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Pages: 1044-1046
Mahender Singh (Department of History, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana)

The periodisation of history generated the understanding that the medieval age was the rule of the 'Muslims' without having the consent and the support of the 'Hindus'. Thus, essentially it was an empire based on force where the formation of the society on divisive lines was a natural outcome of it. To buttress this fact the caste system of the Hindus and the concept of Untouchability are put forth which proves the argument that the society did not allow free interaction and intermingling between the members. Further more, the adjectives used for the foreigners like 'Malechha', 'Chandala' etc. too rally around the same argument. The colonization of India by the Britishers saw the writing of history with a purpose. The establishment of the empire had much to do in the manner history of the subcontinent was written and presented. The knowledge had to sub serve the master and present the natives in a manner where the theory of 'white man's burden' could be justified. The biggest casualty of such kind of historiography was the medieval past. It was perceived as the “development of two monolithic communities in medieval India whose sole preoccupation seems to have been to fight each other.” This idea was first developed by James Mill which gave rise to the periodisation of Indian history as that of the 'Hindu', 'Mu1im' and 'British' periods. Islam came into India through traders and Sufi saints as early as 8th century A.D. The Delhi sultanate was established in the twelfth century but people were aware of the principles of Islam and it played a major role in establishing the empire. Mohammad Habib viewed this transition as changeover of public opinion and termed it as 'Urban Revolution”.
Pages: 1047-1049
Arun Kumar Dubey (Columbia College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)
Ranjana Chaturvedi (Institute of Advanced Studies in Education (IASE), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh)

The aim of this research was to study the impact of multimedia package in science subject of class VIII female students. For testing the hypothesis of the research, 60 female of average intelligence students were finally selected. Out of these 60 female students one-half (n=30) were randomly assigned to the control group and another half (n=30) were randomly assigned to the experimental group. Multimedia Package and two sets of Science (Biology) Achievement Test were developed and used by the investigator for teaching chapters related to Biology subject of Science Textbook of class VIII prescribed by Board of Secondary Education, Chhattisgarh. In the pre-test, Set-I of Science (Biology) Achievement Test was administered on the two groups, i.e., Control and Experimental Groups and then were taught by the investigator for 1 period (40 minutes) every day. After teaching with traditional method and with multimedia package to control group and experimental groups, respectively, Set-II of Science (Biology) Achievement Test (SAT) was administered on these female students. Statistical analysis of data showed that the female students were considerably benefitted by multimedia package in regards to the achievement in science subject.
Pages: 1050-1054
Bharat H. Mimrot (PG & UG Department of Psychology, NKSPTs A.S.C.College, Badnapur, Jalna, Maharashtra)

The basic aim of the present study is to find the influence of locus of control and gender on correct recognition of emotions from facial expressions. There are two major hypotheses was tested in this study i.e-Females students would recognize more emotions correctly from facial expressions than males students. Extrovert students would recognize more emotions correctly from facial expressions than introvert students. The 200 students were taking from various colleges in Aurangabad city, Age of the respondents was 18 to 25 years. For data collection, Locus of control scale and Facial Expression Cards was used and data was analysed by 't' test and disruptive statistics. On the basis of statistical analysis results shows that the females students are more recognize emotions correctly from facial expressions than male students. Introvert students are recognize more emotions correctly from facial expressions than Extrovert students. Further discussion and recommendations given in the full length of paper.
Pages: 1055-1062
Pragya Malik, Sukanya Ray, and Rajendra Sharma (Department of Clinical Psychology, AIBAS, Amity University Madhya Pradesh)

