Pages: 162-164
Jay Lakshmi (Department of Political Science, BNMU, Madhepura, Bihar)
Pawan Kumar Jha (Dean, Faculty of Social Science, Purnia University, Purnia, Bihar)

Marwaris are the immigrant traders from Marwar, Shekhawati, and adjoining regions of Rajasthan which have been permanently residing in the other states of India and abroad too. They are maintaining their own cultural identity along with adopting the local language, dresses and culture. They started shifting to different parts of the country in 19th century due to conflict between Rajput and Mughal emperors which was affecting their trades badly. In this connection they also reached to North-Eastern (N-E) regions of Bihar for trade purpose mainly. Initially they had concentrated to establish themselves in trades in this region. After that they brought their families and then their relatives and neighbours too to establish in this new area. Their main aim was to bring these known people to progress in trades. Gradually they became mixed with the local people and started to play an effective role in trades and later on in local politics also. The present paper deals with the role of Marwari community in the political process of N-E Bihar prior to independence of India. In our study we have recorded that the Marwaris of N-E Bihar had either played an inactive role by keeping them totally aloof or had played a passive role by giving different kinds of support to freedom fighters during pre-independence period of India.

Pages: 168-171
Kanwaljit Kaur (Department of History, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Punjab politics has been dominated by religious and communal considerations of the political or socio- religious leaders of the state. Religion, Language and caste have been the predominant symbols in Punjab politics in the post- independent era. The decade of the eighties could be labelled as the darkest period in the history of post- independent Punjab. The militant movement, starting from the now famous chowk Mehta headquarters, shifting to the Golden Temple and border districts, finally spread out into other areas, encompassing in its grip not only the Union territory and Capital Chandigarh but also the neighboring States of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, etc. The present research paper examines about the gendered violence, rape, murders on the name of bad characters or police informer, displacement and health issues in Punjab during 1980-1993 from feminist perspective and analysis the violation of women's rights such as reproductive, maternal and emotional. It also focuses on the conceptual framework of ethnicity and violence and on the role of women as supporters and activists during militant period in Punjab. Further, it discusses how women become the targets in these conflicts between the militants, Security Forces and opposing groups. How widows and half widows, mothers and daughters faced mental and emotional trauma when their male counterparts or male family members were murdered and disappeared and how they manage their household after went through a crucial period. As the problem undertaken for research is more historical in nature, the methodology adopted for research has been historical and analytical based on primary and secondary sources. Interviews were conducted with the effected women to get a clear picture of the communal problem as perceived and presented by these sections. Apart from this the census records and the different government publications constitute the primary sources. The relevant books, journals and newspapers have been used as secondary sources of information.

Pages: 1891-1895
Lokesh Kumar Ranjan (Psychiatric Social Worker, Central India Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science, Dewada, Rajnanadgaon, Chattisgarh)
Pramod R. Gupta (Psychiatrist and Director, Central India Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science, Dewada, Rajnanadgaon, Chattisgarh)
Jay Kumar Ranjan (Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)
Prasanna Tendolkar (Psychiatrist, Hindu Hruday Samrat Balasaheb Thackerey Trauma Hospital Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

The present study focuses on to explore the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders in rural population of Chhattisgarh. This community based survey conducted in 12 randomly selected villages of Balod district, Chhattisgarh (India). In order to identify the prevailing trend of common psychiatric disorders; a team of trained mental health professionals assesses 3150 participants using Comprehensive Clinical Interview, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). The result of this door-to-door survey indicates that 264 per 1000 person are suffering from different psychiatric disorders in the rural population of Chhattisgarh. Decisively, mental health is a major public health concern in the rural population of this region.

Pages: 1900-1902
Pooja Malviya (P.G.T.D., Department of Psychology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra)

The present study aimed to examine the use of coping strategies in stressful life circumstances by the adult male and female siblings having Intellectually Disabled Retarded Brother/Sister. Data were collected from a sample of 40 adult males and 40 adult females having intellectually disabled retarded brother/sister from Nagpur. The Coping Responses Inventory by Moss was used. The obtained data were analysed with the help of inferential statistics i.e. Mean, SD, and t. The obtained result revealed that adult male (brothers) used Logical Analysis, Positive Reappraisal more frequently than adult female (sister), and adult female (sister) use Cognitive Avoidance, Acceptance or Resignation, Seeking Alternative Rewards and Emotional Discharge more frequently than adult male (brothers).

