Pages: 1906-1908
Huma Kamal (Department of Psychiatry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College Raipur, Chhattisgarh)
Basheer Hasan (Psychometrics Laboratory, SoS in Psychology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)

The present paper attempts to find out the characteristics related to the behaviour of intellectually disabled children in classroom setting in relation to social maturity. Intellectually disabled children were taken from special schools for the mentally retarded children of Chhattisgarh. Total 60 mentally retarded children were categorized into two groups with high and low on social maturity to find out its effect on classroom behavior. The age of the children were ranging between 7 to 14 years. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) was employed to assess the social maturity of children. After the keen observation of the behavior of children ten specific behavior were identified viz., out of the seat behavior, pulling and hitting behavior, odd mannerism, rebellious behavior, play with other children, self play, working with teaching aid, sitting quietly and observing other, showing caring attitude towards others, showing self made things to others for the study. The result indicated that ten behaviour varied significantly according to the social maturity of subjects. The results were explained in the light of Denny's theory of span theory of intelligence of mental retardation.

Pages: 1914-1918
Renu Soyal and Mukta Singhvi (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Religion refers to belief in god, also sometimes related to moral values. Spirituality refers to the deepest values and meanings by which people live. In India religion holds important position in people's lives in various forms, mostly it is practiced in the form of rituals which unknowingly and unconsciously helps in inculcating moral and spiritual values in the masses. In the patraichical family system where male is the head of the family and females are home makers it is observed that females practice rituals more than males and are labeled as more religious than males and on the other hand males are labeled as more spiritual than females. In this light the present study has been undertaken to verify if these differences do exist for young boys and girls too. The sample chosen comprised of 50 boys and 50 girls from Jaipur city. Tools used were Religiosity scale by Bhushan (1971) and Spiritual intelligence scale by (Mittal et al., 2014). The findings are in congruence with the observation, depicting that girls are more religious than boys and boys are more spiritual than girls on the dimensions of meaning in life and transcendental awareness. Whatsoever both religiosity and spirituality are important for well-being.

Pages: 1922-1924
Marie Kalita (Department of English Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya Guwahati, Assam)
Balendra Kr. Das (Ex- Principal, Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya Director (Administration) University of Science Technology and Management, Meghalaya)

Privatization of Higher Education is a worldwide phenomenon which is gaining in strength and importance each day. India is no exception to this and its primarily a post 1980 phenomenon. Considering the ever-growing importance of Privatization of Higher Education and the growth of Private Higher Educational Institutions, it is quite obvious that it has created a great impact upon our society. This article is an attempt to study the impact of these Institutions of Higher Learning in today's perspective.

Pages: 1928-1931
Pratibha Singh (PG Department of Psychology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar)

Constitution has especify the principle of secularism that state can not penalize or favour any of the people on religion basis.. Article 25 of Indian Constitution deals that all persons are equally entitled to profess practise and propogate religion.. State may make any law or prevent any existing law to promote brotherhood. Indian Consitution guarantees the freedom to manage religious affaires. Article 27 of the Indian Constitution provides that the institutions for religious charitable purposes, freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Article 28 of the Indian Constitution provides that freedom as to attendance at religious worship or other religious purposes in certain educational institutions. Thus the Constitution seeks to promote brotherhood by establishing secular state, making every one equal before the law and avoiding discrimination on ground of religion, caste, language and wealth. Secularism is a very useful in promoting peace and harmony in the country. Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution provide religious rights to all citizen of India subject to public order ,health and morality.

Pages: 1935-1938
Subhendu Bhattacharya and Sona Raghuvanshi (Amity Global Business School, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

With the progress of human civilization, burning of fossil fuel has become inevitable in several human activities and business processes. Release of smoke and corrosive gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide along with other pollutants has become rampant in order to carry out regular economic activities such as production, transportation, distribution at a higher scale to fulfill the need of progressive human society. In number of regions sand and desert dust, flying ashes through chimney, waste burning and deforestation are supplementary contributor of air pollution. The emission of carbon dioxide which is the most common of the green house gases is active to trap heat in the atmosphere which leads to global warming and drastic change in climatic condition. The climate change can result in heat wave situation, extreme weather condition, draught in cultivable land, food supply disruption, etc. When human beings are exposed to polluted air that looms large as silent killer, the short term problems can be sneezing, coughing, eye irritation, headaches and dizziness and in the long term it can lead to, severe respiratory disease such as chronic asthma, respiratory infection, heart ailment, stroke, lung cancer etc. As per WHO report, bad outdoor air caused premature death for an estimated 4.2 million people in 2016 and about 90 percent of them are from low and middle income countries. Cities across the Asia such as Delhi in India, Hengshui in China, Peshawar in Pakistan, Zabol in Iran are distinguished as highly polluted ones. In a startling reality, estimated 91 percent of world population lives in places where air quality supersedes WHO prescribed limits. Countries across the world have started taking action to prevent the deadly menace of air pollution. In India, Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Scheme has brought relief to some 37 million women living below the poverty line with free access LPG connection as clean household energy resource. In many cities strict emission norm has been reinforced and process has been initiated to run emission free electric vehicle in greater number.

