Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare (IAHRW)
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A comparative study of occupational stress on organic farmers and conventional farmers

Pages: 1839-1841
Deepa D. Naik (Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra)

The aim of this research is to distinguish the difference of organic farmers and conventional farmers on occupational stress on 300 samples from Pune District, Maharashtra, India. To measure occupational stress of farmers' farmers Occupational Stress Scale (Naik, 2014) was administered. Two matched-groups design were used. The calculated t= 7.36, is statistically significant at .01 level also gives statistical support to this finding that occupational stress of organic farmers is of significantly positive magnitude as compared to conventional farmers.

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Online social networking and addiction: Do men and women differ in facebook usage and privacy?

Pages: 1842-1845
Anita Sharma (Department of Psychology, H.P.U., Shimla, Himachal Pradesh)

The present study was aimed at exploring the gender differences in Facebook usage, Internet Addiction and Privacy Concerns among 200 students of Himachal Pradesh University (H.P.U.) within the age range of 21-30 years with equal number of males and females. t- test has revealed no significant gender differences on facebook usage and internet addiction. However, significant gender difference was found in privacy concerns, where females as compared to males were found to be more concerned about their privacy issues.

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The associations between psychosocial factors and behavioural problems in juvenile delinquency

Pages: 1846-1848
Nupur Kumari and Manisha Kiran (Department of Psychiatric Social Work, RINPAS, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Juvenile Delinquency is a serious and common problem. The present study was to assess the association between psychosocial factors and behavioural problems among delinquent adolescents. This cross sectional study examined 50 adolescents with delinquent behaviour and their parents. Socio-demographic and clinical data sheet was used. Child Behaviour Checklist was administered on the parents. Findings indicate significant association at p<0.05/p<0.01 level on the variable of education, occupation, religion and residence with components of child behaviour checklist. There was no significant association on the socio-demographic variable of family type, family size, family income and ethnicity. Overall findings suggest that it is the complete responsibility of the society to come up with comprehensive methods to counteract it from these social evils. The role of education is very important in bringing up a child normally which decides the child behaviour in a positive way.

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Subjectification of virginity: Physical or conceptual?

Pages: 1849-1855
Pankhuri Chandra and Anuradha Sharma (Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

The aim of this paper is to highlight the gender positions taken up by young men and women with regard to virginity. This research has been an endeavor aimed at understanding the experiential space that young people of the present generation come from and the subjectivities they derive from their perspective on their own sexuality. Using the qualitative research technique of discourse analysis, the idea had been to cultivate an image of the sexual life of the participants, with the notion of virginity being the focal point. From an analysis of the narratives it became apparent that the idea of virginity was much bigger in the minds of the female participants as compared to the males. It was also evident that women gave themselves some accountability with regard to agency and choice; however, it is obvious that their basic ideology about virginity still remains in the clutches of the dominant discourses of societal morality. The male participants had a laid back attitude towards virginity and thought of it more as a rite of passage than anything else. This study could be an entry point into whether there has been a shift in gender roles and subjectivities with regard to virginity and whether this is just a physical phenomenon or has been made into much more than that by attaching societal and personal doctrines to it.

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Solid waste management: A case study of Hisar city

Pages: 1856-1858
Anubandh (Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

Solid waste is material that is discarded because it had served the purpose or it has no longer useful. It include garbage, rubbish, ashes, street sweepings, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, construction/ demolition waste, industrial refuse and special waste such as hospital waste, bulky waste, animal and agriculture waste and sewage treatment residues. Solid waste management is an essential part of urban environmental management. It is estimated that India produces 68.8 million tones of solid waste every year. The urban local bodies spent approximately Rs 500 to 1600 per tones of solid waste for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The present paper deals with solid waste management in Hisar city.