Pages: 1906-1913
Firoj Biswas (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)
Nasim Ahamed Mondal (International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra)
Nizamuddin Khan (Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

The election is like a mirror through which we can see the true image of democracy. The election is the heart, backbone, and safeguard of democracy. For a selection of a government, the ballot paper is stronger than a bullet gun. The election provides a peaceful and orderly transfer of power. In a democratic system, the people have the constitutional right to vote for candidates who rule over them make the laws and control the government. The understanding of voting behavior remains a mystery for the politician, policy makers, and researchers. Objectives: To study the perception of voters on voting behaviour of socio-economic groups with background characteristics in Nadia district, West Bengal. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional design has been adopted for the study at Tehatta ii block of Nadia district in West Bengal state. Data entry has been completed with the help of SPSS and analysis has been completed with the help of SPSS, STATA as well as Excel to get accurate and correct analysis. Conclusion: A maximum number of voters is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. BJP are more popular among female voters. TMC is more popular among minorities such as SC, ST, Muslims in Rural and Urban voters. CPIM is more popular with the young students at Nadia district in West Bengal. There are 23 per cent Muslims who support BJP.

Pages: 1921-1925
Rangappa N. M. and G. S. Venumadhava (Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka)

The present study is an effort to understand the socio-economic background of juveniles with special reference to Dharwad District. Researcher here has concentrated on juvenile Institutions situated in Hubli- Dharwad which includes Observation Home, Open Shelters, State Home for Women, Girls Home etc. The effect of media has exposed the child towards violent things. This might be reason for the admission to juveniles in the observation homes. Researcher has come across many such incidents which were the eye openers. Some of the inmates in the observation homes were admitted under POCSO act through Juvenile Justice Board. After interviewing them the facts which they revealed were surprisingly astonishing. Present study not only focuses on the Juveniles in Conflict with Law, but also concentrates on neglected children, orphans. The socio-economic profile of the children was collected through self structured questionnaires and interview schedules, who were situated in Hubli-Dharwad. The total number of respondents taken for the study was 250. With descriptive and exploratory design by purposive sampling. The survey covers respondents of the age group 8 to 18 years. The results of the study shows that majority of the respondents (69.4%) belong between the age group 15 to 18 years and majority (52%) of them were males. 56.4 % of them had completed their secondary education. Present paper is an approach to concentrate on the social and economic status of the juvenile respondents residing in the institutions. Whereas annual income of the families of respondents. 82.00% of the respondents' family annual income was below 25000/- followed by 10.00% of them earned Rs. 25000 to Rs. 50000 annually whereas 03.20% were orphans don't have any income, 02.80% of the families annual income is between Rs. 50000 to Rs. 100000 and 2.0% of the family's income is Rs. 150000 and above. So in a society a child is considered as a precious asset it is the society which can put aside him/her from the heinous world of criminality. By Proper parenting and care will nurture the child in a proper way and will thus prevent them to become delinquents.

Pages: 1930-1933
Udai Prakash Verma and Arun Kumar (Department of Psychology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttrakhand)

In the present research an attempt was made to study the relationship between loneliness and mental health among old aged people. For this study purposive sampling technique was used to collect the sample of 80 old age people in the age range of 65 to 75 years (40 were from old age home & 40 were living with family) from district Haridwar. UCLA Loneliness Scale and Mithila Mental Health Status Inventory (MMHSI) scales were used to collect data. Mean and standard deviation of loneliness of people living in old age home (42.33, 8.51) and people living with their family is (34.10, 6.81) and t-value is 4.78 which is significant at 0.01 level. This shows significant difference in the level of loneliness of old age people living with their family and old age home. Mean and standard deviation of mental health of people living in old age home (156.95, 17.61) and people living with their family is (106.25, 11.00) and t-value is 15.45 which is significant at 0.01 level. This shows significant difference in the level of mental health of old age people living with their family and old age home. The level of loneliness is high in the old age people living in old age home and ashramas. The level of mental health is also low in the old age people living in old age home as well as in ashramas in Haridwar.

