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Pages: 1340-1343
Jai Prakash and Meera Jayaswal (Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Understanding about mental ability of the individuals has been interest since ages. Acquiring knowledge about intelligence and intellectual ability got alluring attraction amongst professionals in the field of psychology. Intelligence is a general mental capability that encompasses the ability to reason, plan, think rationally, understanding ideas and language and solving the problems. Intellectual ability also includes comprehension, understanding and learning from past experiences. Measurement of intellectual ability became easier due to development of intelligence tests. While construction of intelligence tests, selection of test items is very significant task. Items are chosen very carefully so that the individuals can be distinguished as per their intellectual ability. The aim of the present study is to collect pool of items for the development of intelligence test for children aged between 6- 15 years. The sample comprised of 1000 participants for generation of pool of items. Boys and girls, age ranges from 6 to 15 years were chosen by using purposive sampling technique. A self-prepared, semi structured performa and General Health Questionnaire -12 have been used. Pool of items has been generated and a list of items has been prepared. Items were short listed and opinion of 10 experts was taken for selection of the items. Finally, nine items have been selected for Set I and nine items have been selected for parallel form as Set II for board test.
Pages: 1344-1347
Shilpa Siby and R. Nithya (Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a major health challenge which affects millions of women across the globe. Almost 8-13% of reproductive aged women are undergoing and experiencing this condition. Mental and physical health of PCOS women is severely affected. PCOS has been associated with a constellation of symptoms that can damage self-esteem, life satisfaction, confidence and relationships in women affecting emotional, cognitive, behavioural and social well-being. The objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness of Benson Relaxation therapy and Supportive therapy on perceived loneliness and Quality of life among PCOS women. The study throws light on the psychological disturbances of PCOS women and the significance of therapeutic approach. Both Supportive and relaxation therapy works to build a person's ability to overcome the stress and understanding the condition in a healthier way. By using purposive sampling method 30 women aged between 25-45 years were identified through hospitals in Kerala and Two Group: Experimental and Control (15 each) design was used with pre and post test assessment. The Personal data proforma sheet containing the component of demographic details and standardized questionnaire to measure Perceived loneliness (Perceived Loneliness Scale, Jha, 1971) Quality of life (SF-36 by RAND Corporation) were used. Independent and Paired 't' test were used for analysis and the results show the effectiveness of Supportive and Relaxation therapy in reducing Perceived loneliness and enhancing Quality of life among PCOS women.
Pages: 1348-1350
Shilpa Sharma and Charu Dhankar (Department of Psychology, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The effectiveness of yoga and meditation is well known among the people in society especially adults. There has been a gradual increase in the use of alternative treatments like meditation and yoga for multiple reasons. To make yoga and meditation practices useful measure for improving memory and reducing anxiety. With the objective to see ten days effect of the same on anxiety and memory thirty school children were randomly tested on anxiety and a memory test, after 10 days of intervention through yoga techniques and sessions of meditation found that ten days of practice with the children aged between eight to eleven years may be insignificant to bring effective changes in anxiety and memory with yoga and meditation.
Pages: 1351-1353
Meetakshi Pant (Department of Commerce, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College (M), University of Delhi, Delhi)

Fitness in India has come a long way from the days of local 'Akhadas' to professional wrestling in Olympics. There was a time when the majority of the population was ignorant about fitness. In the current scenario, a lot of people goes to aerobics, yoga, gym, swimming etc. on a regular basis. This is leading towards a fitness industry revolution in India. India has already seen a tremendous growth in Health and Fitness sector at the beginning of the 21st century. It is already sitting at a billion-rupee mark with its markets open to further investment and innovation. With this sector growing, India will be adding up to its booming economy with millions of jobs and better life.
Pages: 1354-1358
Gitanjali Pradhan, Chandrashree Lenka, and Trupti Pradhan (P.G. Department of Home Science, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha)

