interviewed by a well structured Questionnaire with objective in mind to acquaint with role performance of Block officials engaged in implementation of MGNREGA. The data concluded reveals that most of them said that they were involved in Training, Planning, and Management and were involved in making perspective plan. All of them agreed that complaint register was being maintained at the Panchayat level and facilities at worksites were available according to the MGNREGA norms and mode of payment is through bank account. Most of them agreed that preparation of work estimates were very effective and the plans were scrutinized at Gram Sabha, Panchayat and Block level effectively and the employment generation based on demand was effective. Most of them agreed that supervision by the implementing agencies were working satisfactorily and workers rights and entitlements were properly safeguarded. All of the respondents agreed that the minimum wages were very effectively implemented and the payment of wages was quite effective as per the schedule of rates. Half of them stated that the village monitoring committee was functioning effectively and half of them felt that it was not functioning effectively. However there is great need in Bhiwani district to constitute and trained them so that they can function effectively. The deposit into post office and banks were considered effective. Maximum stated that beneficiary committees and the social audit were effective. The complaints of the laborers were effectively redressed and stated that time taken for payment of wages ranges from a week to a fortnight. Maximum stated muster roll was kept for public scrutiny. Only one third of them said that discrepancies were found in the muster roll and there was delay in the release of funds. Most of them stated that they were not experiencing any problem in the implementation of MGNREGA and MGNREGA was meeting the employment demand and also problems were faced from elected representatives. MGNREGA staff should be under central government to decrease the interference from local PRI representatives. Maximum agreed that social audit was conducted for MGNREGA programme. Only one third stated that RTI was applied for MGNREGA. Almost all of the officials stated that MGNREGA is implemented satisfactorily, the awareness of MGNREGA programme was effective and the involvement of the PRI representatives is very significant but the participation level in the MGNREGA programme by PRI's was less significant.

Pages: 220-224Jat Dhansingh (Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)Rajkumar Khyalia (Govt. P. G. College, Hisar)

Pages: 217-219
Saloni (Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)
Neelam M. Rose (College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar)

The present study conducted on working and non- working women of Haryana of four major cities. They were interviewed through a well structured questioner with objective in mind to study the motives governing fashion adoption and motives governing purchasing behaviour. The data calculated and analyzed s revealed that desire for attractive appearance was given the highest rank by both working and non-working women followed by desire for social success by working women and desire prosperous looks by non-working women. Desire for prestige was considered least important by all the respondents. Apprehensions experienced by the working and non-working women while wearing out dated clothing items data indicate that fears or worries like 'under estimation at the first impression' followed by 'estimation of lack of good tastes' were experienced by the respondents when wearing outdated clothing items. Worries related to 'estimation of lack of self respect' was least experienced by all the respondents. Opinion of the working and non-working women regarding impact of wearing out dated garments all the respondents feel self-conscious when wearing outdated clothes. 'Feel uncomfortable to move freely in a crowd' was given second rank by the working women corresponding to the second rank given to 'feel uneasy and odd' by non-working women. According to a least number of respondents the use of out dated clothes 'made no difference'. Preferences of the respondents for changing the style of dress due to copying by inferiors it was found that working and non-working changed the style of dress due to copying by inferiors.

Pages: 217-219Saloni (Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)Neelam M. Rose (College of Home Science, CCSHAU…
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