A growing number of suicides calls for predictability of such attempts in order to prevent suicides. A significant number of suicidal attempts are found to be non-linked to any psychiatric syndrome. Amongst the known risk factors, stressful life events, bereavement, childhood abuse have been found to be significant. Spiritual well-being may act as a protective factor. Suicide rates are found to differ in males and females. The present study was aimed at exploring these factors in males and females as predictors of suicidality using advanced Data Science methods. 14 individuals with at least one suicidal attempt referred from a Psychiatry OPD in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideations, Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale, The Grief Evaluation Measure, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Spiritual Well-being Scale, Beck Depression Inventory were used for measuring the predictor variables (both quantitative and qualitative). Data Science methods and Machine Learning paradigm using programming (Python 3.6, Version: Anaconda) languages and Decision Trees, Extra Trees, Logistic Regression were used to analyze the data. There seems to be significant discrimination in the way the predictor variables interact to result in suicidality in males and females. Beck Depression Inventory scores, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores were found to be relevant predictors explaining the discrimination seen between males and females. These preliminary findings suggest the need to model determinants and vulnerability to suicidal behavior, in prevention of suicides.
Pages: 1063-1067
Megha Arya (Department of Psychology, IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)
Madhu Jain (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The purpose of the present study was to find the correlation between suicide ideation and psychosocial variables under the study i.e Perceived family and social support and depression. The sample consisted of 250 males and 250 females between the age range of 15-19 years, drawn from the various public and private school located within the municipal limits of Jaipur city. The standard psychological measures included Multi Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale (Orbach's, 1991); Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988); and Beck Depression Inventory (Beck's, 1961). It was found that suicide ideation was significantly negatively correlated with perceived family and social support (p < .01) and significantly positively correlated with depression (p < .01). It was also found students with greater mean perceived family and social support had low suicide ideation and students with greater mean depression scores had high suicide ideation than those with lesser mean depression scores.
pAGES: 1068-1074
Ashi Makkar (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur)
Bhawana Arya (Department of Psychology, The IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)
Tejinder Kaur (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Burnout has been proved to be an important construct in any field where the person invests emotionally. The concept of burnout is believed to also occur outside occupational settings, such as in love and marriage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop, introduce and investigate the reliability and aspects of the validity of the Marital Burnout Scale. The Marital Burnout Scale is designed to measure marital burnout among the married couples in India. Sufficient pilot work was carried out on a small sample (n=20) during the development of a scale. Data were gathered via a sample of 80 married individuals of upper middle socio economic status. Content validity was built into the measure to avoid any extraneous content; Face validity was computed that identified items that lacked clarity; Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the 28 item- 5-point likert type scale was .97; discrimination index was calculated that discriminated between the groups scoring low and the groups scoring high on marital burnout; Concurrent validity computed was .95 showing a significant correlation between the test and a criterion (in our present study-marital satisfaction). For future research in this area Marital Burnout Scale could be expanded to include more test items.
Pages: 1075-1079
V. Brindha (College of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)
S. Sampath Kumar (Department of Sociology and Population Studies Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Empowerment of women is essentially the process of upliftment of economic, social and political status of women and the ways to empower women include changes in women's mobility and social interaction, access and control over resources and decision making and self employment. Self Help Group (SHG) activities lead to women empowerment by positively influencing women's decision making power at household level and their overall socioeconomic status. A study to assess the level of social participation of SHG members and non members in rural areas of Coimbatore. Descriptive study was done among rural women selected through multi stage sampling technique and a pretested interview schedule was used for data collection. Nearly 30% of the members and non members were between 26-35 years of age, having primary education and 50% of them were housewives. The main reason for joining the SHG was taking loans and 90% of them used for their business. Among the SHG members the mean social participation score was highest for casting their vote independently and was lowest for tasks like participation in social gathering and also for their view about themselves as efficient leaders whereas in non members the mean score was high for participation in public debate. The mean level of social participation of the SHG members and non members were same and there was a significant association between the income and level of social participation, which give us an inference that rural women who are economically empowered are also socially empowered.
Pages: 1080-1085
Seema Tripathi and Shashi Karuna (Department of Psychology, Buddha P.G. College, Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh)