AIDS has emerged as one of the most formidable challenge for public health in the present scenario and many adolescents are victims of this disease due to lack of knowledge. An attempt has been made to study knowledge and awareness of college going adolescent girls regarding HIV/AIDS in Bolangir District of Odisha. One hundred adolescent girls were selected randomly for the present study from different colleges of Bolangir District head quarter. Information on their family background, socio-economic condition, knowledge on different aspects of HIV/AIDS was collected with the help of interview schedule. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were graduate, unmarried and belonged to joint family. Most of them belonged to middle and lower middle class family. Majority respondents got information about AIDS from Television and 49%girls were aware of correct modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS.Only 18% respondents were ignorant about knowledge on symptoms of HIV/AIDS. 69% and 58% had knowledge about test for diagnosis and diagnostic centre of HIV/AIDS respectively. However statistically a strong association was found between socio-economic class and knowledge on modes of transmission of AIDS. Similarly a positive statistical association between mother's education and socio-economic class of adolescent girls with knowledge on preventive measures to be taken for AIDS was also found in this study. Thus it can be concluded that as AIDS is a pandemic for the adolescents of the present generation, they should be well informed and well educated about HIV/AIDS from their childhood. Besides this it should be incorporated as a chapter in the curriculum of schools and colleges to educate our future generation for their safety and to build a AIDS free society.
Pages: 1359-1366
Ramandeep Saini (International Affairs, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab)
Vipla Choudhary (Department of Management, I K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab)

The term Human Resource refers to the entity which appreciates with the passage of time. Behavioural scientists believes that it is the only factor in the journey of business enterprises whose expertise increases with the increase of its experience, time spend on performing various duties, education and training, developmental programs etc. Human Resource Accounting (HRA) encourages authorities to invest in this non-depreciable asset in a more balanced and wise way. It also recommends various tools to measure restore and enhance the expertise of this in dispensible variable of an organization by rightful investment. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the application of human resource accounting, to study the milestones and journey of HRA; to determine the level of acceptance of HRA in Indian industry and challenges being faced in implementation. Suggestions at the end of paper include measures that can be taken to increase acceptability of HRA. This study will enlighten the researchers and professionals about HRA and diluting the ambiguities that may be existing and refraining industry from adopting HRA.
Pages: 1367-1370
Naveen Kumar G. Tippa and Sangeetha R. Mane (Department of Studies and Research in Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka)

In Social work education, components of fieldwork are mentioned and narrated in social work education by University Grants Commission for purpose and improvement of social work profession. It provides opportunities to learning in allied fields of Social work education. Hence, the human resource management field is also one of the important areas where field work trainees apply the skills, techniques, methods and knowledge of social work. Nowadays, field work training has been tremendously changing with a lot of advancement in each and every corner of settings. In the present empirical study, researcher made attempt to bring out the outline of field work training in the field of human resource management and introduce latest framework of field work for this field
Pages: 1371-1374
Gurpreet Dandiwal, Sandeep Singh Rana, and Priyanka (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

Psychological well-being affects the overall quality of life of a person that includes happiness, peace of mind and life satisfaction. A positive psychological well-being is related with better emotional health, self-acceptance, occupational health and good inter-personal relationships. Political reservations for women create a 'potential of presence' (Agarwal, 2010). Women are strengthening their position in every sphere of life parallel to men, pursuing all leadership position all over the world. The women sarpanch slowly moving towards the leadership scale and changing the face of politics by giving new direction to the empowerment, highlighting their problems and finding solutions to make it successful. The participation of women in election not only make them independent, also provides a chance to women come forward but also affect their well-being, sense of worth, self-confidence, resilience and self esteem unfortunately there are still majority of women sarpanch who are guided by the their male members of her family, and are not in position to exercise their elected power effectively. They experience greater inter role conflict than either men or non-working women. Present study investigates the effect of role conflict on psychological well-being of women sarpanches. It was hypothesized that there is significant effect of role conflict on psychological well-being of elected women representative. For the present study sample of 300 elected women with age range 25 year 70 year and who completed the inclusion criteria for study are selected. Psychological well- being scale (Ryff et al., 1995) Role conflict scale (Pandey, 1999) scales are used for study. The findings of present research shows the negative correlation between role conflict and psychological well-being of elected women representatives(-.246**)
Pages: 1375-1378
Mohd. Faijullah Khan (Department of Teacher Training & Non-Formal Education, Faculty of Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi)
M. Khyothunglo Humtsoe (Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

