Pages: 819-825
Vivek Kumar Jha (Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana)
Rati Khurana (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

The established role of caregivers is to be there for their loved one in their hard times and be able to provide for their specific needs. The task is such a tedious process that it may deplete whole lot of resources of the caregiver in every aspect like physical, emotional, financial and social. The literature aims to point out at the psychological hardships a caretaker goes through while looking after the patient, which includes, depression, anxiety, stress and so on. Lack of proper knowledge with the caregivers often leads to mismanaged guardianship which increases their stress and leaves them in despair. Hence, interventions like psycho education training and Traditional Cognitive Behaviour Therapy are being carried out to help the caregivers. Literature suggests that, Psycho education training shave empowered the lives of caregivers and 8 weeks of Traditional Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Sessions have relieved the caregivers partially from stress, anxiety and depression. Though the aim of this research is to introduce a new intervention as an aid to the caregivers which is called the fourth wave of CBT, i.e., Positive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. The biggest gaps evident from the literature are that positive CBT hasn't been used yet. It is believed that this therapy would help caregivers not only reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress but would be a positive reinforcement to their well-being. Positive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy aims at helping individual's builda more ideal future for them, where they would likely be happy to see themselves. As Bannink believes that the aim of therapy should not only be reduction of symptoms but making clients work towards a brighter future which reduces the rate of relapse.

Pages: 830-836
Shagufta Afroz and P.S.N. Tiwari (Department of Psychology, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh)

Belongingness is the humanoid drive to form affirmative and long-term interpersonal relationships and in the long run to be a part of a social group milieu (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Humans have an integral longing to belong in interpersonal relationships, failure to fulfill this desire outcome in mental suffering and loneliness. Lack of belonging can be encountered with terrible consequences to psychological well-being. The present study was planned to tap the role of family belongingness in subjective well-being of the participants from Uttar Pradesh (India). Family Belongingness Motive Scale (Afroz & Tiwari) and Subjective well-being scale (Nagpal) were directed on a sample of 301 male, female and third gender participants. Extreme group strategy was implemented to identify the low and high family belongingness group. Scores above Q3 and below Q1 were considered as high and low family belongingness group. Finally a data of 197 subjects was subjected to one way analysis of variance for different groups of subjects. High and low family belongingness groups were found to be significantly differed for Positive affect, Negative affect, Rootedness and Belongingness and subjective well-being overall. Furthermore, male, female and third gender participants also differed significantly for Positive affect, Density and social network and expectation achievement harmony. The insinuations of the study are also discussed in the light of existing literature.

Pages: 842-844
Pratibha Singh (PG Department of Psychology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar)

The present study aims to understanding patterns of stress, home and environmental adjustment of soldier's wives. This study is based on 25 semi urban and 15 rural females (age range 22-35). For exploring the present phenomenon, open ended interview has been conducted. The data revealed and unique pattern of stress, home and emotional adjustment among such females. The absence of continuous proximity with husband makes such women's life experience quite distinct from others. The reported almost no conflict with their husbands. The experienced sexual arousal, seeking other couples in the family or neighbourhood. it generated stress and consequent feeling of irritability. These women were found to be experiencing alone, overburdened with responsibilities, in secured and unable to rear their children properly. The social relationship in the family was found to be guided by economic factor. In case of any conflict among with the husband and the family members, she openly turned out to be loser. Thus it is a continuous process of repression and miss fortune for the wives of soldiers and also for their children.

Pages: 849-851
Priyanka Gaur and Renuka Sharma (Bhagat Phool Singh Institute of Teacher Training, BPSMV, Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat , Haryana)

Socio economic development in the country along with various indicators of knowledge as gained through various systems of education have played a very significant role in each socio-economic group. The society has gained knowledge through various systems of education prevailing in various fields of specialization, i.e., education, technological, scientific, agricultural and many more. In the recent past it is being observed that in the field of education especially in the educational institutions there is an exponential growth in the habit of absenteeism amongst various groups of pupil teachers. The literature on the absenteeism characteristics and socio-economic indicators of the pupil teacher is very scanty. In order to meet the gap in knowledge, the researcher has tried to establish relationship between the socio-economic status and absenteeism amongst a group of pupil teachers studying in various colleges of education in Haryana.