The present study was conducted on 200 subjects from different areas of Gorakhpur and Lucknow city. Main aim of the study was to explore the relationship between stress and health. Towards this end a set of 6 questionnaires was used. This study was conducted on 200 male and female subjects (100 males & 100 females). To know the relationship different statistical analysis were used namely descriptive analysis, Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression. Results showed that there is a negative relationship between stress and health. Also, it was found that for different health variables different stress dimensions are responsible.
Pages: 1086-1089
Kakali Goswami (Department of Psychology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh)

The present study was carried out to explore the training needs of university teachers for professional development. The study tried to find out important areas where teachers feel future training. The sample of the study was collected from faculty members of a state university situated in Guwahati, Assam. The sample consists of 30 teachers including both male and female. A self constructed questionnaire consisting of thirty two items was administered to collect data. The results showed that university teachers felt need for training in areas like teaching and research skills, computer usages skills, test material development skills. The study suggests that these areas should be included in training curriculum of college and university teachers.
Pages: 1090-1092
Gagan Jain (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

This study examines the correlation between sexual compatibility and marital satisfaction. Married couples (n=70) who are in marriage for last 3 years were tested on both Hubert's Index of Sexual Compatibility and Hendrick's Relationship Assessment Scale. It was predicted that there is a positive correlation between sexual compatibility and marital satisfaction. Result validated the hypothesis of the study. It had been found that the co-efficient of correlation between sexual compatibility and marital satisfaction between men, women, and both are +.684, +.850, +.763 respectively. It has also been found that there is no significant mean difference between men and women on both the scales, i.e., SCS and RAS by applying the t-test. However the correlation is stronger in women than men, may be because of different meaning assigned to sex by both the genders.
Pages: 1093-1097
Sahana U. and A. Velayudhan (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

"Will I gain my required marks? Will I do better in the examination than my friends? Will I satisfy my parents? Will I get on my preferred course? Will I be able to succeed in life?” In India, The higher rates of suicide and other mental illness in students may come from "the greater likelihood of disappointments when aspirations that define self worth and happiness are distorted or unmet by the reality faced by them. Pressure is inevitable for students today because of the attitudes and believes they hold towards education and this can be explained by Achievement Goal Orientation (AGO) theory. Though there are studies stating association of Achievement Goal Orientation with different patterns of coping and emotion, less number of studies have explored how Achievement Goal Orientation relates to students' Psychological Well-Being. The present study attempts to understand the influence of Mastery Goal Orientation (MGO), Performance Goal Orientation (PGO) on Psychological Well-Being (PWB) through the assumed mediating variable - Unconditional Self Acceptance (USA), which enables a person with a sense of self that is not influenced by any conditions such as good grades or appreciation by others. Sample of 200 engineering students was selected from different colleges in Bellary using simple random sampling method. Achievement Goal orientation scale, Unconditional Self Acceptance questionnaire, and Ryff's scale for Psychological Well Being were used to collect data. Mediation analysis was carried out and the results revealed that PGO predicts significantly and negatively USA and PWB; MGO predicts USA and PWB significantly in a positive direction. Further, it was confirmed that USA mediates the relationship between AGO and PWB. Implications of the study suggest creating awareness in the society about the unseen harmful effects on students' well being due to its over-emphasis on the performance of students rather than on students' learning and to form intervention programs to enhance Unconditional Self Acceptance in students.
Pages: 1098-1100
Deepak Singh (Rayat College of Education, Railmajra, S.B.S. Nagar, Punjab)

The development of the child is considered from the view point that what goes on in a school. Most of the parents seek their children to be sent for better schooling and particularly to schools with the best infrastructure and competent teachers. So, this paper examines the role of self-esteem in normal school settings among senior secondary school students. A sample of 200 students was selected through random sampling and was taken for the study of self-esteem of school students. Before entering adulthood, it is important for adolescents to develop high self-esteem which in turn helps them to develop their personality. The descriptive survey method was used for assessing self-esteem of students; a heterogeneous group of 200 students comprised of 100 girls and 100 boys related to age group of 15-18 years underwent assessment. In addition to this self-esteem was assessed by using Coopersmith Inventory (1987) with reliability of 0.82. The findings indicate that there exist significant differences between the self-esteem of students belonging to private and government schools. Self-esteem plays an important role in gender also. So, boys and girls differ significantly on self-esteem assessment also. It can be concluded that school environment influenced the self-esteem of secondary school students.
Pages: 1105-1107
Kshitij Modi, Nandha Kumara Pujam, and Rajendra Kumar Sharma (Department of Clinical Psychology, Amity University, Madhya Pradesh)