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Health beliefs across cultures: A review

Pages: 1859-1863
Surabhi Srivastava and Madhurima Pradhan (Department of Psychology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Culture can be defined as way of living that encompasses ideas, thoughts and knowledge common to a group of people that influence their choices in various domains of life. Every culture has its peculiar ways of defining various aspects of life. In this context, health is no way different to other facets of life. How one defines health, illness, explores cause of illness and carves out the course of treatment is highly influenced by one's culture. The objective of this paper is to review researches exploring health beliefs in context of culture. Main aspects of health that seemed to vary across cultures were found to be: illness beliefs, health communication, coping with illness, experience of physiological states, treatment seeking and patient-doctor relationship. The review of researches in this context, suggests that cultural factors can be relevant in holistic understanding of health of individuals.

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The importance of psychotherapeutic intervention in terminal illness and positive health outcomes: An overview

Pages: 1864-1867
Sisodia Devendra Singh and Vaiphei Suantak Demkhosei (Department of Psychology, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

As a part of critical medicines in clinical practices, the existential psychotherapy is a holistic approach to care that emphasis on utilizing human capability in its therapeutic process. The existential psychotherapy begins, where the contemporary scientific medicines and its technologies becomes helpless in treating the terminal or incurable diseases in clinical setting. It is a modern humanistic therapeutic approach that emphasis on the importance of self-determination, maximum utilization of human potentiality, discovering ones meaning, and purpose, that gives dying patient a sense of hope to deal with existential stress, depression, anxiety, alienation, loneliness in the course of illness, when healing is not possible. The underlying concept of existential psychotherapy is to do what it can do for the well-being of the whole person, while acknowledging the human limitation. The aim of this particular study is to identify the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic intervention in terminal ill experience, and how it produce quality of life through its person center and meaning making psychotherapy. The method of the present study is a case study on 13 years old Female terminal ill patient and 45 years old Male HIV/AIDS patient, with an analytical study on the existing literatures and documents through literature review.

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Health care system in India

Pages: 1868-1873
Bhavjot Kaur (Department of Public Administration, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Health systems and polices in India have a critical role in determining the manner in which health services are delivered, utilized and affect health outcomes of the country. 'Health' being a state subject, despite the issuance of the guidelines by the central government, the final prerogative on implementation of the initiatives on people's health lies with the states. This article briefly describes the Health Care System structure in the country and traces the evolution of Health Care in India.

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Mental health as related to achievement motivation in university students

Pages: 1874-1877
Ayesha Khan (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

University students worldwide are at greater risk for mental health problems because of the range of stressors they experience. Hence the present paper aims to analyze the connection between mental health and achievement motivation of university students. Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. Achievement motivation is a desire to attain a high standard of excellence and to accomplish the unique objective. The performance or achievement of any individual will depend upon his/her desire to achieve. For the purpose of this study 100 university students including males and females were randomly selected from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Mental Health Inventory (MHI) developed and standardized by Jagdish and Srivastava (1983) and Achievement Motivation (n-Ach) Scale developed by Deo and Mohan (1985) were used in the present study. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the data. Result revealed a statistically significant correlation between mental health and achievement motivation of university students.

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Employee engagement in relation to various factors of foundry industries in Belagavi city

Pages: 1878-1881
Devaraju (P.G. Department of Business Administration, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka)

Employee Engagement is a complex and challenging goal for an organization. In today's diversified workforce it has become even more challenging. An engagement friendly culture is valuable as it considers the value of multi-generational and multi-cultural workforce. An organization is considered a great place to work that respects the needs of each individual employee along with motivating each of them to pursue their individual goals. The present study is carried out with the objectives to explore the relationship among employee engagement and various factors such as leadership, job satisfaction, compensation, communication, motivation, growth opportunities, recognition and awards, and work life balance. Convenience sampling technique was used to collect the date. The present study consisted 380 employees of the foundry industries from Belagavi city. The study revealed that the leadership, job satisfaction, communication, motivation, growth opportunities, recognition and awards, and work life balance have a positive and leadership having negative relationship with employee engagement and relationship was not found with compensation.

