Page: 72-75

E. R. Babu1 and A. William Thomas2 (Madurai Kamarah University, Madurai, S. India & Director, FIND (An International NGO), New Delhi1 and Arul Anandar College Autonomous, Karumathur, Madurai, S. India2)

Key population experience multiple challenges in terms of health care with one or more infections/diseases with limited access to care. Stigma, discrimination, harassment, criminalization of behaviour, laws and policies adds further challenges to key population in access to healthcare in public health care settings. HCV infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Various studies have reported that HCV prevalence was higher among key population especially people living with HIV, those with sexually transmitted diseases, high-risk sex behaviour or injection drug use, and those receiving haemodialysis or frequent transfusions. HCV infection can now be cured in almost all patients with these effective, safe and tolerable combinations of oral DAAs. Key populations need of continuum of care including prevention, testing and treatment.

Page: 82-87

Kuldeep Malik (Department of Geography, Pt. NRS Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Livelihood consists of capabilities, assets and activities required to make a living. Occupation is also one of the most important variables to find out the socio-economic status at an individual level. The majority of people engaged in agriculture and allied activities, i.e., animal husbandry, trading of animals (sale & purchase) and sale of fodder and so on. This paper discusses the rural livelihood patterns of agrarian communities in district Rohtak. Livelihood pattern is based on five components, i.e., human capital, social capital, financial capital, physical assets and natural assets. In order to analyze the structural features and livelihood pattern of agrarian communities in rural area these five components related to capitals and assets are considered for discussion and analysis. The aspects of agriculture such as of production of crops, irrigated and non-irrigated area are essential for cultivation of crops. Hence, the role of irrigation is vital to study the viability of livelihood. Some other variables of livelihood depend such as level and source of income for their survival of agrarian communities are also taken into account. Income is more important economic variable, not only affect the per capita income and standard of living but also affect other's cultural and social aspects of society. Agriculture and allied activities is main source of income of agrarian people in rural area in Haryana state.

Page: 92-95

Jogender Singh Khokher (Department of Geography A.I. Jat H.M. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Human requirements are met by water in numerous ways. Human life is not conceivable without water. Safe and widely accessible water is crucial for maintaining public health, whether it is used for drinking, food production or other home uses. Access to clean water and its improved and treated sources are able to stop the spread of water-borne diseases. Consuming contaminated water is a major factor in the transmission of the bacteria that cause water-borne illnesses. Along with the use of contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and poor hygiene habits as a high incidence of water-borne diseases in India. The majority of rural Indians deal with numerous difficulties brought by unsafe and unclean drinking water. The major water borne diseases found in these regions were typhoid fever, hepatitis A and E, cholera, bacillary dysentery, various diarrheal disorders and other gastrointestinal illnesses. These diseases are causing pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and protozoa. The main objective of this study is to gather data on how well-informed the rural community is on safe drinking water, sources of safe water and diseases that are spread by water. Another goals of the study are to identify waterborne diseases, and associated problems and recommend solutions to address such problems in the study area. In the present study both primary and secondary data was used and fully summarized in the data analysis section.

Page: 98-103

Poonam Phogat and Vasundhra Verma (Department of Psychology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

In recent times, digital consumers have access to a variety of MHApps but choosing one that's useful presents a challenge. Google and Apple's digital marketplaces offer approximately 20,000 MHApps. In India, relying on such apps to understand and improve mental health issues remains ambiguous due to the stigma attached. MHApps may facilitate skill building, endorse psychoeducation, and self-monitoring features to treat and improve clinical symptomatology. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate prior research studies on the effectiveness of social media tools and MHApps on various digital platforms. The study drew on governmental statistics in addition to secondary data derived from national and international journals, websites, Google and Apple app stores. Using MHApps is a potential way to enhance well-being as they provide coping strategies in the absence of clinicians and in immediate crisis situations. However, with a lack of options depending on one's preferences and features such as personalization, control, trust, poor customer service, security and unaffordability usage becomes difficult. Without awareness among people designing MHApps would be misleading. Consequently, randomized control trials (RCTs) on larger sample sizes are needed to measure the effectiveness of such apps. Despite the claims and usage of MHApps, it is evident that adherence remains seemingly low, therefore offering cost-effective ways to incorporate an array of system features and strategies to manage mental health and well-being on devices should be integrated. For legitimizing such apps intervention by professional clinicians and empirical evidence based-methods are needed in their development to help alleviate symptoms. To make MHApps more effective in the Indian context, cross-cultural differences should be examined.