A Paranormal phenomenon refers to belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, witchcraft and precognition. In OCD, paranormal beliefs play an important role in the maintenance of the symptoms. The objective of the present study is to assess the phenomena of paranormal belief difference between patient with moderate and severe obsessive compulsive symptoms. This was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted at outpatient and inpatient department of Psychiatry in Gajraraja Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. The sample consists of 50 OCD patients diagnosed according to ICD-10 DCR. To measure the obsessive compulsive symptoms and paranormal belief, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Revised Paranormal Belief scale were administered respectively. To compute the data (SPSS) version 16.0 was used. Independent sample “t” test was used to analyze the difference between the groups. The results showed that the present study observed that patients with Severe Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms showed higher spiritual belief than the patients with Moderate Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms. Similarly patients with Moderate Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms reported higher Precognition belief than the patients with severe Obsessive compulsive symptoms.
Pages: 1108-1112
Aditi Sharma and Lalit Kumar Singh (Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The study was undertaken to determine the level of muscle tension and significant changes if any, using Electromyograph-Biofeedback (EMG-BF) training, in moderating the Stress level and General Well Being of the college students. The efficacy of EMG-BF was found to be effective in reducing the muscle tension which helped in reducing Stress level and improve General Well Being of the individuals. Stress results in psycho physiological changes within the individual. Biofeedback is a mind-body therapy using electronic instruments to help individuals gain awareness and control over psycho physiological processes that helps in dealing with various psychological issues. An important parameter of Biofeedback known as EMG (Electromyograph) was used in the study. An Electromyograph detects the electric potential generated by muscle cells. A total of five subjects were given five days of training on EMG-BF. The two scales used in the study were Stress scale and PGI General Well Being scale. The scales were administered pre and post BF-EMG training to determine whether there was any significant difference between the means obtained. The statistical analysis used was descriptive analysis using SPSS and paired sample t-test comparison at .05 significance level. The results obtained showed that there was a significant difference in the stress level of the students' pre and post EMG-BF training. The Stress level of the students gradually reduced with the help of Biofeedback training. Results also show that there is significant difference between the means obtained through administration of General Well Being scale as a result of which improvement could be seen. Thus Biofeedback can be considered as an effective training program for dealing with psycho physiological basis of behaviour.
Pages: 1113-1118
Amita Kaistha (Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The current study was an effort to find out the significance of correlation between self-directed learning and course experience and motivational beliefs and course experience among professional course students. Self-directed learning inventory developed by the researcher herself was used to assess the self-directed learning, Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ, Pintrich et al., 1991) was used to measure the motivational beliefs and course experience questionnaire (Thapliyal, 2014) was used to explore the course experience of professional course students. A representative sample of 90 post-graduate students was taken for the study. Results of the present study showed that awareness component of self-directed learning has positive and significant correlation with support and generic skills components of course experience and course experience (total), learning strategies and self-directed learning (aggregate) have significant correlation only with support component of course experience and course experience (total). Further, the results revealed that intrinsic goal orientation, task value and control of learning belief have positive and significant correlation with challenges and generic skills components of course experience and course experience (total), extrinsic goal orientation has positive and significant correlation only with challenges component of course experience, self-efficacy for learning and performance has significant correlation only with course experience (total), test anxiety has negative and significant relationship with support factor and positive and significant relationship with generic skills factor of course experience.
Pages: 1119-1122
Jaya Bharti and Manini Srivastava (Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The present study examined the role of stressful life events as risk factor in the etiology of Major Depression in women. The sample consisted of 100 married women having different symptoms of Major Depression and had been referred by Psychiatrist of Private psychiatric hospitals and clinics. The age range of the sample was 45 to 68 years and belonged to upper middle, middle, and lower middle socioeconomic class. Convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967) was used to assess the number of stressful life events that had occurred before diagnosis in the past 12 years. As being informed about the final Major Depression diagnosis, patients might be more prone to report their prior stress in an effort to explain their disease The chi-square analyses were computed to test the significance of difference between the two groups, that is Major Depression and participants without Major Depression after the final diagnosis. Results showed that Women with Major Depression reported significantly higher number of stressful life events than the healthy participants. Results further demonstrated that Women with Major Depression perceived higher levels of stress due to these events than the healthy participants. The findings conclude that adverse life events and the resulting stress on account of these events may represent a risk factor for Major Depression in women.
Pages: 1123-1126
Goldi Puri (Institute of Hotel and Tourism Management Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)
Mahesh Kumar (Department of Tourism & Hotel Management Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

