Pages: 1991-2001
Muskaan Chib and Pooja V. Anand (Department of Psychology, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Even after the internet made the world a global village, cultural differences are still quite prevalent. Henceforth, it is very important to be aware of these cultural differences to have pacific and respectable cross-border relations. The present study aimed to explore the effects of culture on job satisfaction, work motivation, work engagement, affect balance, emotional intelligence and happiness. The study also examined the interrelationship between job satisfaction, work motivation, work engagement, affect balance, emotional intelligence and happiness. The significant predictor variables of happiness were also discovered. The sample comprised of 110 employees of Nestle. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Weiss et al., 1967); The Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (Tremblay et al., 1985-2000); Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003); Affect Balance Scale (Bradburn, 1969); Assessing Emotions Scale (Schutte, 1998); and Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) were administered. The results depicted significant positive correlations among job satisfaction, work motivation, work engagement and emotional intelligence. Affect balance was also found to have significant positive correlations with work motivation, work engagement, emotional intelligence and happiness. Significant differences were reported in job satisfaction and work engagement between the Indian and the Swiss employees. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that work motivation and affect balance were the significant predictors of happiness.

Pages: 2009-2013
Taronish Pastakia (Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gujarat)

As the title suggests, my research questions border on skepticism towards the notion of the so called 'hard problem' of consciousness first introduced by Chalmers. Based on this very assumption that the hard problem actually exists, Francisco Varela has whipped up a whole new branch of science called Neurophenomenology. Varela has tried to marry the fields of phenomenology and cognitive science, again on the very basic assumption that consciousness exists as an independent cognitive modality and by extension a methodology for its so called rigorous description (called phenomenology) is needed. The reason why these basic assumptions are constantly questioned by the scientific community is that consciousness, even as a mere entity (let alone a cognitive modality), is pathetically ill-defined. To put it bluntly, all the big names in the field of consciousness studies have described consciousness in very ambiguous terms and oftentimes using contradictory arguments leading to a half-baked job when it comes to actually defining it. For example, Chalmers repeatedly makes the statement that the description of consciousness entails “what it is like” to experience something with hardly any satisfactory explanation or extrapolation on it. “What it is like” isn't really all that convincing a definition, especially when the validity of entire branches of science hangs on this very definition. In sum, Phenomenologists have a certain set of jargon and psychologists/neuroscientists/cognitive scientists have another set. Varela tries to draw links between the two demarcated sets and thus coins his term 'Neurophenomenology'. My contention is that the two sets of jargon are just corresponding synonyms and therefore there is simply no need to draw links between the two. Can we can do away with the terminology or concept of consciousness itself and explain it with jargon borrowed from cognitive science to make life easier for everyone? Or is such a proposition far too over-simplistic and naïve?

Pages: 2017-2020
Farhat Jabin (Department of Psychology, Oriental College, Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar)

In the present research an attempt was made to study the relationship between stress and quality of life among old aged college teachers. The study was carried on by formulating hypotheses that (a) - There would be significant difference between stress and quality of life among older college teachers (b) - The older Male and Female college teacher would differ significantly in terms of their level of stress (c) - The older Male and Female college teacher would differ significantly in terms of their quality of life (d) - Stress and quality of life would be negatively correlated. For empirical verification of these four hypotheses a study was conducted on 100 old aged college teachers (50 Male & 50 Female) from different degree colleges of Patna by employing incidental sampling technique. Their age ranged from 60 to 65 years. Singh personal stress source inventory (SPSSI) developed by Singh and Kumari was employed for measuring level of stress among old aged college teachers. WHOQOL-BREF was applied for measuring quality of life among older college teachers. For the analysis of the obtained scores t-ratio and co-efficient of correlation were computed. The result confirmed all the hypotheses. The findings on the whole indicated that there is significant difference between stress and quality of life of old aged college teachers. Negative correlation between stress and quality of life was also observed by the researcher. The findings of the present research reveal that level of stress plays an important role in determining the quality of life among old aged college teachers. Stress, coupled with other physical and mental problems, gives rise to feelings of depression in the elderly persons and damages their quality of life.

Pages: 2025-2031
Deepak Upadhyaya (Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura)

The green planet and only home to human habitation is getting warmer and hotter in an irreversible manner with each passing day, and weather patterns of different climes are substantially changing due to anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change. Notwithstanding this, the general public is unaware of what actually causes global warming and what could its consequences. It has taken decades for climate change to enter the public discourse in even the most superficial manner. Periodic surveys, researches and assessments by UN have proven that the global warming-induced changes in world's climate are increasing day by day and it has assumed catastrophic proportions. Despite its overriding consequences, climate change is also the least understood problem amongst the masses. If left unchecked, climate change is expected to usher in disaster on many human and natural systems-including increased floods, droughts and extreme weather events, lesser productivity from large areas of existing farmland, migration due to climatic changes and conflict over dwindling resources. Media exposure has a direct impact on the knowledge and perception of climate change among the public. This study aims to explore the understanding of the perceptions of educated youths and role of mass media in climate change awareness and mitigation engagement in Tripura, India. The study also endeavours to suggest the possible measures of mitigating of the problem of climate change.

