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Pages: 1310-1314
Surbhi Kumar (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Trust plays a key role in successful goal pursuits and sustaining relationships in everyday life. Contrarily decline of trust creates barriers in communication and interferes with the smooth functioning in interpersonal settings. With this in view, the present study attempts to locate the theme of trust in psychological discourse and empirically examine the mediating role of trust in social interactions particularly reciprocity. To this end, data was collected on measures of trust, reciprocity, self-construal and self-other inclusiveness on a sample of 80 participants and then analysed. The study proposed a two-pronged conceptualisation of trust involving self-trust and social trust. Self-trust has been seen to be positively correlated with positive reciprocity, independent self-construal and self-other inclusiveness and social trust has been seen to be positively correlated with interdependent self-construal and negatively correlated with negative reciprocity.
Pages: 1315-1319
Neelam Rathee (Department of Psychology, Post Graduate Govt. College for Girls, Sector 11, Chandigarh)
Jasleen Kour Ishar (Department of Psychology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Kashmir popularly known as the paradise on earth has been a major tourist attraction in India. The valley among its beautiful green meadows, picturesque lakes and rich culture also weaves a tale of trauma and suffering. The state seems to be divided on the issue of “azadi” and accession to India and Pakistan more than any state of India, Kashmir has witnessed highest level of violation of human rights. A research conducted by MSF (Medecine Sans Frontiere) in 2015 found that 45% of adults, that is, one out of two, suffers from symptoms of mental disturbance. Recently, the situation has grown worse amidst the never ending curfew and bouts of unrest. It has also provided a glimpse into the seething anger that boils in the youth of valley. The aim of this study was to see the impact of the ongoing conflict and unrest in the valley on the aggression levels in the youth and their tendencies to develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD diagnostic scale for DSM-5 and aggression scale were administered on youth residing in Kashmir falling in the age group of 15-30 years. Being a resident of the state, the second author personally observed and experienced this as matter of grave concern. Therefore this research study hopes to draw attention to the emotional scars of the conflicted areas and highlights the lack of psychological well-being in the valley. India must understand that in its paradise also grows a story of invisible wounds which are no less lethal.
Pages: 1320-1329
Hargun Gill and Sarabjit Kaur Sran (Department of Psychology, Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Body dissatisfaction, the attitudinal component of body image, refers to the negative perception and evaluation of one's own body. This study was carried out to learn about the relationship of body dissatisfaction to self-esteem and socio-cultural influences. Also, domains of body dissatisfaction and internalization were compared among men and women. College students (30 female & 30 male) were surveyed. Women reported more body dissatisfaction than men. Internalization of athletic ideal was more prevalent in men than women, while there was no difference in internalization of thin-ideal. Results also indicated that there is a positive relationship between body dissatisfaction and socio-cultural pressures (family, peer, & media). Self-esteem and body dissatisfaction were negatively correlated with each other.
Pages: 1333-1337
Jaswinder Kaur (Department of Education, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab)

The main objective of present paper to study the effect of perceived stress on personal growth initiatives of inter regional migrant students. Students (947) studying in north Indian universities belonging to Southern, Western, Eastern regions of India, were selected by purposive and chain sampling. Stepwise Regression was applied and found that the dimensions of perceived stress as well as overall perceived stress negatively affect personal growth initiative of inter regional migrant students. The findings, implications and suggestions for future research discussed.
Pages: 1338-1342
Divya Singh and Vandana Gupta (Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