Indian cuisine has an 8,000-year old history of various cultures, diversity of flavors' and regional cuisine found in modern-day India. Cuisine of India influenced by many factors religion, region, economic conditions and invaders but mainly it has influence of holy practices practiced in India. In India Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism are all flourishing. India is a birth place of many religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Ayurveda explains what to eat and what not to eat. Human well-being relies on food and its digestion because the body grows and develops depending on how it is fed. Ayurveda focus particularly on food quality, properties of raw materials, and the processing triggered by Agni, the body's digestive fire. Food divided in to three groups like Saattvic, Rajasic, and Tamasic according to Ayurveda. This paper analyzed previous studies and Holy Scripture related to food and their influence on Indian cuisine. The result of the study shows that cuisine of India influenced by foreign invaders, trade relations, region, religion and food related holy practices.
Pages: 1127-1130
Asha and Anupam Nath Tripathi (Department of Psychology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh)

Reasoning is one of the important cognitive processes. Reasoning refers to the process of drawing conclusions or inferences from information (Bruner, 1957). Syllogistic reasoning is a type of reasoning. Reasoning is not flawless. In this paper our aim is to investigate how reasoning performance of females participants is affected on account of different faculties (discipline). Results revealed that among three educational discipline the standard formal logical rule was followed by discipline of science participants (90% have made correct response). Only 10% of science participants produced error in their performance while arts and commerce participants produced much erroneous performances (65% both participants committed error) it may be affected by pattern of their educational trainings.
Pages: 1131-1135
Mahuya Bhattacharyya, Ankita Ghosh, and Subrata Dasgupta (Department of Applied Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal)

India, at present is witnessing galloping levels of obesity in the population, thereby making the study of its consequences especially urgent. Accordingly, the present study intended to measure the effect of body weight and exercise habit on self-concept of male and female adults. The sample consisted of 480 individuals (240 males & 240 females). These individuals were again subdivided into twelve subgroups according to their body weight (BMI normal weight, overweight and obese) and exercise habit (no exercise & regular exercise). A detailed Information Schedule, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28; Adapted) by Basu and Dasgupta (1996) and Self-Concept Inventory (Adults) by Shah (1986) were administered on the subjects individually. The results revealed that both body weight and exercise habit had a significant effect on different domains of self-concept.
Pages: 1136-1141
Shikha and Punam Midha (Department of Psychology, M.D.U, Rohtak, Haryana)