Inclusive Education (IE) is a matter of right thereby it paves the ways for every child to learn in an environment that caters to her/his individual needs. To make this right reality, it is incumbent upon the lawmakers to bring about adequate legislations. The philosophy of IE will only be achieved through concerted efforts to remove all sorts of barriers, by harmonizing multiple institutions/agencies functioning, capacity building of all the stakeholders, ensuring people's participation and resource mobilization. Sufficient policies are already in place in India to make an effective start; what is needed is implementation and auditing to ensure that all stakeholders are mandated to comply with legislations in place for persons with disabilities. To make institutions comply, the Government can initiate benchmark for accessibility auditing and provide funds accordingly. An important step toady will be a National Policy on Inclusive Education for us to take forward the philosophy of IE in India. We need to re-affirm our education goals that is based on all-round development and is value based rather than achievement-oriented goals.
Pages: 1379-1381
Pooja Tyagi and Radhey Shyam (Department of Psychology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The present study is an endeavor to present the theoretical foundation of shopaholism or compulsive shopping. Data from interview and other previous research papers in marketing, psychology, psychiatry and sociology are incorporated to explain the role of stress, motivation, psychopathology, coping and the consequences of shopaholism. Implications of study as an interface with others, communicating outrage, boosting confidence, acquiring help to avoid troubled occasions, and a way of self therapy are demonstrated with directions for future research.
Pages: 1382-1387
Deepika Pandey and Archana Yadav (Department Social Work, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh)

Slums are the result of unplanned urbanization emerging as a global issue of urban development. People inhabiting in the slums are in a very devastating conditions without any basic amenities. Although Government has initiated many schemes for improving and providing a better quality of life to the slum dwellers still there is no decline in the number of slums. Relocation is one of the approaches using by the Government for enhancing the slum condition but such initiatives are mentioned very attractively in the policies while their implementation are equally ugly making the condition of slums worse. Redevelopment of slums needs sustainable approaches with people participation.
Pages: 1388-1394
Sanju Arya and Harshita Jha (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, DR & DO, Timarpur, Delhi)
Abdul Gafoor (Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi)
Sudarshan Behera (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, DR & DO, Timarpur, Delhi)

In the modern era, Listening as a communication process is perhaps one of the most underrated and undervalued skills. The value of Listening as a fundamental and potent way to commune with people around us is seldom explored. Listening as a process involves physiological as well as psychosocial aspects. In simple words, Listening is more than just hearing, it is about having an attitude, interest or effort in getting to know people around you as well as yourself. In the present paper, Listening as a concept has been discussed in the context of 'Listening Community', a recent initiative by an independent group of individuals who serve together with the common interest to create awareness about importance of listening, to promote development of listening skills and provide training in cultivation of listening behavior. Listening has been examined through the lens of Clinical, Psychosocial, Emotional and Cultural perspectives. In the above context, this paper intends to discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the Listening Buffer Model (LBM). The authors have conceptualized two models, namely 'Promotive Mental Heath Model' (PMHM) and 'Supportive Mental Health Model' (SMHM). In both these models, Listening plays a mediating role in promotion and development of mental health and well-being. In addition, the concept of 'Listening Community' has also been explained along with case studies. The implications and future scope of work in this area have also been mentioned.
Pages: 1395-1400
Sherin Lee Thomas and S. Thenmozhi (Department of Counselling Psychology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

Unconsummated marriage can be defined as the inability to engage in successful coitus within the marital dyad. While medical and therapeutic intervention is available, many Indian women still suffer in silence and feel embarrassed about their condition. Indian cultural systems does not encourage early referral, its treatments were piecemeal and their aims uncertain; we tend to overlook not only warnings before the marriage and residual handicaps after its consummation, but also psychological abnormalities in the marital partner and in the mutual relationship. UM can have detrimental effects on the psyche of women, leading to low self esteem, blame games can result in frequent fights among partners, extra marital affair, fights within family or both the families. Also in a place like India (predominantly for not being able to conceive & give birth to a child) marital distress, frustration, depression, anxiety and if appropriate help is not available, it may lead to annulment of marriage and divorce. Little research has been conducted about unconsummated Marriage in India, which is home to diverse cultures and traditions and most publications have originated from Middle Eastern countries. The psycho dynamic factors pertaining to the failure to consummate the marriage should be investigated in detail and addressed. This present paper aimed to look into how unconsummated marriages cause psychological distress in Indian women and also attempts to identify those components of marital pathology which can be managed through psychological counselling. Etiological and possible multidisciplinary approaches are also discussed.
Pages: 1401-1402
Amandeep (Department of Psychology, Post Graduate Govt. College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh)