'Health is wealth' a popular Indian proverb indicated the importance of health in human life. It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Various studies suggested that individual's mental health affected by his/her emotional ability and confidence in abilities. Emotional intelligence is one's ability to perceive own and other's emotions, regulate and use it to facilitate thoughts. The aim of propped study was to examine the relationship of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and mental health on the sample of 100 boys and girls age ranged from 16-18 years. Three measures were employed; these are mental health inventory (Jagdish & Srivastva, 1998); MSREIS-R (Pandey & Anand, 1996); and Self-efficacy questionnaire (Muris, 2001). Results of regression analyses revealed that adolescent's mental health is being significantly predicted by the emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy. The findings are discussed with implications and in light of future perspective.
Pages: 1343-1345
Priyanka Sain and Pooja V. Anand (Department of Psychology, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Considering the changing dynamics of organizations, assessing factors related to manager-subordinate relationships is of high importance to ensure productivity and profitability of organizations. Along these lines, Psychological Capital of managers, with its four dimensions, self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism, as a positive construct promoting Subjective Well-Being of their subordinates was examined by the present study. Survey method was employed using self-administered questionnaires and quantitative data was collected from 91 managers and 139 subordinates working in public or private sectors of Delhi NCR using cross-sectional study design. While the managers exhibited relatively reduced levels of optimism when compared to the other dimensions, their overall Psychological Capital was found to be satisfactory. However, the subordinates were found to be less pleased about their Subjective Well-Being. Among the four dimensions of Psychological Capital, hope of managers was observed to have a large positive impact on Subjective Well-Being of their subordinates while the effects of resilience, optimism and self-efficacy were not found to be statistically significant. The study emphasizes the need for implementing policy interventions, especially to promote hope and optimism of the managers, consequently improving the Subjective Well-Being of subordinates.
Pages: 1346-1349
Ghazala Shaheen (Department of Economics, Patna University, Patna, Bihar)

Organic Farming as the word connotes is the use of organic matter in farming. India going organic is nothing new as we have a long history of using the organic products. However green revolution applied breaks on it and now again after the gains of green revolution has started weaning out, the organic farming concept is back in business. Bihar is also experiencing a wave of back to organic farming revolution. However, in Bihar it is still in the infant stage with only a few pockets going organic. But on a positive note we can say that a step has been taken and hopefully we will build on it. This article has made a comparative analysis of Organic and Inorganic Farming in terms of Gobi (a widely grown & consumed vegetable in Bihar). The output, cost and price analysis has been made between the two farming methods. It analyses the actual gains for the farmers from the two types of farming. It also looks into the aspect of the problems that organic farming is facing in Nalanda which is preventing it to spread its roots in the district.
Pages: 1350-1357
Nishat Afroz (Department of Psychology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Utter Pradesh)

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between organizational justice, organizational commitment, and creative behaviour of employees of a private organization. The sample consisted of 184 managerial and supervisory employees' from a private sector organization. The data have been analysed by using descriptive analysis, coefficient of correlation, and regression analysis. Finding indicated that organizational justice and its dimensions are significantly correlated with organizational commitment, and creative behaviour and organizational justice significantly contributed in organizational commitment and creative behaviour.
Pages: 1358-1363
Meena and Sumitra Devi (Institute of Teacher Training & Research, BPSMV Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana)

The present study has made an effort to investigate the teaching effectiveness of school teachers with their attributes. A representative sample of 400 (200 male & 200 female) teachers from urban and rural primary schools of four districts in Haryana was randomly selected. Teaching effectiveness Scale by Misra (1991) and Teacher Attributes Scale by the investigator (2017) was used to assess teaching effectiveness and attributes of primary school teachers. The study revealed that significant difference was not found in teaching effectiveness of male and female primary school teachers. Similar results were found out for urban teachers and rural teachers. Significant difference was found in teaching effectiveness of government and private primary school teachers. Significant difference was not found in the attributes of male and female, urban and rural, government and private primary school teachers. A significant relationship was found between the teaching effectiveness and teacher attributes of primary school teachers.
Pages: 1364-1370
Teesta Saksena and Ritu Sharma (Amity Institute of Psychology & Allied Sciences, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

