Pages: 15-20
Reena Chaudhary (Department of Sociology, University School of Open Learning, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Sexual Harassment at workplace is a violation of women's right to gender equality, life and liberty. Sexual harassment of working women is an extension of violence in everyday life and is discriminatory, exploitative, thriving in atmosphere of threat, terror and reprisal. In India, it was the ruling of the Supreme Court (1997) in the famous Vishaka Case that brought the issue to the public consciousness. The present paper attempts to find out the existence of the problem of sexual harassment among women at work place & to explore main precipitating factors responsible for the problem of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is a recent phenomenon and in order to highlight the hazards of occupations women face, it becomes necessary to take up such problem which clearly refers towards the working women.

Pages: 27-31
Priyanka Chauhan and Sunita Gupta (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab)

The present research intends to study the impact of frequency of Internet use on cognitive processing among adolescents. The sample consisted of 240 adolescents (120 males and 120 females) within the age range of 13 to 17 years. The subjects completed the Internet use scale (Donchi & Moore, 2004) and four scales measuring cognitive processing each measuring one dimension of Cognitive processing (i.e., planning, attention, simultaneous and successive processing). The data was subjected to 2×2 analysis of variance. The results of ANOVA clearly revealed significant differences between frequent and infrequent Internet users particularly in terms of planning, attention and successive processing while no significant differences was found in terms of simultaneous processing. The frequent Internet users thus, displayed higher cognitive processing benefits than their counterparts. In order to see the significance of differences among means involved in interactions Duncan's multiple range test was applied, the results revealed that infrequent female Internet users lack significantly in attention span task as compared to counterparts. Internet, thus may act as a tool that encourages certain kind of cognitive structures among adolescents.

Pages: 37-41
Pankaj Mehta and Bindia Mehta (Department of Education, Govt. of Haryana, Haryana)

The banking sector in India has undergone tremendous changes with increased competition, increased levels of deregulation, which has facilitated the Indian banking system and has placed enormous pressure and has created stress in the bank employees. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the perceived stress level of bank employees from public and private sector of district Sirsa, Haryana. Another objective is to see the gender difference in perceived stress among bank employees of public and private sector banks. For this purpose, our methodology entails a survey of 50 public and 50 private sector bank employees Sirsa district of Haryana, whose responses are measured on Cohen's perceived stress scale. The sample consists 50 male and 50 female participants to find the gender differences in perceived stress. For the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics and t-test are used. The findings of the study suggest that private sector bank employees have higher stress in comparison to their counterpart employees from public sector banks. Regardless to their sector i.e. public & private, the female bank employees show higher stress level than male bank employees.

Pages: 46-52
Deepa Ghosh (Department of Psychology, N.S.Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, Tripura)

Present study aimed at investigating and comparing emotional intelligence and self concept of the private and government higher secondary school students. This study is planned to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and self concept. The sample comprised of 100 students. Among them private school students were 50 and government school students were 50. Their age ranged from 17-19 years. The sample was randomly selected from two private and two government higher secondary schools. Emotional Intelligence Test (EIT) by Dr Ekta Sharma and Self Concept Rating Scale by Dr R.K. Saraswat were used. Findings showed significant difference between the students of private and government schools on emotional intelligence (t=3.447; p<0.01) and self concept (t=3.73; p<0.01). Results further revealed that there was significant relationship (r=.501; p<0.01) between emotional intelligence and self concept. The result of the study can be used retrospectively for ensuring psychological intervention to improve emotional intelligence and self-concept of the school students.

Pages: 56-61
Mohammadmehdi Heydari (Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Migrant Muslims settled in Manimajra area tend to maintain their identity through a number of identity-maintaining-mechanisms like language, clothing, eating habits, forms of recreation as well as behaviour during festivals. Another aspect of their identity would be reflected in the position of their women folk and their interrelationships with members of the other religions communities like Hindus, Sikhs and Christians. The mechanisms of identity as ascribed and adopted over periods of time in any given space. In the case of Chandigarh [as also seen globally] the advent of the Muslims was for the purpose of economic and religious propagation in this region. Once the city had begun coming up, the rural population was either displaced or it had migrated en masse to other areas. Some of them opted to continue staying in the vicinity of their earlier homes. The newer settlements were planned but some of the older rural parts continued to thrive in their earlier neighbourhoods. The identity of the migrants and the initial inhabitants had certain promotive and propagative elements. The significance of their collective desire for sustainably maintaining their identity is reflective of their fear of getting lost in the crowd.