Jung's fascination with archetype are found to have cultural similarities across the globe that ultimately paved way for writers and literary critics to analyse and interpret its symbolism in their writings. Archetypes are primordial patterns of psychic energy that originates in the collective unconscious and is primarily manifested in dreams (Jung, 1959). Since archetypes have an organizing influence on images and ideas; they are recurrent subjective fantasy ideas that are aroused by physical processes and entities found in the external world. Though they themselves are not conscious, conscious images and ideas are variations to them (Huskinson, 2004). Against this backdrop, the present paper attempts to interpret Jung's two major archetypes: The hero and the wise old man archetype in light of Mac Donald's fantasy based story of Phantastes.
Pages: 1403-1405
Zohra Khatoon and Akbar Husain (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

Every individual faces mental health problems during his life span. Mental health problems affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps to determine how we handle our stresses, relate to others, and make choices. There are four factors, namely, biological factors, life experiences, environmental aspects, and social influences which contribute to mental health problems. This article focuses on Islamic practices, counseling and cultivation of values as interventions for helping and alleviating mental health problems of people. For alleviating mental health problems, Islamic counselling is missing with regard to the need for soul food. It is adherence to ethics that will enable fulfillment of spiritual needs or a feeling of a deep sense of self-satisfaction in life. People with mental health problems are generally dissatisfied with their life, feel alienated, poor relationships with others and blame others on their failure. Self-satisfaction emanating out of internalizing Islamic values and observing Islamic practices is the main concern of being more integrated with religiosity, more at one with the world, more connectedness with God, and being more spiritually disciplined.
Pages: 1406-1410
Deepak Upadhyaya (Department of Journalism and Mass Media, Tripura University (A Central University), Tripura)
Jayanta Dhar (P.G. Department of Law, Tripura University (A Central University), Tripura)

Right to reproduction through Surrogacy arrangements has a wide prospect throughout the world despite of socio-legal and ethical controversies. Commercial surrogacy, as a form of ART, has often been a topic of debate in lack of adequate State regulatory regime. Surrogacy sets forth certain new dimensions before the society with an endeavour of redefining the age old concepts of the society that are of great concern when viewed from the human rights perspective viz family, parenthood, motherhood and child that makes the issue to be a concern in International Scenario. India, with a recent glorious history of achievements in Commercial Surrogacy is still facing the crises for an adequate regulation. Lack of adequate regulation to address the practise of surrogacy has revealed such pragmatic paradigm that justifies further emphasis of State authorities to stand for the vulnerable fractions engaging in the contractual pregnancy even though such agreements falls under the private laws. Thus, the contemporary practise of surrogacy arrangement must be regulated by adequate state regulatory regime. Surrogacy arrangement is not just another fertility treatment and hence there is a need for the moderate surrogacy law that can appreciate surrogacy arrangements as a socio-legal aspect.
Pages: 1411-1416
Rozy Malik (Department of Political Science, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir)