Feelings of kindness, compassion, and empathy in attitude have become a rare phenomenon in the urban population leading to psychological issues of Self-Harm and extreme Risk Taking behavior ranging from Suicide to Drug Abuse. This investigation converges its focus on the rising need for compassion directed inwards in the Indian urban society. Self-compassion is increased through interventions like Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, Loving-Kindness Meditation, with little researched with regard to individuals practicing forms of mindfulness based interventions such as meditation or Yoga practices in relation to Self-Compassion. A tremendous amount of attention has been received by Yoga with an aim to investigate the strength of its association with psychological experiences across all populations. This investigation is an attempt to examine the association between Self-Compassion and Psychological Health among urban Indian adult practitioners of Hatha Yoga. Sample of the study comprised of adults aged between 25-35 years, who have been into practice of Hatha Yoga for 3-months duration. An account of quantitative results obtained predicts a significant and positive relationship between psychological health and all the positive sub-elements of Self-Compassion.
Pages: 1371-1375
Keerti Dewal and Satishchandra Kumar (Department of Applied Psychology & Counseling Centre, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra)

The purpose of this study was to construct a scale to measure the environmental factors affecting small scale entrepreneurship in Rajasthan. Based on data provided by a national level study, four factors have been identified to measure the environmental factors in the state affecting entrepreneurship. Items to measure these dimensions were developed. Small scale businessmen from Rajasthan answered the 24 item scale. The scale was tested for factor structure, reliability and validity and the final version consisted of 18 items. It can be used by researchers and can provide information to the government about the effectiveness of its policies.
Pages: 1376-1381
Pankaj Tripathi (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

In the structural model, it is a necessary but not sufficient condition to compare the beta of direct path with the product term of indirect path to interpret the results of mediation analysis. This study applies a step-by-step process on illustrative data by means of PLS-SEM with the application of SmartPLS3. It evaluates four variables (Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, Turnover Intention & Organizational Productivity) from the literature on past study. The sample consisted of 128 employees working in the Manufacturing organization in Gurgaon. The mean age of the employees was 44.94 years. 31.88 %of employees were B.E. /B. Tech, 5.79 % were B.C.A., 44.79% were M. Tech and 17.39% of employees were M.C.A. The objective of this study was to investigate the Mediation effect between Independent Variables (Organizational Commitment & Job Satisfaction) and Dependent variable (Organizational Productivity). Results shows that Turnover Intention partial mediate the relationship between Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Productivity.
Pages: 1382-1385
Priyanka (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)
Rakesh Verma (Department of Psychology, Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat)

India is a developing country that established itself on global level. Status of women in India has been changing rapidly from last few decades. India's constitution guarantees to all Indian women equal rights to men. In modern India, women are more capable, self-dependent and confident. They proved themselves now not only in family, but in every field which are considered only for men. Now women are playing a lot of roles such as a mother, a wife, an employee and so on. This multitasking results a lot of health related problems for women. Health is an important aspect of the survival of any human being. Health cannot be defined as only physical but mental well-being is also important. The present review talks about the neurological and psychological health hazards faced by women in Indian society. The most common health issues faced by women are malnutrition, poor maternal health, depression, anxiety, breast cancer, cervical cancer, anemia, PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome), PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder), PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and heart diseases. Women's status in Indian society, gender discrimination, work pressure, domestic violence and Indian cultural beliefs are the major causes of women's health related problems.
Pages: 1386-1391
Shamini Srivastava (Department of Psychology, Feroze Gandhi College, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh)

