Page: 32-36
Preeti Singh (Department of Political Science, Vasanta College for Women, Krishnamurti Foundation India, Rajghat Fort, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

In the last few decades, rampant increase in the cases of violence against women is observed throughout the world. The state and civil society both have shown their concern for such cases and have also attempted to evolve measures to prevent occurrence of such incidences. It has been observed that the state, civil society and sometimes, even the feminist groups emphasize the need for introduction of stringent laws and its strict implementation to control the incidences of violence against women. But this approach seems quite flawed. Because if we take the case of India and other countries as well, we would find that though there are some gaps and lacuna in the existing laws but there is no dearth of laws to prevent violence against women. Still, the graph of cases of violence against women is alarming. One can argue that this is due to weak and uncommitted implementation agencies. Although there is some weight in this argument but there is a need to move beyond this legalistic and state-centric approach and to focus upon the deeper causes of violence against women like patriarchal social structures, gendered socialization and hegemonic constructs of masculinity giving validity to violent behaviour of men. The present paper seeks to investigate the relation between the construct of patriarchal masculinity and violence against women and to explore, how far undoing of this hegemonic masculinity and engaging men in the process of preventing and eliminating VAW would be a viable and effective measure in dealing with the situation.

Page: 43-49
Gour Sarkar1 and Ajoy Sarkar2 (MA (Bengali), B.Ed., and Secretary of Biswa Bangla Pratibandhi Samiti, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal1 and Assistant Teacher of Sayedpur Babhan Toli High School, Jhitkia, Dalkhola, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal2)

The number of train accidents has been declining every year and the number of people killed and injured in train accidents has been declining day by day. In India after independence number of rail accidents 47. In this research, researchers have taken human death average of 50 and animals 05. It is examined that from the year 1951 to 1970 the railway accidents were a little bit increasing. But after1971 to 1980 the column was on is bottom of the graph. While in 1981 to 1990 the number of railway accidents was on its peak. Again from 1991 to 2020 number of accidents was medium. The reason for the medium number of accidents is because of GPS, Satellite, Mobile, and digital technology. The percentage of technology and the mechanical fault were more compared to natural causes and man-made causes and it was natural causes 17%, man-made cause's 17% and 66% technological and mechanical fault. The factors of man-made causes are terror attack and Naxal attack, the factor of natural causes flood and fog. The factor technological and mechanical causes are high speed and brake failure. From 1947 to 1951, the killing and injured rate is less. But in1981 to 2010 the number of Injured and killing rates is high. The reason for the increasing killing and injured rate are connected to the number of population increases, so passengers within the bogies also increase. While from 2011 to 2020 the number of injured and killing rate is less. The reason for less killing and injured rate in the 20th century are medical facilities, disaster management courses, technological improvement, LHB coaches, and strict laws and ticket checked. Apart from the data from 1947 to January 2022 more time periods can be added.

Page: 55-62
K.P. Naachimuthu1, S. Ganga2, and P.M. Mathiyoli3 (Department of Psychology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu1,2 and School of Excellence in Law, Chennai, Tamil Nadu3)

Homo sapiens who originated on this Earth, a few million years ago are the only known advanced intelligent race in the Cosmos. Being evolved with a hard-wired impulse for connection, these social beings are now forced to lock themselves in isolation to contain the infectious virus which is wiping out a significant number of this species. Adhering to the strict rules and regulations across the world prohibits people from having social connections, which will severely impair the mental health, affect the economy, and alters the societal structure. This article analyses the impact that lockdown and social distancing have on the mental health of the people and its long term effects on different walks of life. It also brings to the forefront the various societal changes that happened during the lockdown and analyses the probable changes that are yet to come in the near future. This article will also give a glimpse on the new normal in practice and will make the readers think / reflect on a longer time-scale about the society which is being reconstructed, and the succeeding impacts of changes that are being imposed in the society.

Page: 70-74
Eesha Priya1 and Rishi Raj2 (IAS, Chief Development Officer, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh1, IAS, Chief Development Officer, Budaun, Uttar Pradesh2)

The Northern Capital Region (NCR) has emerged as a major economic growth engine in Northern India on the wheels of construction, services, manufacturing and sugarcane hub. The region has been facing drinking water issues due to rapidly depleting and contaminated ground water levels. Meerut being one of the NCR districts faces the twin issue of demand for water for both urban and rural growth. Consequently, the rural population in Meerut is facing the threat of contamination and depletion of ground water. As situation becomes grim in 5 blocks out of 12 blocks of the district, the State government has installed piped drinking water facilities in villages at a monthly user charge, which have been stalled because of unwillingness of villagers to pay for mandated user charges and the incapacity of the gram panchayats. Hence, this study aims to identify the factors behind the same by using scientific qualitative and quantitative research tools.