Pages: 858-862
Sujata Bhau and Suninder Tung (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab)

Bullying is one of the important issues faced by adolescents worldwide. Attachment theory provides an explanation to study such externalizing behaviors among adolescents and to explore the role of attachment in the development of bullying behavior. Along with mother and father attachment, peer attachment during adolescence becomes more important since the object of attachment expands to individuals beyond family. Based on this theoretical foundation, the present study was conducted to assess the relationship between bullying, mother attachment, father attachment and peer attachment. The sample comprised of 614 adolescents of age 12-18 years drawn from various schools of Jammu, J & K. The required data was collected using Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) and Illinois Bully Scale (Espelage & Holt, 2001). The data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Analyses. It was found that mother attachment and peer attachment were significantly negatively correlated with bullying perpetration. Multiple regression analyses reveal that mother attachment and peer attachment significantly negatively predict bullying perpetration among adolescents. The results are discussed in the light of theoretical rationale.

Pages: 867-870
Bhavna Uba and Meena Jain (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Change is inevitable and with time everything changes at its own pace. None of the factors, be it psychological or social can be prevented from change. One of the most influential factors in child's life is parenting. Parenting can be defined as a process through which parents nourish their children with care, love values and other factors. In the last decades, parenting and parenting style have gone through a tremendous amount of change. Along with parenting style, the parent-child relationship has also transformed. Keeping this in mind, the present paper has tried to explore what is parenting, different styles of parenting and how parenting and parent child-relationship has changed over time. This paper has been done by reviewing different papers and articles and it was found that the family structure, expansion in the opportunities and choices available to parents as well as children have influenced parenting to a great extent. The advent of technology has brought everything in the immediate reach of children which has resulted in decreased level of patience in children and has made parenting a burdensome task. Besides the differences, the paper also indicates towards the evidences in support of the notion that similarities transmit from one generation parents to the next one.

Pages: 874-878
Sunil Gupta (Department of Psychology, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

Environmentalism in the context of psychological science is a behavioral toned proclivity to take actions with pre-environmental intent. The preliminary footstep towards understanding the intricacies between human psyche and environmental consequence is to examine on the axiom that behavior is predominantly a function of the organism and its environment Change of mind which is in the form of actionable behavior often entail contravention old habits and becomes established by making new. This emerging field of interface between psychology and environmental science is presently looking for robust models that can incorporate variables from more than one of the above broad domains. They should be able to propose interactions from both the disciplines, and channelize its scope for explaining one or more types of environmentally significant behavior so as to foster sustain ability and social wellness. This scholastic work has visited the psychological aspect focusing on individual's belief, drives, and so forth in order to understand and change the target behavior that stands detrimental to the living environment. The conceptual review has also tried to state a broad fame-work that can increase theoretical rationale of both psychology and environmental economics domain in humanities and social science.

Pages: 889-892
Spriha Sharma and Sunita Gupta (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab)

The present study examined how menopausal symptoms severity and self-compassion shape well-being among middle-aged employed women. Menopausal symptoms are related negatively to well-being but self-compassion is expected to wane the effect of the symptoms and positively shape the well-being. A sample of 60 employed females in between the age range of 50-60 years and in their post-menopausal stage were selected using purposive sampling technique for the study. The tools used for the study included Menopause Symptom Severity Inventory given by Pimenta, Leal, Maroco, and Ramos (2012); Self-compassion scale by Neff (2003); and Psychological Well-being Scale by Ryff (1995). A 2*2 factorial design was applied and the results revealed that the menopausal symptoms had a significant impact on psychological well-being and some of its domains whereas the effect of self-compassion and interaction of both the independent variables was non-significant on well-being or any of its domain.