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A study of psychological well-being and life satisfaction among students with high mobile phone usage

Pages: 1882-1886
S. Azra Tabassum (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)
Asma Parveen (Department of Psychology Womens College Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Mobile phone has made a drastic transition from modest communication device to a more sophisticated smart device. In today's era of technological world, the mobile phones have contributed a lot by making the life of the individuals smooth and easy. In spite of having positive outcomes of the mobile phone use, there are negative consequences also. And now it has become the part of each and every person that also affects them through several ways. In this study, the data was collected from both male and female students (F=45 & M=45). The aim of the present investigation is to see the relationship of mobile phone usage with the young students' psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The Problematic Use of Mobile Phone Scale (PUMP), developed by Merlo, Stone, and Bibbey (2013); Ryff's Psychological well-being Scale (Ryff, 1995); and The Satisfaction with Life Scale, developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin (1985) were used to gather the data. For the purpose of data analysis t-test and Pearson Product Moment of Correlation were calculated. The findings of the research investigation indicated that as the use of the mobile phone increases, the psychological well-being of the students' decreases and they have low level of life satisfaction.

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Consumer preferences towards online shopping Apps Amazon and Flip-kart

Pages: 1887-1890
Kanika Garg, Alka Wadhwa, and Arun Jindal (Department of Management Studies, Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana)

The Purpose of the study is to understand the consumer preference towards online shopping apps Amazon and Flip-kart. Internet became more powerful and basic tool for every person's need and the way people work. Despite the explosive growth of electronic commerce and the rapidly increasing number of consumers who use interactive media such as the world wide web for prepurchase information search and online shopping, very little is known about how consumers make purchase decisions in such set things. The objective of the study is to compare the existing consumer buying behavior, preferences and purchase decisions using different online shopping apps i.e. Amazon and Flip-kart. In order to attain the objective 125 respondents are selected out of which 100 respondents fill the questionnaire and are chosen for further study in the research. Most of the respondents are satisfied with highly ranking on easy findings of products, convenience and offers/discounted prices. Our findings suggest that interactive decision aids have the potential to drastically transform the way in which consumers search for product information and make purchase decision.

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Vipassana meditation: A unique contribution to general health

Pages: 1499-1503
Shraddha Sharma (Department of Psychology, SNDT, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Present study was conducted to study the effects of vipassana meditation on general health of subjects. It was hypothesized that vipassana meditation would have significant effect on general health and its dimensions. The general health of subjects included somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and severe depression. Initially 124 subjects were contacted and among them 20 participated in final sample. For control group, 20 subjects were randomly selected. All subjects were in the age range of 30-38. General Health of the subjects was measured with the help of General Health Questionnaire-28 (Goldberg, 1978). t test was applied to test the significance difference between pre and post scores of both the groups. It was found in result that Practice of vipassana meditation is effective in reducing somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunction and depression. It improves the overall general health of the subjects.

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Emotional correlates of anxiety among adolescents

Pages: 1504-1507
Anjana Devi and Sandeep Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

Adolescence is a very critical age because youngsters face numerous kinds of problems such as stress, anxiety, depression, anger at this stage and are more susceptible to develop many kinds of unhealthy habits and coping styles that interrupt their adult life. These problems can be handled with the proper support and healthy relationships that make a child strong enough to tolerate anxiety and emotional problems of life. The present study is done to find out the effect of emotional maturity on anxiety in school students. The study was conducted on a sample of 600 school students (300 boys & 300 girls). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) developed by Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, and Jacobs (1983 ) and Emotional maturity scale (EMS) developed by Singh and Bhargava (1999) were used as tools for the present study. For the analysis of data, correlation, descriptive statistics and t-test were used in this study. Results showed that there is significant correlation between emotional maturity and anxiety.