Pages: 2038-2044
Amira Wali and Shazia Manzoor (Department of Social Work, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir)

The unemployment indicators for Jammu & Kashmir are higher than the national average. Additionally, the female unemployment rates are much higher than that of males. The data on unemployment further indicates a worsening situation in case of educated unemployment, again more so in case of educated females (NSSO, 68th Round). This paper discusses in detail the convergences between education and employment in the form of a conceptual framework. Further, it studies the gender based enrollments in higher education to assess the nature of the potential entrants in the labour market. Unfortunately, the gender disaggregated data has not been considered so far in formulating a comprehensive employment policy. The unemployment problem has been a constant concern for successive governments and there is need of proactive measures to address this grave social and economic issue. This paper concludes that gender disaggregated data for education and unemployment will go a long way in informing the policy and addressing this concern.

Pages: 2049-2051
Deepti Tanwar (GITM, Gurgaon, Haryana)
Richa Nangia (K.R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana)

Store atmospherics plays a very important role in effecting customer behavior and today it has received rising attention from retailers, researchers and practitioners. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of concept of atmospheric and its dimensions. The aim of this paper is to throw light on importance and benefits of factors that influence customer purchase intention. These atmospheric factors have multisensory approach. Retail stores focuses on making such a attractive store environment which not only attracts new customers but also helps in retaining the existing one by using variety of features.

Pages: 2056-2060
Harprit Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Swati (Scientist C, Naval Selection Board Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh)

Morality involves right or wrong actions. Moral judgment is defined as the evaluation of one's action pertaining to the existing norms of the society for example not stealing and being honest citizen. Most theorists advocate that cognitive processing plays an important role in moral decision making (e.g., Greene, 2009; Haidt & Joseph, 2007; Lapsley, 2010; Kohlberg, 1971). Psychological research on moral judgment for a long time has been dominated by the moral development approach that studies the maturation of moral principles and role of conscious and rational reasoning processes. Opposite to this contemporary models emphasize the role of unconscious and intuitive processes in moral judgment (Haidt, 2007). These social intuitionist models suggest that fast and automatic intuitions are the chief source of moral judgments whereas the conscious deliberations are used as justifications for the judgment which has already been given. This review is an attempt to understand various perspectives on moral judgement.

Pages: 2067-2069
G. Bhadramani (Department of Psychology, SPW Degree & PG College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh)
Jithin Joy and Venkatachalam Jonnadula (Department of Psychology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu)

Education is the backbone of any nation and the success and achievement of students is considered as the backbone of the education system. Good mental health and well-being makes a great contribution to the overall health and well-being of individuals and communities. It influences social and economic outcomes for individuals and also affecting lives of many people in our community, their families and friends. The negative impacts of poor mental health on individuals, families and the wider community can be significant. In recent times lot of efforts were put in to see the impact of emotional intelligence on one's mental health. Emotional intelligence consists of different sets of abilities that a person uses to understand, regulate, and make use of his own emotions. Emotional regulation, understanding and utilization reflect the capability of a person to manage his emotions. It is imperative that the goals of education cannot be met unless students have sound mental health. An effort is made in the present study to study the correlation between the emotional intelligence and mental health of university students and how economic status of the students contributes to this dimension. The emotional intelligence and mental health scores of 150 (79 male & 71 female) post graduate students of Periyar University, Salem, India were subjected to correlation analysis and t-test. The results were discussed in the light of the obtained values.

Pages: 2078-2085
Jyoti Gogia (Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)
Nandini Sharma (Department of Education in Social Sciences, Janaki Amal Khand, NCERT, New Delhi)
Neha Sikarwar (Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh)

Food is a basic requirement for every individual's existence. But the utility of food should not just get limited up to providing a mere survival to the mankind; rather it should also ensure a healthier and qualitative life to all. Prior to having the access to clothing, shelter, education or health care, people need to satisfy their hunger and feel secure for their future meals. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2) of ending hunger, poverty and malnutrition by the end of 2030 is a foremost aspiration for many countries. But, supplying nutritious food in a sufficient quantity to the ever-increasing world population in a sustainable manner is still a major challenge. Globally, a segment of society is facing problem of poverty coinciding with food insecurity, thereby leading to hunger and starvation. The paper highlights poverty and food insecurity problems within the framework of population growth. The paper argues that it is essential to pay attention on population growth, poverty and food insecurity issues globally and also, in particular to our nation's standpoint, with the aim of realizing the Sustainable Development Goals.