Page: 80-84
Tripti Singh and Kamayani Mathur (Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, Philosophy & Education, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat)

Dementia is a syndrome of a chronic or gradual nature where cognitive function deteriorates beyond what could be expected from normal aging process (WHO, 2017). Dementia among elderly people causes disability and dependency even for trivial tasks of daily routine. Therefore the caregiver's task is quite overwhelming, and leaves an impact upon their physical, psychological and economic conditions. A caregiver is a member of a family or social network that assists the patient with their daily activities. The aim of this research was to study the role of caregivers and their feeling of burden and competence in the task of caregiving. A total sample of 53 caregivers of elderly patients of dementia were selected by purposive sampling method. The sample was further divided as per gender and type of caregivers. Zarit Burden Interview Scale (Zarit, 1980) and Sense of Competence Questionnaire (Vernooji-Dassen, Persoon, & Felling, 1996) were selected as tools. The collected data was statistically analysed by using Student's 't' test. The findings demonstrated the important difference between the gender of caregivers with regards to the burden of caregiving. This was indicative of the feminine sense of caregiving as natural than in males. Similarly the findings in case of type of caregivers were significant. Closeness and intimacy in relations makes the task of caregiving less burdensome. Competence in the caregivers is seen more in males than females, children and other relatives are more competent and spouses have less competence levels as they are elderly people themselves.

Page: 89-94
Angel Mariya John and K. S. Durga (Christ College Autonomous, Irinjalakuda, Kerala)

Homosexuality and the other diverse sexual orientations are given a considerable level of significance in the present era even when they are very minimally accepted. The fact that discourses are taking place in and around these concerns must be appreciated as that in itself is a great change within the cultural context of India. Based on the further need to explore about homosexuality and the determinants that influence the attitude of people about homosexuality, the present study tried to better understand the role of courses learned, gender, and religion of college going young adults on their attitude towards homosexuality, with a special emphasis on the influence of Internet Entertainment Use. A total of 234 students were included in the study, with a roughly equal percentage of STEM and Arts students. The Homosexuality Attitude Scale, established by Kite and Deaux (1986) and the Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale, developed by Lopez-Fernandez et al. (2013) were utilised in the study. The quantitative study concluded that there is no significant relationship between homosexuality attitudes and Internet entertainment use among young adults doing any academic course. It was also revealed that, as compared to male young people, females had a more positive attitude toward homosexuality, with religion playing no influence. Also, according to the findings of the study, arts students had a more favourable attitude toward homosexuality than STEM students. There is immense scope for further research works in this area which has also been mentioned in the report.

Page: 258-265
Prerna and Avinash Kumar (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Arts Faculty, University Enclave, Delhi)

Nearly all countries are experiencing the effects of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic. The spread of Coronavirus among people is also influenced by a wide range of economic, social, and psychological factors. Due to this, there is an active debate about how socioeconomic and psychological factors influence significant epidemic effects. In this paper, we show that the actual empirical model behind the coronavirus outcome involves only a handful of decision makers, but each decision maker is able to provide a reliable description of its various socio-economic and psychological characteristics. The reason for this varies between countries. To understand the relationship between potential determinants in the specification, we develop the coronavirus determinant space. The obtained map serves as a bridge between theoretical research and empirical observations and provides an alternative approach to the common importance of socio-economic decision makers when used to develop policies aimed at preventing future infections.

Page: 271-274
Sherin Joseph and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

Depression is a developing mental health disease with a range of adverse effects and low psychological well-being among adolescents. Depression can be diagnosed and treated more effectively if individuals know the risk factors, symptoms, and consequences. Based on existing research, this research aims to emphasise these possible risks connected to depressive disorder, along with its symptoms and influence on adolescents' lives. A scoping study of depression's risk factors, symptoms, and effect on adolescents revealed valuable results. A review of the findings of studies on depressive symptoms provides insight into the importance given to depression. Its goal is to raise understanding about this severe mental health issue that currently affects a vulnerable population of adolescents.