During the last few decades researchers have developed a genuine interest in the interaction of the work and family domains. Despite the fact, there is a growing interest in the positive side of the work-family interface; research on the work-family facilitation appears to be scanty. Therefore, consistent with the increasing interest in the positive psychology, which emphasized on the positive connections between work and family, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between both the directions of work-family facilitation i.e. work-to-family facilitation and family-to-work facilitation and mental health among professors. Data were collected from 145 professors from different degree colleges in Raebareli and Lucknow region. Data were obtained on the basis of responses by means of structured questionnaires of work-family facilitation and mental health. The data of the present study was analysed using correlation and hierarchical regression analyses. The findings of the correlational analyses revealed significant positive relationship between both the direction of work-family facilitation i.e. work-to-family facilitation and family-to-work facilitation and mental health. Further, the findings of the hierarchical regression analyses revealed that work-to-family and family-to-work facilitation were significantly positively predicted the mental health when the effects of demographic variables were controlled. The findings of the present study implicated that organizations should understand the positive side of the work-family facilitation when they made the organizational policies and they have to made broad strategy to enhance the work-family facilitation between work and family roles which in turn enhance the mental health of employees. Finally, limitations of the study and future research suggestion have also been discussed.
Pages: 1392-1396
Umed Singh and Dheeraj Kaushik (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana)

The present study was mainly conducted to explore academic motivation correlates of academic achievement in science and commerce streams. For the realization of main objectives 104 students (12th grade) from science and 100 students (12th grade) from commerce stream participated in the present study. Subjects were tested with Academic Motivation Scale. Academic Achievement Index was taken interms of final score of last examination. Obtained data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-ratios, Pearson's correlations and Factor Analysis. Results revealed the science students scoring significantly high in Intrinsic Motivation-Towards Accomplishment, Extrinsic Motivation-Identified Regulation, Extrinsic Motivation- Introjected Regulation, Extrinsic Motivation-External Regulation and Amotivation. Pearson's correlations and factor analyses have revealed Intrinsic Motivation-To Know, Intrinsic Motivation Towards Accomplishment to be positive correlates, and Amotivation as the negative correlate of academic achievement.
Pages: 1397-1401
Anita Sharma (Department of Psychology and Deputy Director UGC-HRDC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla)

The present study studied and investigated the emotional maturity of 200 adolescents in government and private schools. Data were analyzed in terms of t-test. Results revealed that the students of private schools were significantly high on all the five dimensions of emotional maturity namely; Emotional Stability, Emotional Progression, Social Adjustment, Personality Integration and Independence as compared to the government schools mainly due to grooming and permissive environment.
Pages: 1402-1410
Yastika Kamboj and Sarabjit Kaur Sran (Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in the resilience and family environment of women experiencing premenstrual syndrome at different levels of severity. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the physical and/or emotional symptoms that occur one to two weeks before a woman's period which may interfere with their healthy functioning. A cross-sectional research design was used to do a comparative study between two groups (Women experiencing moderate/severe PMS; Women experiencing no/mild PMS). The sample for the study included 60 female participants in the age group of 20-25 years with 30 participants in each group. While the Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool was used for the screening purposes, the Brief Resilience Scale (Wiggins et al., 2008) and Family Environment Scale (Form Rudolf, 1994) were used for data collection. The data was analyzed using the statistical method of t test for independent samples. The results indicated that there was significant difference in the resilience of women experiencing moderate/severe PMS and that of women experiencing no/mild PMS. They also show a significant difference in terms of cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, independence, intellectual cultural orientation, active recreational orientation, moral religious orientation and organization of families of the two groups. However, there was no significant difference in the achievement orientation and control in the families of the two groups.
Pages: 1411-1418
Neha Verma Madan (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Pune, Pune, Maharashtra)

This paper critically examines the social production of space for primary healthcare activities. While many scholars have embraced the idea of considering only socio-economic and cultural factors for non-accessibility of primary health services to women, what these scholars have often left unexplored is how accessibility can also be measured by social production of space in urban areas. The first half of this paper focuses on the idea of Lefebvre's conceptualization of social production of space and the linkage with the primary health care activities in slum in urban areas. The second section focuses specifically on how social production of space plays an important role in the accessibility of primary health care services to women in slums. I argue that components of social production of space-Perceived, Conceived and Lived- space should be considered together to address solutions in better primary health care accessibility.
Pages: 1419-1424
Manju Mishra (Department of Psychology, H.R.P.G. College, Khalilabad, Sant Kabirnagar, Uttar Pradesh)