Pages: 1939-1945
Rituparna Basak (Department of Psychology, Muralidhar Girls College, Kolkata, West Bengal)
Sanchita Pakrashi (Department of Applied Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal)

The study was conducted to understand empirically if husbands in harmonious marriages have better ability to manage communication conflict with their spouses as opposed to that of the husbands in discordant marriage. Total numbers of subjects included were 160 among which the number of discordant husbands and harmonious husbands were 80 in each case belonging to the Bengali Hindu community from the different parts of the city of Kolkata, India with purposive sampling technique. The two groups were compared using the scales: 'Marital Quality Scale' (M.Q.S.) and 'Communication Conflict Predisposition' (C.C.P.).t statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. Results showed that discordant and harmonious husbands differed significantly in their quality of married life as well as abilities of managing conflicts with their spouses. Moreover, harmonious husbands had better feelings and respect for their spouses with better values while cooperating with others in comparison to discordant husbands. Poor marital quality was correlated with poor ability to manage conflicts and vice versa. But Proneness to manage conflict was unable to predict marital quality for both harmonious and discordant husbands.

Pages: 1950-1955
Sweta (Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand)
Jai Prakash (Department Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Adjustment refers to the extent to which an individual's personality functions effectively in the world of people. Hence, the harmonious relationship is referred between the person and the environment. Thus, the study aims at developing an adjustment questionnaire for adults. The total sample size of the study was 418 (both male & female) and was selected through purposive sampling techniques. The study was a cross sectional design. Data was collected through socio-demographic data sheet, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and self prepared adjustment questionnaire for adults. The study findings give the final questionnaire for measuring adjustment of adults in six domains: occupational, technical knowhow, familial, health, social and emotional with a 30 item questionnaire. The changing world has been bring stressors to our lives daily, thus a short questionnaire with 30 items becomes a useful assessment tool to measure adjustment problems in six domains of life in just 15-20 minutes.

Pages: 1961-1967
Varsha Singh and Swaran Lata (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar PradeshC)

HIV/AIDS-related stigma is one of the significant obstacles to HIV prevention attempts in the world. Children and Youth infected with HIV/AIDS are particularly more prone to stigma and discrimination because of lack of knowledge about the disease and their rights. The objective of the present review article is to explore the researches and studies related to HIV/ AIDS related stigma among children and youth living with HIV/AIDS and highlighting major findings. A detailed review and critical evaluation of published empirical studies from various databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO and online published data of several organizations were accessed for through survey, internet searches, and online journals related to HIV/AIDS related Stigma have been accessed till date to present the current state of research and development in this area. The outcome of database search resulted in 74 potentially relevant articles related to HIV/AIDS stigma. Among these, only eight articles were found applicable and met the inclusion criteria of assessing the HIV/AIDS related stigma of HIV/ AIDS children and youth. These studies concluded that HIV/AIDS related stigma is negatively associated with (a) medical adherence, (b) disclosure of HIV status, (c) health care satisfaction, (d) coping strategies and (e) social support and positively correlated with depressive symptoms among children and youth living with HIV/AIDS. The stigma associated with HIV/AIDS is a major risk for the prevention and intervention efforts for enhancing the psychological health and well-being of HIV/AIDS children and Youth.

Pages: 1973-1975
Pooja Tyagi and Radhey Shyam (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

There are a variety of coping strategies for dealing with stress emanating from variety of sources. These have been classified as healthy (e.g., exercise) and unhealthy (e.g., smoking). It has also been reported that some people resort to shopping spree to deal with the stress. Therefore the present study was planned to examine the association of affluenza and stress. To achieve the objective, a sample of 111adultparticipants (68 males & 43 females) was drawn from Sonipat, Rohtak, and Jind Districts of Haryana and Chandigarh. The age range was 20 to 42 years with the mean age of 29.5 years. Selected participants were tested with Perceived Stress Scale and Affluenza Scale. Obtained data were analyzed by bivariate correlation and simple linear regression. Results revealed that affluenza is positively and significantly associated with stress (r= .646, p<.01). Regression analysis revealed that stress is a significant predictor of affluenza (accounting 25% of variance in affluenza). The implications of the study are discussed.

Pages: 1980-1984
Lalit Kumar (Department of Political Science, BUC College, Batala, Gurdaspur, Punjab)

The political parties organised number of programmes, activities and raise numbers issues related with both men and women. They made number of promises during election seasons for all sections of society including women such as women reservation in legislatures at national as well as state level, women empowerment, women safety, sexual abuse, violence against women and female foeticide, etc. These issues find place in election manifestos of political parties to attract the electorates. The paper tries to examine the role of political parties for development and upliftment of women. Further, the study also analyses are these issues influence electorates choice?