Pages: 1943-1946
Atreyo Mondal, Sonali Walia, and Savitesh Kushwaha (Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the difference of height, weight and hip circumference among the rural and urban Poundra caste population. A cross sectional study method was conducted with the total of 251 adults (148 rural & 103 migrated urban both males & females) were taken from the Poundra caste of rural and urban origin population. Somatometric measurements like height, weight and hip circumference were considered for this present study. From the findings of the present study it can be concluded that there is a significant difference of height, weight and hip circumference between overall male and female. It is observed that the values for urban male weight and hip circumference parameters are significantly greater in the overall population but for hip circumference category the female value is found to be higher than the male. When compared with rural males and urban males' weight and hip circumference is found to be highly significant in urban counterpart but with urban female and rural female the weight and hip circumference parameters were found to be greater in urban females. With the age wise differences, the height, weight and hip circumference were found to be significantly different in female category. In conclusion, it is evident from the results that place of residence had impact on the somatometric characteristics among the migrated population.

Pages: 1953-1957
Parmod Kumar (Department of Commerce, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan)

Most of the population or rural area in India depends on agriculture. And the business of agriculture depends on rain water. But because of the uncertainty of rain the production of agriculture is not certain. According to the data given by the center government the total amount of agriculture and related sector in term of GDP is 14% during 2017-18, where more than 51% of Indians population depends on agriculture sector. But there are risk in agriculture all categories of farmers. To reduces the risk of farmers in agriculture central government framed some policies which beneficial for farmers. But the policies drawn up by the center government for the farmer is not fulfill the aim. . And this scheme is not also affected for the farmers. Debt Waiver scheme is one of the central sponsored scheme. Here the question is this policy really beneficial for the farmers. Or is there any other probable solution for the problems being faced by farmers? The main objective of this research paper is to find out whether dept waiver policy is the right solution to farmer problems.

Pages: 1962-1966
Vijay Pal Tewari (Faculty of Education, Air Force Administrative College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

Teachers' Training Course (B Ed) is perceived as one of the important studies and useful course as it prepares prospective teachers after the training is accomplished successfully. However, over the recent past a considerable amount of declination has been noticed in opting the course across the nation which might be affected by the retardation in employability and inflation in the teaching profession, inception of two years B Ed course and low quality educational institutions. At the same time, the profession is unable to attract the talented youths in its fold. The aim of the study was to assess the Course Effectiveness of B. Ed. degree and to consolidate some key factors which can potentially make the course more demanding and empowering. ANOVA and t-test were used for the analysis. Eight B.Ed. colleges of NCR, Delhi were randomly taken with 238 passed out trained graduates. To collect the data, a Course Effectiveness Scale (CES) on five points was developed. Overall, course effectiveness was found to be low. It is revealed that medium and stream of studies are having impact on effectiveness among the prospective teachers. A need could be speculated to uplift and prepare the study more efficacious and demanding. Based upon suggestions, Five Points Plan (FPP)isconsolidated, which could be an answer to ascend the values and prospectus of the course. There is further scope to deliberate and corroborate the idea by academicians, scholars and educationist.

Pages: 1973-1979
Soni Kewalramani and Sneha Hazra (Amity Institute of Behavioral and Allied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The present paper focuses on studying the relationship of grandiose narcissism on attitude towards feminism in males, grandiose narcissism on attitude towards feminism in females, attitude towards feminism and satisfaction romantic relationship in males, and attitude towards feminism and satisfaction romantic relationship in females. The tools used for this study are- Attitude Toward Feminism and the Women's Movement Scale' (Parker, 1994); 'Grandiose Narcissism Scale' (Foster, McCain, Hibberts, Brunell, & Johnson, 2015); and Relationship Assessment Scale (Henrick,1988). The sample comprises 80 young adults (40 males & 40 females) from an university setting within the age range of 18-25 years. The findings of the study establishes a weak positive relationship between grandiose narcissism on attitude towards feminism in males (disproving the hypothesis framed) and a positive relationship between grandiose narcissism on attitude towards feminism in females, positive relationship between attitude towards feminism and satisfaction in romantic relationship in males and negative relationship between attitude towards feminism and satisfaction in romantic relationship in females is seen (in accord with the initially framed hypotheses).