The present study investigates the gender bias against female leaders in male and female employees working in different organizations. Despite the significant educational achievement, women are not represented at higher position at the workplace. This trend is present even in developed country like United States. Catalyst survey (2015) reveals that only 5% of the companies in the standard and poor's 500 index had female chief executive officers. Although women are outnumbering men in educational achievements, they are stuck at the bottom or middle level at workplace. McKinsey survey report (2015) reveals that India's corporate sector has only 4% women at senior positions, compared to 25% of women at entry level. The question arises that what are the factors which refrain women from moving ahead to higher positions at workplace. This study aims to analyze those factors. 100 men and women employed in different government organizations participated in the study. 50 respondents were male and50 were female and the age range was 30-45 years. Respondents were working as bank officer and College lecturers. Their income ranged from 45000 to 1, 00000 per month. A 25 item questionnaire was used to measure attitude towards female leader/boss. This questionnaire has 25 items related with three areas (i) Competence (ii) Work family balance and (iii) Relationship/Communication skills. Mean S.D. and t test were conducted to analyze the data. Results indicated that female leaders were found to less competent by male and female participants. Work female balance was also found to be a more significant barrier for female leaders. Relationship with employees was not found to be a significant barrier by men and women respondents. Results and implications have been discussed with reference to the role congruity theory and social stereotype theory.
Pages: 1425-1428
Pratibha Singh (Department of Psychology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar)

Organizations play a vital role in society in which organizational behavior represents the human side of management, not the whole of management. A common misconception in organization is that an organization has a uniform culture. All Organizations have culture in the sense that day are embedded in a specific societal culture and are part of them. According to this view in organizational work as a common perception and by the organization's members. The present paper compare work culture, job satisfaction and subjective well being among 100 Government and private sector engineers. It was revealed that engineers belongs to government sector scold significantly better in work culture, job satisfaction and subjective well being in their counterparts of private sector engineers. A high positive inter correlation was found amongst work culture, job satisfaction and subjective well being. The Results revealed that job satisfaction positively influenced by subjective well being. Multiple regression analysis shows that work culture was the biggest discriminate of subjective well being and job satisfaction has least role in it.
Pages: 1429-1434
Alphonsa Jose K. and Rejoyson Thangal (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu)
Shinto Thomas (Department of Psychology, Christ (Deemed to be University) Bengaluru, Karnataka)

Among 37 million blind people across the globe, a half of them, nearly 15 million are Indian nationals, which is an alarming number. And visual impairment is not just a physical limitation; it has a lot of social and psychological aspects. It is important to consider these aspects too in the researches. Present study deals with the social experiences of the visually impaired adults in India on the areas of perceived support, stereotypes, and discrimination. It employed an in depth interview method using semi-structured, open ended questions to explore the social experiences of twenty five visually impaired adults from the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, of India. Obtained data were analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results of this study indicate that the social experience of the visually impaired fall mainly into two different themes; experiences of social support and experiences of discrimination. Social support experiences consist of positive social support, lack of support and negative social support. Results also point out that people experience discrimination in various fields of social life including; accessing public transport, employment, education, and marriage and partner selection. It gives a voice to the experiences and expectations of adults with a visual impairment in a country that has almost half of the world's adults with visual impairments. Further discusses the preferred changes in the social and service systems for a better inclusive, disable friendly society.
Pages: 1435-1438
Niveditha Ganesh Mohan and K.Jayanthi Rani (Department of Psychology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