Life is a journey, mainly comprises of different stages of psychosocial development. During each stage the person experiences a psychosocial crisis, which revolves with the fostering of basic virtues. Virtues are the characteristic strengths which enhance one's well-being. Such strengths embedded in one's behavior are intended to benefit others with and without any selfish motive (e.g., helping behavior, altruism, gratitude & forgiveness) ultimately promoting well-being of the person being virtuous. In the contemporary era, the generation of elderly is blooming at a first pace, so their well-being is a matter of great concern for psychologists. Thus the present study is an attempt to explore the certain patterns of virtuous behaviors such as altruism and gratitude as markers of subjective well-being among geriatrics. A purposive sample of elderly from both male and female, aged 60-80 years was drawn from the urban areas of Rohtak city (Haryana, India). Descriptive, Correlational and Step-wise multiple regression analyses were computed. The findings indicated the high level of altruism and subjective well-being among geriatrics, followed by an average level of a sense of gratitude. Correlational analysis indicates the significant positive correlation of gratitude with subjective well-being and further gratitude emerged as a predictors of well-being.
Pages: 1142-1145
Sadhna and Anupam Nath Tripathi (Department of Psychology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh)
Ashok Kumar Patel (Clinical Psychologist, Mental Health Unit District Hospital, Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh)

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most prevalent form of viral encephalitis endemic to many parts of Asia where periodic outbreaks take hundreds of lives. It is caused by the JE virus (JEV), belonging to the family Flaviviridae. It is basically children's health problem. JE mostly affects children. Majority of adults in endemic areas have developed immunity to JE due to sub-clinical infection or clinical infection during childhood. Aim of this study was to comparison of functions of children with JE and normal control in Bender Gestalt test. 80 children (40 Japanese Encephalitis affected children & 40 normal children) were included in this research. The result showed the clinical group has higher number of error in Bender gestalt test than the non-clinical group. This result can be explained in term of several mechanism visual perception visuomotor deficit attention, executive function impairment (response inhibition & decision making) and cognitive impulsivity. Other possible reason for this difference in these two groups is neuro-psychological alteration prior to drug use /high grad fever and existence of neuro-psychological impairments that are that are produced a result of JE virous.
Pages: 1146-1149
Mary Jeniffer. S, Anu Chandran, and Dheleepan G.V. (Department of Tourism Studies, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu)

The Travel Insurance sector has become a dire need in the 21st century. This sector mooted as a fast developing ancillary travel service is cruising remarkably imbibing innovative ideas and integrating them into the pragmatic schemes and offerings which are gaining grounds across the globe. Albeit, the sector also faces enormous challenges arising from intense competition, rising regulatory compliances and growing payouts due to fraud and natural disasters while traveling, especially overseas. Consequently, the applications of novel technological features in the area of travel insurance have become the need of the hour in the context of globalized business environment. This study is based on the travel insurance companies in Chennai providing services online. The present work also examines the impacts of travel insurance on the demands of the clientele; whether it caters to the need of both urban and rural segments. Travel insurance majors have embraced online marketing communication as the ideal modus operandi to have effective reach with potential customers as regards dissemination of product offers and benefits. The customer centric perspectives linked to the marketing communication strategies as envisaged and practiced by the travel insurance firms in Chennai are assessed in this paper. The study also deals with the nature and extent of growth of travel insurance business post subscribing to the online marketing communication techniques. The mechanisms devised by the travel insurance companies in Chennai to ensure customer fulfillment are also being deliberated. The present paper carried out as a qualitative study with interviews from experts in the travel insurance sector assesses the operational outcomes and the services with respect to the online marketing communication. The scope of the study encompasses factors such as minimization of time, cost-effectiveness, easy accessibility, security aspects, etc. This article propounds an online communication model for travel insurance services. An explorative approach has been employed for unveiling the challenges and intricacies pertaining to online marketing communication in travel insurance business.
Pages: 1150-1153
Harprit Kaur and Kavneet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Wellness has been defined as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” by The World Health Organization in the year 1958. No amount of professional or materialistic achievement holds any value if a person is not well or is dealing with any kind of physical or psychological ailment. Hence, it becomes imperative to have thorough knowledge about the personal correlates of wellness; the factors that ensure an individual's wellness in all spheres of life. The present study investigates into the nature of four such personal correlates, namely self-esteem, resilience, attachment styles and self-concept and establishes the relative contribution of these factor's in the wholesome or holistic wellness of a person. A sample of 305 adults was collected from different areas of Punjab and were administered Perceived Wellness Survey, Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire, Six Factor Self-Concept Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; scores were then rendered to regression analysis.
Pages: 1154-1158
Trishna Ghosh (Chettri, Bista) (Clinical Psychologist, Mental Hospital, Lagankhel, Patan, Nepal)