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Motivating factors of women entrepreneurship in Tirunelveli district

Pages: 1508-1515
N. Sankara Nayagam and B. Revathy (Department of Commerce, Manomaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu)

The women entrepreneurship is seen as an effective strategy to solve the problems of rural poverty as well as urban development. It promotes the quality of life by motivating female human potential. The present study, is a pioneering attempt to study the motivating factors for starting the enterprises by women entrepreneurs through an exploratory research. A structured interview schedule is used to elicit the profile and motivating factors of the women entrepreneurs. This is an analytical study of the motivating factors for starting the enterprises as a tool to develop entrepreneurship among women. This study requires both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected through structured interview schedule, the women entrepreneurs formed the main source of data. The secondary data were collected from various published sources like DRDA and journals like Kurukshetra, Yojana, Kisan World. The study has used Convenience Sampling method. Tirunelveli district has been chosen as the main area of study, as the researcher is a native of the district. The sample respondents for the study were 300 women entrepreneurs in Tirunelveli district. While concluding, it is suggested that the development of entrepreneurial talent is important for sustaining a competitive advantage in the global economy. Enhancing the level of entrepreneurial traits could enlarge the number of potential and actual entrepreneurs who in turn could generate more employment and create national wealth. The suggestion may, be carried out for motivating the members of self help group to become entrepreneurs who can help in building a self-sufficient country by contributing their efforts to the Indian economy as a whole. Entrepreneurs are the back bone for the growth of the country.

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Academic achievement as related to learning strategies

Pages: 1516-1519
Umed Singh and Dheeraj Kaushik (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

The present study was mainly designed to study academic achievement of science and commerce students in relation to learning strategies. Two groups of 12th grade students (104 from science & 100 from commerce) participated in the study. Selected subjects were tested with Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Academic achievement was indexed in terms of marks of the last examination. Obtained data were analysed by descriptive statistics, t-ratios, Pearson's Correlations, and Factor Analysis (Principal Component). Results revealed the science students to be high on Intrinsic Goal Orientation, Task Value, Control Beliefs, Self-Efficacy, Test Anxiety, Rehearsal, Elaboration, Organisation, Critical Thinking, Metacognitive Self-regulation, Effort Regulation and Pear Learning than Commerce students. Intrinsic Goal Orientation, Organisation, Effort Regulations, and Pear Learning emerged significant correlates of academic achievement in science stream. On other hand, Metacognitive Self-regulaton, Peer Learning, Critical Thinking, Organisation, Elaboration, Help-Seeking, and Rehearsal emerged as the significant strategy correlates of academic achievement in Commerce stream.

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Analysis of errors/mistakes committed by 8th grade science students

Pages: 1520-1522
Goggi Gupta (Shivalik Institute of Education and Research, Phase-6, Mohali, Punjab)

The study attempt to find type of error committed by 8th grade science students in their written examinations. Shivalik Public School, Mohali was purposively chosen for the study. Forty one students were randomly sampled for the study. Researchers prepared error analysis scale that was used as the instrument to identify errors. Mean, percentages were used to analyze the Problem. The findings of the study revealed that six types of errors were committed by students i.e., content was not organised, Memorisation of facts Spelling mistakes, Appropriate Examples giving Ideas were not explained logically. In fact, it was the lack of adequate awareness of science concept and insufficient memorisation of facts that were found to be the prime causes of their mistakes. It was recommended that science teachers should explore pedagogic techniques towards minimizing the occurrence of wrong operations, and all types of error in science conceptual understanding.