The aim of this study was to determine the coping mechanisms used, by young adults who have experienced and have not experienced cyber bullying. The objectives established were: (i) to identify among the participants, those who have actually experienced cyber bullying (ii) to find the difference between the coping mechanisms reported by the participants who have actually experienced cyber bullying and those who have not. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect data from young adults. The total number of participants was 223, out of whom 81 were male and 142 were female participants. Their age ranged from 18 to 25, with educational qualifications ranging from 12th grade students to working individuals. The Coping with Cyber Bullying Questionnaire was administered to collect data and the statistical method used study the difference between the two groups was t-statistics. Results obtained from this study found a significant difference between the individuals who have actually experienced cyberbullying and hypothetically experienced cyberbullying only in the distal advice sub-scale.
Pages: 1439-1444
Sithara E. Former (Department of Clinical Psychology, Prajoty Niketan College, Pudukad, Kerala)
Aneesh V. Appu (Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi College, Trivandrum, Kerala)

Prevalence rate of life style diseases are increasing day by day. It is linked with the way people live their life. Diabetes is one of the common lifestyle disease and many psychological and behavioral problems are associated with it. That may affect their mental health. So the aim of the study is to explore Eating Attitude, Resilience, Mental well being, Anxiety, and Diabetic Specific Knowledge among diabetic patients, diabetic patients doing yoga regularly, and normal population. The objective is to understand Eating Attitude, Resilience, Mental well being, Anxiety, and Diabetic Specific Knowledge among diabetic patients, patients doing yoga regularly, and normal population and also find the gender difference in Eating Attitude, Resilience, Mental well being, Anxiety, and Diabetic Specific Knowledge among participants. The Sample for the study consists of three groups, viz., diabetic patients, patients doing yoga regularly, and the normal population. From a total of 300 samples, 100 of them are diabetic patients, 100 of them are diabetic patients doing yoga regularly and 100 from normal population, between the age group of 30-50. They were assessed with Eating Attitudes Test, The BU resilience scale, The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Patient's Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire. ANOVA and 't' test was done to analyze the data obtained. ANOVA results indicated significant relationship between all the variables under evaluation. 't' test results showed that on the basis of gender there is a significant difference in eating attitude, mental well-being and anxiety. No other variables show significant difference based on gender (resilience & diabetic specific knowledge).
Pages: 1445-1447
Deepa Prasad (Psychologist, Ankur Rehab Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh)

Psychological well-being is quite similar to other terms that refer to positive mental states, such as happiness or satisfaction, and in many ways it is not necessary, or helpful to worry about fine distinctions between such terms. Psychological well being is depends on our perception and Yognidra offer a means to reduce the physiological and psychological reactions to stress. Yognidra is a state of inner awareness combined with complete muscular, mental and emotional relaxation. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of Yognidra on well-being of alcoholic spouses. A pre-post research design has been used in the present study. For this purpose 30 spouses were selected through purposive sampling from Ankur Rehab Centre, Indore (MP). All participants were educated and house wives. Half an hour session of Yognidra was given to the participant in evening times for 30 days. Scores were obtained twice on well being first time in the beginning and then after one month by Psychological well being scale. Scale was developed by Sisodiya and Chaudhary. The scale was highly reliable and valid. Results indicated that hypothesis is not rejected at the confidence level of 0.05, i.e., Yognidra is not impact positively on well-being of the spouses of Alcoholic. The current findings suggest that no's of exposures of Yognidra improves well-being of the participants, which effects positively on life satisfaction and quality of life of the participants, directly.
Pages: 1448-1450
Ananda Gaihre and Rajesh S.K. (Division of Yoga & Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka)

Individuals who attempt to change their addictive behavior undergone recurrent relapse. There is substantial evidence that stress and sleep plays a crucial role in the relapse. The stressful situation and poor sleep quality represent a risk factor that may play a critical role in predicting individuals' success in abstaining. Diagnosing and treating stress and sleep disorders will have a significant impact on inducing management of addictive behavior. The extents of impairments are at biopsychosocial-spiritual levels. Therefore, it needs to be recognized and addressed in an individual at the physical, psychological, social and spiritual level. Recent studies have shown yoga as promising complementary therapies for treating and preventing addictive behaviors at biopsychosocial-spiritual levels.
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