Pages: 2092-2094
Shafiq Yusufkhan Pathan (Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, Maharashtra)
Hina Hafiz Khan (Department of Psychology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra)

The term “cognition” covers many mental abilities and all the higher mental processes, including thinking, reasoning, attention, memory, decision making, and problem solving. These different domains of cognition are critical for successfully engaging in the various activities involved in daily functioning such as reading, playing, talking with someone, driving, paying household bills, following a recipe to cook, and doing office work. Cognitive aging is a natural process associated with advancing years. The cognitive ageing refers to decline in some cognitive domain such as numerical skills, general knowledge and vocabulary, memory, processing speed, executive functioning, multitasking and reasoning, these all cognitive functions are using by the people everyday activities. As human life expectancy increases, maintaining one's cognitive abilities is key to assuring the quality of those rest years of life. There is a pressing need to carefully examine what is known about cognitive aging and cognitive decline, to identify the positive ways and steps that can be taken to maintain and improve cognitive health and to promote successful cognitive aging, and then to take action to implement those changes by informing and activating the different sectors like public, health sector, nonprofit and professional associations, private sector, and government agencies. This review presents a framework for evaluating factors responsible for cognitive aging, some protective activities, and enhancing agents for present and future possibilities as well.

Pages: 2099-2101
बीरबल (इतिहास विभाग, महर्षि दयानंद विश्वविद्यालय, रोहतक, हरियाणा)

प्रजामंडल आंदोलन शेष भारत के अनुरूप हरियाणा में भी अंगे्रजों का निंरकुश राजतन्त्र तथा अत्याचारी सामन्तों के प्रति घोर असंतोष व्याप्त था। जनता में असंतोष की भावना व्याप्त थी। उनके असंतोष को मूर्तरूप देने के लिए संगठन की आवश्यकता थी। परन्तु दूसरी ओर, राजस्थान में 20 वीं शताब्दी के प्रारम्भ में संगठनों तथा संस्थाओं का निर्माण होने लग गया था। 1919 ई. में राजस्थान सेवा संघ के स्थापित हो जाने से जनता की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए सशक्त माध्यम मिल गया था। 1920 से 1929 तक राजस्थान में होने वाले कृषक आंदोलन का नेतृत्व इसी संघ के द्वारा किया गया था। 1919 ई. में ही अन्य महत्वपूर्ण संगठनों का निर्माण कार्य शुरू हुआ था। परन्तु हरियाणा में विभिन्न राज्यों में ऐसे संगठनों का अभाव था। इतना ही नहीं, अखिल भारतीय कांग्रेस भी रियासतों के मामलों में उदासीन हो रही थी। जनता में अखिल भारतीय काग्रेंस की कोई अधिक दिलचस्पी नहीं थी। आगे चलकर हरिपुरा कांग्रेस में इसकी स्थिति में कुछ परिवर्तन हुआ। 1938 ई. के अधिवेशन में रियासती जनता को भी अपने अपने राज्य में संगठन निर्माण करना तथा अपने अधिकारों को प्राप्त करने की छूट दे दी। जिससे जनता में नई चेतना का जन्म हुआ।

Pages: 1676-1685
Purnendu Modak (Department of Economic, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal)

The present study aims to investigate the various socio-economic, demographic, cultural, and village level characteristics that are important in determining factors for girls child marriage among high prevalence state in India. Binary logistic regression has been applied to analyze secondary data (DLHS-4) of 125549 child married women in India. The results of this study indicate that the individual and household socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as place of residence, education, religion, and caste are important in determining factors for girls child marriage among high prevalence state in India. Furthermore, it is also found that the largest drop in the prevalence of child marriage has been in under-15 marriages, while marriages in the age group 15-17 years continue to occur quite commonly in a number of high prevalence state in West Bengal, Tripura and Andhra Pradesh. Moreover, the girls with secondary and higher education had much lower chances of early marriage compared to illiterate ones. Thus, education and early marriage are closely linked. However, Wealth Quintile, village Infrastructure quintile and household with BPL card (or not) are significant factor to be associated with child marriage in rest of India and Tripura but it's insignificant in West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. In this context, educational intervention (Balika Samridhi Yojana, 1997) and empowerment intervention Kishori Sakti Yojana (2001) by the Government of India and Kanyashree Prakalpa (girl's with secondary education, 2012) by the Government of West Bengal could be a good instrument to reduce the early marriage in India as well as in West Bengal.

Pages: 1693-1700
Sujay Bhandary (Department of Psychology, Rishi Dayaram & Seth Wassaram National College of Arts and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

A study was done to investigate the relationship between Approval Motivation and Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice. Questionnaires, Marlow and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale (1960) to measure approval motivation and Schmitt, Neumann and Montanda's inventory to measure Dispositional Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice (1995) were administered on undergraduate college students (n=102). The responses were then analyzed using Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and a moderate negative correlation was found, significant at p <0.001. Cohen's d was calculated (using Pearson's r), indicating a medium effect size and a linear regression analysis was carried out to make prediction for Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice due to Approval Motivation. The author thus concludes that need for approval plays a considerable role in lowering of sensitivity to events that are seen as unjust to oneself. The findings could be useful to help increase this sensitivity by lowering approval motivation through which unjust social behaviors might be internalized.