Since the colonial period, the special rights and representation of religious minorities as a positive discrimination has been a debatable issue. However, the Constituent Assembly period was a crucial period in deciding the pattern through, which what types of rights and representation should be given to them in order to protect their interest in the future form of government. Initially, the Constituent Assembly of India granted group rights to the religious minorities in the legislature, quotas in the civil service, and collective cultural and educational rights in order to provide their representation and to protect their rights and interests. During the initial period of framing a constitution, both the rights and representation were enjoyed by the religious minorities. However, after partition of India, criteria on the basis of which groups' rights enjoyed by the religious minorities in the representation, service came to be fundamentally redefined, which exclude religious minorities from its scope and include the Schedule caste and Schedule tribe to avail such protection. In spite of demanding of their representation through proportional representation or reserved seats in the law making body, the nationalist opinion had decided to address the religious minority's problem on the basis of secularism, educational and cultural rights only. It raises many questions that despite the group's rights to the religious minorities in the law making body, government service etc. in the first draft of the constitution, what happened in India that made the Constituent Assembly to exclude them from its purview? This paper finds out the reasons of why the religious minorities have the rights only, not the representation in the form of reserved seats or proportionate representation in the post-partition period that was enjoyed since the colonial period.
Pages: 1417-1423
Ashish Shukla and Radheshyam Tiwari (Department of Psychology, K. S. Saket (P.G.), College, Ayodhya, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The study examined the impacts of personality and emotional intelligence on the positive and negative effects of the adult participants. The study employed a correlational research design that recruited the participants by a convenient sampling method. Four hundred students with an equal number of males (M = 21.63, SD = 1.93) and females (M = 22.12, SD = 1.53) studying in postgraduate classes served as the participants in the study. The findings showed that the participants with average and high levels of emotional intelligence and extraversion personality reflected higher mean positive affect scores as compared to the introverts with low emotional intelligence. In addition, females emitted higher mean positive affect score as compared to their male counterparts. The results of negative affect evinced that the participants with extraverted personality exhibited lower mean negative affect score in comparison to those who possessed introverted personality. Mean negative affect scores of the participants with average and high levels of emotional intelligence were lower as compared to those who showed low emotional intelligence. In addition, males emitted higher mean negative affect score as compared to their female counterparts. These finding led to conclude that the features of the two personality traits and three levels of emotional intelligence were reflected in their dissimilar scores on positive and negative affect measures. The findings may have implications to understand the well-being and performance of people in terms of their personality and emotional intelligence. These findings may be useful for health practitioners, teachers and researchers.
Pages: 1429-1432
Manvi Raina (Department of Strategic and Regional Studies (DSRS), University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir)

The disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the independence of Central Asia which comprises of five states namely Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan that remained a part of Soviet Union till its disintegration. Uzbekistan as one of the Central Asian states adopted democracy and established political institutions in the post-Soviet period. The new constitution was enacted which contains the provisions for fulfilling the essential conditions of democracy but in reality, Uzbekistan has been keeping many features of previous Soviet regime such as one party dominance in which president expanded his personal power. However, Islam Karimov who became the first president of Uzbekistan declared his commitment to democratization but his path of development served as an obstacle in the actualization of democracy. He banned the opposition parties and allows only pro-government parties to participate in elections. Judiciary operates according to the will of the president. Many developments in the post-Soviet period lead to a series of questions regarding the nature of democracy and political institutions in Uzbekistan under Islam Karimov regime. How democracy and political institutions undermined by Islam Karimov in the post-Soviet period? Why opposition parties unable to assert their presence in mainstream politics? Why the extra-regional players unable to succeed in establishing democracy in the state? Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the reasons why democracy is not institutionalized yet and political institutions are controlled and regulated by one party. Further, an attempt is also made to analyze the factors that helped Karimov to strengthen his rule in Uzbekistan and why there is an absence of political culture in spite of having political institutions.
Pages: 1433-1438
Namita Mohanty (Department of Psychology Utkal University Bhubaneswar, Odisha)
Prabhudarsan Sahoo (Department of Psychology Nayagarh Autonomous College Nayagarh, Odisha)
Jitendra Mohanty (Department of Management KSOM, KIIT University Bhubaneswar, Odisha)

Alcohol addiction had long been considered as one of the major health and social problems faced by the people all over the world. Research studies highlighted on several reasons responsible for alcohol addiction and its continuity among the addicts. A person's self-esteem and attitude towards alcohol abuse, often influenced his/her drinking habits. Repeated intake of alcohol adversely impacted both physical and mental health of the abusers. On the other hand, mental illness might also have an impact on the pattern of drinking and the vice-versa. The present paper probed into the research reviews spreading over last three decades relating to the linkages existing among self-esteem, attitude towards alcohol addiction and mental health of alcohol addicts. A comparative analysis was made to unleash the nature of associations existing among these variables in Indian and Western cultures along with the reasons responsible for such linkages.
Pages: 1439-1444
Menka Pathria (I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Kapurthala, Punjab)
Ramandeep Saini (Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Mohali, Punjab)