Pages: 898-904
Rajeshwari Ravi and Varsha Singh (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

We as society are always focused on the negatives, i.e., we always point out and talk about anti-social behaviour but rarely do we talk about or point out the small good actions that we do everyday which leads to the thriving of this society lie following traffic rules, helping elderly, etc. The aim of this research was to have an in-depth understanding of prosocial behaviour. The relationship of prosocial behaviour with emotional intelligence and personality traits was assessed along with studying the gender differences, differences on emotional intelligence and personality variables between slow and high scorers of prosociality and media influences on the same. For the purpose of the study 100 young adults aged 18-25 years were asked to complete a questionnaire compiled using the Helping Attitude Scale, NEO-FFI and HEXACO, and TEIQue-SF and further two self-constructed movies were shown. Results indicated that emotional intelligence and personality traits except extraversion and openness to experiences were significantly and positively correlated with prosocial behaviour. Further no significant gender differences were found. The low and high scorers of posocial behaviour differed significantly on emotional intelligence and personality variables except extraversion and openness to experiences. Lastly it was found that media has a very direct and specific influence on prosocial behaviour with positive media film significantly affecting participants with low scores on prosocial behaviour and negative media film influencing those with high scores. Thus the study was concluded with a broadened understanding about prosocial behaviour and also with the knowledge of how to use media efficiently to foster prosocial behaviour.

Pages: 912-916
Sunil Gupta (Department of Psychology, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

This study explores the effects of “mass media” on students‟ career selection. The data will be collect through online survey method by employing Simple Random sampling technique from the sixth semester students of three leading college of New Delhi. The paper tries to understand importance of mass-media in career selection of Indian college Youth. To achieve the above purposes, focus semi structure interviews will be conducted with college students of University of Delhi. By reporting the findings from an Indian college youth, the paper provides theoretical and practical implications for career development for college going students in India. This study will be able to find that media is also playing a significant role in career selection.

Pages: 922-926
Harvinder Kaur (Department of Sociology & Social Anthropology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The present study attempts to understand the changing occupational and economic status of Ravidasias. It also tries to see the social mobility and change among them by the diversification in occupations and use of modern technology in traditional occupation to develop as small entrepreneurs. This study also analysed to what extent the development programmes and better economic opportunities offered by other occupations make them more autonomous and have reinforced the motivation of Ravidasias to achievehigher social status. With these considerations present paper is presented.

Pages: 933-937
Renu Yadav and Gowhar Rashid Ganie (Department of Education, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana)

The evolution of technology revolutionized the whole world. The slogan of 3R- reading, writing and arithmetic changed to 3A- Anyone, Anywhere and Anytime. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are gaining very much popularity all over the world as providing the learning opportunities to hundreds of thousands of learners of their interest area. India's higher educational institutions are planning to offer these massive online courses to their students through blended learning approach. In this context, it is very much important to explore student's readiness (preparedness) for taking this opportunity. The present study explored the readiness of university students towards Massive Open Online Courses. This is a case study of Central University of Haryana, Mohendargarh. Readiness basically here means the minimum essential requirements necessary for MOOC learning. The study is descriptive-survey based in nature. A questionnaire was administered to 100 post graduation students of Central university of Haryana, who were selected through random sampling procedure. Data was collected from the selected respondents and analyzed by using frequency rate and percentage method. Results of the study showed that there is a lack of readiness among students towards successful learning of MOOCs. The study also provided the recommendations for improving the readiness for MOOC learning among students.

Pages: 941-947
Kirandeep Kaur, Jagpreet Kaur, and Alemayehu Mengiste Belete (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Within this article, views of teachers on instructional leadership practices of principals are assessed and the gender differences of teachers' view on the practices of instructional leadership by principals were tested. Quantitative research method was employed. The population of this study was 208 male and 299 female teachers who teach in 16 governmental and 11 private primary schools in Debre Berhan. Out of this population 73 male and 71 female with a total of 144 teachers were chosen by using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using PIMRS instrument developed by Hallinger. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings of total teachers showed that principals in Debre Berhan primary schools practiced instructional leadership functions between moderate to high level. The gender differences in the findings of this study were statistically insignificant for eight and significant for two of the functions, so it has an implication of gender equality in leadership understanding and participation. Principals should solve problems related to incentives for teachers and learning, search opportunities for professional upgrading and updating of teachers and oneself; and save instructional time properly in collaboration with the staff, district education office experts, Zonal responsible bodies; Universities, colleges, state and NGOs. The relatively low results obtained for incentive related functions may be related with the economical status of the country, thus it needs a further research on the issue to reach on a better conclusion. Principals should focus on the core activities of the teaching-learningimprovement, exercise their leadership skills to change values; share school vision and create conducive school climate where every member has the opportunity to learn and create knowledge-basedsociety.