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Psychosocial work environment as correlate of quality of life among health care professionals

Pages: 1523-1527
Shakti Pal and Sunita Malhotra (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Over the past many years, Quality of life (QoL) has become a focus of attention of scientists and researchers in professional fields. The research has grown extremely rapidly in the field of psychosocial workplace conditions that affect employees' health and quality of life. In this sense, the present study has been conducted to study QoL of health care professionals in relation to psychosocial work environment at their workplace. A sample of 150 (75 males & 75 females) health care professionals working in government hospitals between the age range of 25-35 years was selected. The participants were administered the measures of Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire (CPQ) and quality of life (WHO, WHOQOL-Group, 1996). The data were subjected to Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Product Moment method of correlation. Results revealed significant correlation among eight dimensions of psychosocial work environment (PWE) (job-satisfaction, quantitative demands, emotional demands, possibilities for development, social support from colleagues, justice & respect, self-rated health & burnout) and psychological, social and environmental quality of life. However, physical domain of QoL has been found significantly correlated with job-satisfaction (PWE).

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Impact of psychological capital on performance of employees of Indian insurance sector

Pages: 1528-1532
Suresh K. Darolia and Neelam (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

Job performance of the employees is one of the central constructs which plays a crucial role in achieving organizational goal. The concept of psychological capital (PsyCap) has received much attention in the recent past as a new approach to enhance the job performance of the employees. However, the extent of the association between PsyCap and job performance has not been investigated in India among banking or insurance sector employees. On the other hand the work values, attitude, and work conditions of Indian employees are different from those of other countries. Variations along these factors may affect the relationship between construct of psychological capital and the job performance. Therefore, this study was designed to propose a conceptual model for empirical examination of the association between psychological capital and job performance of insurance sector employees. This study was conducted on 300 Life Insurance Corporation agents and officers drawn from eight district of Haryana state. The psychological capital questionnaire by Luthans (2007) and job performance scale by Singh and Pestonjee (1988) were administered to achieving the research goal. The obtained data were treated statistically for descriptive statistics, Pearsonian correlation and linear multiple regression. The results of the study indicate strong association between each of the individual PsyCap constructs, the global PsyCap and job performance. Resilience correlates .61, Efficacy .55 Hope .50, & Optimism .45, respectively with job performance. Overall PsyCap measure has yielded a higher degree correlation with performance, i.e., .64. Regression analysis suggests that among four PsyCap constructs Resilience and Efficiency emerged as most potent predictors of job performance of insurance sector employees.

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The Ranbir Newspaper: As an advocate of the freedom struggle in Jammu and Kashmir from 1924-1950

Pages: 1533-1535
Firdous Hameed Parey (CAS, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

In the early decades of the twentieth century, by the consistent reverberation with the rest of India British laid its effect on the princely State of Jammu and Kashmir due its proximity. Punjab was the hub of political oscillation, these revolution tides can be revealed by its circulation of newspapers. Here in Kashmir there was no proper platform for publication of Press. During the first decades of the 20th century, most of the newspapers were secretly coming from Lahore (Punjab). At that time applying for permission to bring out a newspaper was looked upon as an act against the State. However, a man namely Mulk Raj Saraf known as father of Kashmir Journalism started a newspaper under the name 'Ranbir' in 1924. Later as an advocate of the freedom struggle, the paper had its share of troubles time by time under the autocracy of the Dogra rulers. The paper lent full support to the movement to make change in the government from autocracy to democracy. This paper intends to focus on the crucial role played by newspaper 'Ranbir' to mobilize society politically; light would be thrown how this newspaper became a speed breaker of antagonistic ethos created in pre-partition era. This paper would be a modest attempt to explore historical analysis how it tried to unite people socio-culturally, politically. The paper provided a suitable platform in order to present the grievances of the people. The present paper would try to examine the role of the newspaper 'Ranbir' in the awakening the political consciousness of Kashmiri people.

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Determinant factors of an abuse of the dowry law

Pages: 1536-1538
Jasleen Dua (Department of Sociology, Khalsa College for women, Amritsar, Punjab)

The Dowry law, section 304B of IPC was enacted to strengthen the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 for checking a crime namely 'Dowry Death' and empowering the position of an Indian Woman in this patriarchal society. But the same law is now becoming a source to harass the husband and his family by a deceased woman's parents. Section 304-B was also incorporated to provide justice to the harassed women and a punishment to the accused but with time it has also become gender biased. In the abused cases, where a woman died in the unnatural conditions, everyone mostly doubted on her husband and In-laws only. But every time the picture is not always like that which is visible to all. The present article therefore aims to study the different reasons behind the abuse of this dowry law (section 304B) for which 60 respondents are interviewed by using the descriptive research design. The findings revealed that mental illness of respondent's wife, sometimes her non-adjustable attitude, chronic ailment and monetary causes are some of the reasons that contribute greatly to abuse this dowry law by some unscrupulous people.