Page: 283-287
Umesh L. Bharte (Department of Applied Psychology, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra)

A careful review of the contemporary literature on colonialism brings certain disciplines at the forefront, namely history, political science, sociology, and economics. Our aim here is not to undermine such scholarly attempts at unfolding the complex phenomenon of colonialism. However, we are here more concerned about the issues related to self and identity and their psychological consequences. Accordingly, we believe that European territorial expansion could also be looked upon from a perspective rooted in psychological science. In the same spirit, first, it is argued here that one should go beyond the reductionist terms like economic exploitation or political domination while conceptualizing colonialism. It may be interpreted in the light of a 'psychological contract between the ruler and the ruled (Nandy, 1983)'. Second, social identity approach provides, as we believe, a promising theoretical alternatives so as to understand the colonial society, and its dynamism in the Indian context, in a different way.

Page: 292-295
Manju, Seema, and Radhika (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Haryana)

The relationship between life satisfaction, optimism, and self-efficacy, as well as their unique variance in predicting life satisfaction among married couples, was investigated in this study. The data was collected through purposive sampling, with a total sample size of 250 married males and females. Pearson correlation, t-test, and regression were used to analyse data, and the results were discussed accordingly. According to the findings of this study, life satisfaction, optimism, and self-efficacy all have a significant relation. Males and females differ significantly in terms of life satisfaction, optimism, and self-efficacy. Optimism and self-efficacy together explained 9.3% of the variation in life satisfaction.

Page: 300-304
Dinesh Deman (Psychiatric Centre, Sethi Colony, Jaipur, Attached Hospital, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Social work practice in psychiatric setting is crucial issue with reference to mental hygiene. Our present psychiatric setting there is so many psychiatric social work practitioners playing their role for the exploration of social psychological problems. These problems have been emerging due to transformation of joint family system into nuclear family system. In which all the family members want to abide according to their own develop new conventional norms rather than old traditional norms of 19th century resulting they want to prefer to live own life style, i.e., individual forms of style without any interference of the family members. But sometime these members have not been accepting the present situation ultimately suffering from the problem of normal behavior due to conflicts with the members of family. These conflicts have requirement of social work practice to examine the nature of interpersonal conflict in mental health problem of individual (client) for the management of his/ her social problem through the counseling method and there after the client could become normal in the society. The social work practice has one of the part of the counseling model under which they try to involvement of the client and understanding their nature of interaction brake down with the family members and make the line of action plan to solve the problem of the individual where he / she is living in the defective family environment by which they are suffering from mental health problem.

Page: 311-314
Manjeet and Manju (Department of Applied Psychology, GJU&ST, Hisar, Haryana)

The study was conducted to examine the significant differences on measures of aggression and peer pressure among Juvenile Delinquents and normal adolescents. To fulfill the major objective of the study, a sample of 100 male participants (50= Normal Adolescents & 50= Juvenile Delinquents) with age range from 14 to 18 years was included in the study. All participants were administered Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Warren, 2000) and Peer Pressure Scale (Rana & Saini, 2010) by applying the rules of respective manual. Descriptive statistics (Mean, SD, SK, KU) and t-test were used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics depicted the normalcy of data distribution except some minor discrepancies. t-test revealed that juvenile delinquents significantly scored higher on the four dimensions of aggression, i.e., physical aggression, anger, hostility, indifference and revealed no difference on the dimension of verbal aggression as compared to normal adolescents and Juvenile delinquents significantly scored higher on the variable of peer pressure in comparison to normal adolescents. Obtained findings depict subjects who scored high on aggression and peer pressure tends to be high on delinquency. Related review of literature also supports the findings of present study.

Page: 320-323
Priyanka (Department of Anthropology, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

During the 1950s, village studies in India were at their peak. Many prominent scholars developed concepts based on village studies in order to comprehend the intricacy of Indian civilization. These concepts undoubtedly simplified the understanding of functioning of Indian society at large. On the basis of village studies undertaken by Srinivas, the concept of Dominant Caste was developed over time by him. The concept was proposed in order to understand India's social system at its grass root level. This paper is based on the micro study of the village Mogalpara of Jharkhand in eastern India and tries to highlight one of the elements of dominance, namely, numerical power, in the context of contemporary Indian society.