Page: 111-116

Acharya Balkrishna1, Shalini Bhatt,2, Nidhi Sharma,3, Deepika Srivastava,4, and Vedpriya Arya5 (Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand1,2,3,4,5 and Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand1)

Tribes are generally established as a stage or category of society that lacks the positive characteristics of modern culture, resulting in a simple, ignorant, and backward community. Gujarat comprises 8.1 percent of the country's Scheduled Tribe population. Relying solely on agriculture for improving the socio-economic status of the tribal communities could not serve as a reliable source because of the uneven geographical attributes of the landscape. The state government has made a concerted effort to develop Scheduled Tribes dominated areas. The State's initiatives for Scheduled Tribes have a long-term objective of improving their quality of life by enhancing and ensuring their right to schooling, health care, and economic development. This can be characterized by the State government's massive initiatives in the formation and implementation of different various programs and innovative schemes toward the sustainable livelihood and development of the tribal regions. The present study is an effort to review the insights of all the government-initiated programs that aim to enhance the socio-economic status of these schedule tribes. The study also focused to analyze the impact of these schemes on the growth of tribes without affecting their inherent culture and lifestyle.

Page: 129-131

Iftikhar Arshad (Department of Arts (History), Prabhudhan Degree College, Bhorugram, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan)

In recent years, environmental preservation has risen to prominence as a subject of paramount importance on the global agenda. Respect for human rights and care for the environment are interdependent and mutually beneficial. It is essential to thoroughly investigate the connection between these two concepts in order to develop a more sustainable ecology. On the issue of health, human rights and environmental law may find common ground. Many international treaties and conventions have been signed during the last four decades to protect human rights and the environment, expanding on the work begun at the Stockholm Conference in 1973. Because of poverty and a lack of resources to protect human rights, the environment is under significant stress. This article will examine human rights' influence on environmental law and the court's role in developing environmental jurisprudence. The article continues by discussing the numerous treaties and initiatives signed by international organizations and states to safeguard human rights and improve environmental quality. The article also analyzes the government's response, as well as the courts' interpretation of international accords and laws.

Page: 134-136

Reena (Doctorate in Economics, Chanot, Hisar, Haryana)

The gravity model is a common practice base transportation costs on the distance travelled. Flow volumes and population size have a positive association, and there exists a negative association in distance and trade, i.e., when the two places in trade are separated by a great distance. Therefore, population size has a positive relation and distance has a negative relation. Empirical research also suggests that distance appears to reduce the total volume of trade in a country, and the gravity model shows the reverse relation. The present paper reviews understanding the gravity model and trade across countries.

Page: 141-143

Renu (Department of Psychology, Government PG College, Sec-1, Panchkula, Haryana)

Social intelligence is the ability of an individual to comprehend the feelings and emotions of other individuals and respond according to the situations in everyday life. Social intelligence is necessary for leading a successful life in society. According to Edward Thorndike," social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage men and women and girls, to act wisely in human relations". Therefore, understanding social intelligence in everyday life is very important to make healthy relations and avoid unhealthy and negative relationships. The present paper is focused on various aspects of social intelligence and how to improve it in everyday life.

Page: 390-395
Mohammad Khalid Khawrin (Department of Judgement and Prosecution, Kunduz University, Afghanistan)

Internet users are boosting daily. Gujarat University students surf the internet daily for 5 hours and 36 minutes. It is most important to elaborate on the cyberbullying behavior with gender difference, age, and daily internet surfing association to highlight the misusing point of the internet. This study was conducted by voluntary students at the Gujarat University from (130) sample of both genders (69, 61) respectively. Random sampling design was used. Data was collected through the Revised Cyberbullying Inventory-II (RCBI-II) which is a standardized scale. Its reliability was rechecked for cyberbullying and cyber victim (.791, .840) respectively. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and Independent Samples t-test methods were used for analyzing the data. The results showed that daily Internet surfing was significantly correlated with cyberbullying and cyber victim behavior (p <.000, p=.016) respectively. Besides, age also proved a significant relationship between cyberbullying and cyber victim (p=.023, p=.001) respectively. Similarly, the gender difference was significantly important in cyberbullying behavior (p = .010).