Pages: 1989-1992
Dimpy Mahanta and Bhagyashree Deuri (Department of Psychology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam)

The departure of a person is a stressful experience, which can lead an individual to experience intense feelings of grief and despair, when prolonged might result in depression. The stage of widowhood brings transitions in the social role for the surviving partner, along with financial strain, loss of an important social support system, poor management, all of which impacts psychological well-being. The main objective of the present systematic investigation is to study the relationship between depression and psychological well-being of widowed individuals. The sample consisted of 100 widowed individuals (50 males & 50 females) from Guwahati (Assam) in the age range of 35-55 years. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. For this , two scales were administered on the subjects, namely, Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, 1996) that studied depression level based on the scores and Ryff's Psychological well-being Scale, which centres its attention on computing various sectors of psychological well-being. The data analysis was done using the Pearson's Product Moment Correlation and the t-test. Results showed that with increasing age, self acceptance increases among both males and females and they gradually adjust to widowhood, however early widows were seen to be more prone to depression and was found to have poorer psychological well-being. A significant negative correlation was also obtained between the variables of depression and psychological well-being. Significant gender difference was also observed on the variables mentioned. The present research threw light on a very important aspect of widowhood and how solitude due to loss of a significant other can lead to consequences like depression and affect the psychological well-being of the widowed individual. The implications of the findings have also been discussed in our paper.

Pages: 1998-2001
Sangeeta Bhatia (Department of Psychology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi)

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. As also is the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health as one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of economic or social condition. The pertinent issue here is what proportion of the population has access to quality health care, and what are the options for disease management. Poor health is a significant determiner of overall burden, and data show that life-style factors are a huge risk for impairment and future disabilities due to chronic illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes and/or even cancer. With limited access to modern methods of treatment in the remote areas or un-affordability of healthcare, and a lack of awareness for prevention creates significant challenges. So far the efforts of the government to provide healthcare services relying on the western model of disease and treatment are limited. The latter does not envisage mental and social resources of a patient as factors in effective treatment, nor considers a cultural perspective of illness. There has been resistance to immunization programs, and a lack of awareness for primary prevention to ward off infections or diseases. India, is known for its ancient medical traditions such as Ayurveda and Unani systems that treat an individual's disease in a holistic manner where the physical body is assumed to be integrated to the mental and spiritual aspects. Therefore 'health literacy' becomes an essential tool for maintenance of health and well-being. The present article reiterates use of traditional knowledge systems for making holistic health the target through planned interventions. Skill development should especially focus on youth who can subsequently become peer facilitators for outreach programs and become productive future adults. Strategies for community participation can be implemented at the local level through panchayat systems, or in educational settings if the teacher-as-trainer model is incorporated. The way forward is self-empowerment through healing the mind and the body based on beliefs that are rooted in our culture, such as Yoga, mindfulness based interventions, balanced diet, stress management, self-regulation and an active daily life as part of a ‘Health Literacy' program.

Pages: 2009-2013
Nidhi Prakash (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Community Capacity Building is an approach to social and personal development that focuses on understanding and removing the individual, interpersonal, institutional and social obstacles that inhibit people and communities from realizing their developmental goals. Using training as a tool for development, the objective of the present study was to examine the role of a training initiative and its effectiveness in community capacity building. A training workshop titled 'Towards becoming a Professional: A Psychosocial Approach to Self-development and Growth' was developed and delivered to a group of 18 university students and teachers. The resulting knowledge acquisition and skill development were examined at the Reaction and Learning levels of training evaluation. Results indicated positive impact of training at the reaction and learning levels of evaluation. At the reaction level, participants' qualitative remarks indicated knowledge acquisition, relevance of workshop content, experiential learning, and effectiveness of trainers' delivery and personal connection. Quantitative analysis indicated a favorable response towards the objectives, curriculum, trainer, time, length and facilities. At the learning level, students benefitted in developing their understanding of self, skills for lifelong learning and competence building, and tools for building trusting cultures. The benefits of the training to the students, trainers and participating institutions were examined and their implications for community capacity building were discussed. The paper addresses the role of training within a data-driven, action research paradigm for meeting the goals of community capacity building by designing interventions that address multiple levels, i.e. institutions, trainers and students.