Investigations have found the OCD indeed is associated with deficits in inhibition, impaired set shifting ability, poor working memory and low verbal frequency. However, till date, it has not been examined whether these deficits are trait-related (independent of symptomatology) or state-dependent (dependent of symptomatology). Since the data of this nature has an implication in the management of this condition, 51 OCD patient meeting the ICD-10 criteria for predominantly compulsive (F 42.1) formed the symptomatic group, and patients with file diagnosis of F 42.1 attending follow-up appointments and reporting 80% or more improvement currently with pharmacological, psychological or combination treatment formed the remitted group, were assessed by applying Wisconsin Card Sorting Test followed by Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck's Depression Inventory. After ascertaining the normality distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), Students “t” test was employed to determine the significance level between the symptomatic and remitted groups with respect to socio-demographic variables such as age, onset of illness, duration of illness and number of years of education. For rest of the variables Mann-Whitney “U” test was employed. The correlation analysis was carried out between the clinical and the neuropsychological measures using Spearman's Rank difference method. Patients with OCD, both symptomatic and remitted, exhibit a lower level of performance in most measures of WCST as compared to patients with panic disorder and unspecified anxiety. Further, the present study indicated that the observed deficits in executive function are independent of symptomatology and unrelated to severity of the disorder. Though, the symptomatic group had more intensive symptoms than the remitted group, no significant relationship was evident between the symptoms and executive functions deficits in either of the groups. Though the remitted group made lesser number of perseverative errors and achieved more categories in comparison to symptomatic group, the differences were not significant. It suggest a trait hypothesis. The fact that the nature and severity of deficits on WCST in remitted group was similar to that was seen in symptomatic group; suggest the deficits in executive functions in OCD may be trait rather than state phenomena. Although, severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms were found unrelated to performance, the anxiety and depression appeared to influence certain measures of executive functions in the current study. The presence of trait anxiety reduced the occurrence of preservative error, also decreased the number of correct responses, in symptomatic group. Similarly, the set maintaining ability was negatively influenced by the depressive symptoms in symptomatic group and by the trait anxiety in remitted group. These findings therefore suggest that abnormal WCST findings may not essentially indicative of specific neuropsychological dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and poor performance may occur in the context of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Though, various forms of psychological/behavioral and pharmacological treatments are found to be effective in controlling the symptoms, they may be ineffective to correcting the underlying pathophysiology.
Pages: 1159-1162
Ridhima Sharma and Manpreet Ola (Amity Institute of Clinical Psychology, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana)

Dissociative convulsions are paroxysmal episodes, resulting in symptoms of autonomic arousal, triggered by intense emotions, traumatic events and environmental stressors. Even though there is no underlying biological basis involved, in many cases, they are confused with seizures and the individual remains on anti-epileptic medication for years, without any therapeutic effect. The current case report presents a clinical picture and management of dissociative convulsion. The case is that of 19 years old female, belonging to a family of middle socioeconomic status, came with the chief complaints of restlessness, trembling in the body, followed by state of unconsciousness for 5-7 minutes since the past 8-9 months. The primary diagnosis was that of dissociative convulsion (F44.5) along with co-morbid moderate depressive episode (F32.1). The management was pursued with an eclectic approach comprising techniques from various therapeutic approaches such as person-centered therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, supportive psychotherapy, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, problem solving therapy and jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation. Post-treatment, the client could better understand and deal with her symptom manifestation, resulting in reduction in the levels of associated distress and anxiety.
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