The purpose of the study to synthesize a conceptual model for the factors affecting choice of retail banks based upon an established theory. In this study, expert survey based upon Delphi Study is conducted to arrive at the factors affecting consumer choice of a retail bank and in the end comes up with a theory based conceptual model. The study throws important factors basis the expert survey and proposes a conceptual model based upon prospect theory. The study has come across certain important variables from practitioner point of view, which have not been studied yet in the literature for context under study. The present research studies the factors affecting the choice of bank by retail customers which will help the policy and strategy makers in banking to review their marketing strategy for products and services and hence can better serve the customers enabling them to know what drives a potential consumer to choose a particular retail bank. This is probably the first study that creates arguments from expert survey to arrive at the repertoire of Choice Factors affecting a Retail Bank Customer while choosing a Bank thereby postulating a conceptual model considering both perceived switching cost and perceived trust as a moderators for intention to choose a retail bank.
Pages: 1445-1448
Sweta Pathak (Department of Psychology, TNB College TMBU, Bhagalpur, Bihar)
Shubhra Sinha (Department of Psychology, VKM Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

Adolescence is a transitional phase, in which adolescents' interaction with peers' increases considerably and in such stage, to explore how parental attachment affects the process of self-disclosure in adolescents, the present study is formulated to examine the relationship between parental attachment and personal and relational self-disclosure. Personal self-disclosure is defined as disclosing about oneself whereas relational self-disclosure refers to sharing ideas one has about someone or something else. Scales of parental attachment and self-disclosure were used to measure the variables. The study was conducted on 300 randomly selected participants (150 males & 150 females) of age range 18-24 years from Patiala, Punjab. Multiple regression with subgroup analysis was used to examine the relationship between parental attachment and adolescents' self-disclosure separately for boys and girls.
Pages: 1449-1451
Sangeeta and Rajesh Kumar (Department of Psychology, Pt. CLS Government PG College, Karnal, Haryana)

The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between burnout and personality among bank personnel. The sample of 200 bank personnel were selected from four different banks of Haryana State. Maslach Burnout Inventory, Maslach and Jackson (1996) and Personality Test, Costa and McCrae (1992) were used to study burnout and personality respectively. The obtained data was statistically analysed by employing product moment method and t-test.Results indicate that neuroticism is significant positively correlated with burnout and extroversion, openness, agreeable and conscientiousness are significantly negative correlated with burnout. Results also indicate that high and low groups of burnout are significantly differ on personality.
Pages: 1452-1454
Nayanika Singh (Department of Psychology Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh)
Ravnoor Kaur (Former Senior Counsellor Helpline Organization, Chandigarh)

Equine-assisted psychotherapy is one of the most recent experiential therapy that uses horses for the treatment of various psychological and behavioural problems. Since, horses have the ability to immediately respond and give feedback to the participant's actions and behaviour and can mirror a person's emotions easily therefore, it becomes easy for the client to establish a rapport with the horse making the therapy effective. Review of literature indicates that equine therapy has been found to be particularly beneficial in dealing with a wide array of psychological disorders such as autism, learning disability, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, PTSD, etc. Furthermore, it increases a person's self-confidence, self awareness, physical and psychological resilience. Taking this into consideration the aim of the present paper is to highlight and discuss the role and contribution of equine therapy in dealing with the health and well-being of both normal and clinical cases.
Pages: 1455-1458
Divya Gupta (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

In popular usage, karma is understood as destiny, or at best, a term condensing 'as you sow, so shall you reap'. While the former is obviously inaccurate, even the latter is crude and inadequate enough to be inaccurate. Karma is, in fact, a concept that is central to several strands of ancient thoughts and spiritual praxis. If we are to attempt to understand the world through the possibilities available to us within Yoga and allied systems, the full implications of karma as it appears in this system must be delineated comprehensively. This includes what karma means in this specific context, including the way it has been understood in the Bhagavad Gita; what its effects are and how it functions, including in terms of the human mind; and how it is related to spiritual praxis, including what attitudes are to be cultivated with reference to karma. This paper attempts to do this in the context of the modern times, and argues that a comprehensive understanding of the doctrine of karma, far from leading to fatalism, might offer the great insights into most satisfying possibilities for understanding current dilemmas of humanity and resolving them through the systems of praxis within which it is embedded. This paper seeks to expand on and deepen the existing understanding of the Karma doctrine in our interactions a) with the world and b) within ourselves, in such a manner that is essentially freeing. Psychological applications thereof will be multifold with respect to how one deals with their i) past: reducing subjective experience of pain caused due to circumstances, letting go off the attachments and expectations, learning from the past experiences ii) present: Behavior Modification, Attitude change, emotional mindfulness, cultivating positive qualities such as empathy, kindness, sensitivity, gratitude, fearlessness, etc., and iii) future: volitionally creating one's own destiny.
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