Page: 403-408
Shyla Thomas Puthusserry1 and Clarissa F. Delariarte2 (Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines1,2 and Far Eastern University, Philippines2, De La Salle University, Philippines2)

After the widespread of COVID-19, the stressful situation negatively affected the women's menstrual cycle and increased the severity of the premenstrual syndrome. This qualitative study presents evidence of young women's perceptions and experiences of Premenstrual dysphoric symptoms, which may support the provision of individualized health care during stressful conditions. Purpose. We use simple thematic analysis to explore young college students' constructions about the subjective experiences of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Method. A qualitative, semi-structured interview study was conducted in the Karnataka state of India. After the initial screening process of 400 college students randomly selected, ten were included in personal interviews, and eight participated in focus group discussions. Results. Five global themes emerged from the thematic analysis. The identified themes are further labeled as cognitive, emotional, behavioral, physical, Social, and Cultural issues. These themes suggested that young women experiencing PMDD symptoms have limited knowledge about the individual variability of menstrual experiences. Only a few participants are aware of the differences between PMS and PMDD. Most of them are unwilling to take any antidepressant medication and hesitate to visit the health care unit because of the stigma, social differentiation, and fear of the side effect of drugs. Most young women reported that premenstrual phenomena negatively affect their daily life, mainly their academic performances and social relationships. And during COVID-19, symptoms increased, and many said suicidal thoughts and confused mental status. Conclusions. Young female college students are the most affected group due to premenstrual disorder. People in our society need to be educated about the negative impact of social and cultural stigma related to menstruation-related issues. We hope authorities will develop appropriate strategies and intervention programs to treat premenstrual-related problems as early as possible.

Page: 412-415
Noorulhaq Seddiqi and Ahmad Atef (Department of Mathematic, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Afghanistan)

The purpose is to investigate the relationship between Teaching professional skills and teaching effectiveness in math subjects among primary school teachers in Herat City. The research population is the primary school teachers of Herat city. A sample size of 448 primary school teachers has been assessed with a self-assessment scale, and 48 teachers have been observed during their teaching process. The findings indicate there are issues in skills development teaching methods. Providing continuous training for teachers to make them coordinate with education goals and methods is inevitable. The research findings also showed that the teachers do not relate the teaching material to the students' real life as much as expected. Furthermore, teachers often try to convey the course content to students through a passive method instead of guiding students and motivating them to hypothesize, creative thinking, and solve problems. On the other hand, teacher training programs and in-service education do not have a close relationship with teaching modern theories. Therefore, the programs and methods need to be reviewed and revised.

Page: 422-426
Lavanya, A., Varsha Rani, Veenu Sangwan, and Pragati Godara (Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a whole grain that is gluten-free and rich in nutrients, which has increased the popularity of goods based on it. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) is a vital nutritious crop and is mostly used for porridge-like traditional foods. Most cereals and starch-based foods can benefit from adding soybean (Glycine max) as a source of high-quality, low-cost protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids to increase the quantity and quality of their protein content. Although low in sulphur, it contains the amino acids methionine and cysteine and is rich in calcium, iron, and several B vitamins. Therefore, this present study aims to optimize the level of incorporation of teff, sorghum and soybean grain and flour blends to prepare value-added traditional foods such as injera, porridge and malt-based porridge through evaluation of organoleptic acceptability. The control, type I, type II and type III formulations were developed using teff, sorghum and soybean blends. The result suggests that blending teff, sorghum, and soybean in a ratio of 50:30:20 significantly improved sensory quality and fell in the group of “liked very much”. These types of traditional food preparations can be eaten and liked by all age groups. This present study showed that the blending ratio and processing conditions such as soaking, fermentation and malting involved in traditional food preparations like injera, porridge and malt porridge significantly influenced sensory characteristics of blended grain or flour and also improved the sensory quality of developed foods.

Page: 430-432
Vandana Sharma1 and Niyati Garg2 (Department of Psychology, S.D. (P.G.) College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh1 and Meerut College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh2)

When an individual responds and decide things on the basis of one's internal cues without being affected by social surroundings or perceptions it is called Field independence. The aim of the present research work was to analyse the difference between college students who were high or low field independent with regard to their level of psychological distress. A sample of 180 college students from Meerut city, India was taken for the present study. Spiritual Intelligence Scale by Singh, Singh, and Kaur (2010) and C.M.I. Health Questionnaire by Wig, Pershad, and Verma (1983) were used to measure Field Independence and Psychological Distress respectively and t-test was used to analyze the difference between two groups .It was observed that students who scored higher on field independence have scored lower on all the dimensions as well as psychological distress as a whole. Difference between high and low field- independent groups was found significant at .05 level of confidence with regard to depression, anxiety, sensitivity and anger while inadequacy, tension and psychological distress as a whole were found significant at .01 level of confidence. The Result suggested that students with high field independence were found significantly less psychologically distressed in terms of inadequacy, depression, anxiety, sensitivity, anger and tension.