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Occupational stress and psychological well-being among male and female teachers

Pages: 1539-1541
Shannaz Parveen (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Stress in general, and occupational stress in particular is a fact of modern life that seems to have been on increase. Teachers stress is a real phenomenon and is associated with problems of recruitment, health and retention of teachers. This work is an effort to study and compare the occupational stress and well being among male and female teachers. This study was conducted on a sample of 100 male and female teachers. Occupational stress scale developed by (Ansari, khan, & khan, 2017) and Psychological well being scale developed by Nishizawa (1996) was used in the study. To see the difference in both the groups we applied 't' test. The result revealed significant differences. Occupational stress was found high among female teachers as compared to male teachers and psychological well being was found high in male teachers as compared to the female teachers.

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Role of Sudarshan Kriya on enhancement of subjective well-being

Pages: 1542-1544
Madhu Bala (Department of Psychology, R.B.S. College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)
Neetu Chaudhary (Counselor, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh)

The purpose of the present study was to study the impact of Sudarshan kriya on Subjective well-being of females. For this purpose Subjective well-being was measured with the help of Subjective Well-being Scale, constructed by Shell and Nagpal. 60 subjects (20-30years) were selected for this study, out of which 20 subjects were those who were involved in sudharshan kriya for a long time, 20 who were involved in sudarshan kriya during last 6 months and 20 who don't do sudarshan kriya. One way ANOVA was applied for analyzing the data. On the basis of obtained results it was found that Sudarshan Kriya is an influencing factor for enhancing subjective well-being. Females who do Sudarshan Kriya for a long time have better Subjective Well-being in comparison to those females who do not do Sudarshan kriya.

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Self-esteem as predictor of academic stress among undergraduates

Pages: 1545-1547
Mehfooz Ahmad (Clinical Psychologist, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh)
Mutafa Nadeem Kirmani (Department of Clinical Psychology, SGT University, Gurgaon, Haryaana)
Vivek Kumar Jha (Department of Audiology & Speech Language Pathology, SGT University, Gurgaon, Haryaana)

Self-esteem is a subjective personal valuation. It shows a cognitive attitude and emotional feeling about one's own ability, significance, and worth. Self esteem affects the thinking process, emotions, desires, values and goals in a person. It has been seen in various studies that the self-esteem influence academic stress of college going youth. The purpose of the study was to examine self-esteem as predictor of academic stress among undergraduates. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Scale for Assessing Academic Stress (SAAS) were administered on 64 students age ranging from 18-25 years. Obtained data was analyzed with multiple regression analysis. In the present study self-esteem has been found to be predicting academic stress among undergraduate students.

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Fear of negative evaluation in relation to depression among diabetic patients

Pages: 1548-1550
Jasseer J. and Jithin Babu (Department of Psychology, University of Kerala Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala)

The study examined whether Fear of negative evaluation causes Depression among diabetic patients. The sample compromised of diabetic patients (n=200), in the age range of 30 to 60 years randomly chosen from the general public in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Fear of negative evaluation scale (FNE Scale) and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered for collecting data. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson product moment method of correlation and t test was employed for the processing of data. A significant positive relationship between fear of negative evaluation and depression was found. The gender difference on the basis of study variables was also studied. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between male and female participants with regard to Fear of negative evaluation. Fear of negative evaluation is found to be higher in females when compared to male counterparts. But, no significant difference was found between males and females with regard to depression.

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