Pages: 66-68
Bindu (Department of Sociology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab)

There has been gradual increase in the population aged 60 years and older. In the population of the aged single elders are in more vulnerable condition. All single elderly persons do not constitute a homogeneous category as they are from different age groups and having marital status. The problem of an elderly widowed person may vary from elderly divorced/ never married and the problems of elderly never married person may differ from elderly widowed/ divorced. A recently retired person is more active than those elderly who are above 75 years and facing more problems in their day to day life. Change in the traditional values to modern values has made the life of single elderly more vulnerable which affect the mental health of those single elderly who are living alone in the community without any family member. Thus, single elderly persons are in need to highlight in this situation. This paper is modest attempt to understand the mental health status of single elderly persons due to changes in the values (traditional to modern values). For this, data has been collected through interview schedule in which 20 respondents are taken for analysis. The study has been dealt with various effects of mental health problems of single elderly persons. The result shows that 70% respondents feel in good mood most of the time, relaxed without any difficulty, feel peaceful, and enjoy the things they do. They are less helpless, irritated and sometime feel anxiety. Most of the respondents feel happy in the company of others. Whereas, 30% of the respondents feel that it is not wonderful be alive now and 35% feel that nothing turned out the want they wanted. In the concluding remarks, most of the single elderly persons are mentally healthy and happy.

Pages: 72-76
Roomana N. Siddiqui (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh )

Large-scale violence due to conflicts has reached epidemic proportions in the contemporary world. Several nations across the globe are at war with each other or fighting a proxy war. Modern warfare strategies have further added to the woes of the people. Due to technological advancements wars are no longer fought in battlefields. As the scene of action has shifted from the battlefield to civilian population, mainly overpopulated neighborhoods and cities the damage caused is immense. The frequent and continual exposure to intense level of violence either direct or indirect may cause patterns of emotional and cognitive processing, which might feed into further violence (Schauer & Schauer, 2010). Though the negative impact of wars have been well chronicled yet we often fail to acknowledge or address the fact that in such a scenario children become the most vulnerable group. They are at risk of being exposed to terror and trauma of wars. Most often they are witnessing it first hand and other times it is being played and replayed on the now pervasive media, which affects their psyche. Children learn what they see and too often they learn that violence is an acceptable way to resolve conflict. On the cognitive level this traumatic experience shatters the most fundamental beliefs about safety, trust, and self-esteem. As a result they see the world as an unsafe place that is frightening and disrupts their sense of security and control. The crux of the situation is that children's innocence gets disrupted by conflicts they have nothing to do with and have no stakes in it. It is not only as bystanders that they get affected but often they themselves are causalities of war through injury, death, disease, malnutrition, loss of family, disruption of stability, deleterious health effect and family and community disorganization. Many children end up being refugees due to separation from parents or due to death or dislocation of their families. This paper attempts to address the plight of such children's caught in the war zone and the implication it has for their growth both at the psychological and physical level.

Pages: 83-94
Smita Tiwary (Department of Psychology, Patna Womens College, Patna )

Mental retardation is a delay or slowness in a child's mental development. The child who is mentally handicapped learns things more slowly than other children of same age. The child may have less developmental milestones almost in a child with handicap is unable to unable to interact with his environment because of his disabilities. The further block the avenues for interaction. Therefore the child's experience are too few and his learning is hampered. As time passes him deviates further from normal and if the handicapping conditions are unchecked and of sufficient severity mental retardation occurs. These children are at risk for secondary deprivation because of feedback. All these may culminate in social and emotional handicaps adding further to the existing problems. most of the motor, social, a. Depending on the degree of mental retardation, early identification, timely intervention and adequate opportunities for training and developing their skills, many of these children can grow up to care themselves in most ways and learn to live as independent, responsible and active members of the community.cademic and other areas.

Pages: 98-103
Sumit Goyal and A. K. Sinha (Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

The process of cooking and serving food has been taken to the heights of becoming an art. This has evolved to such an extent that there are highly specific ways and manners of serving certain dishes. Also there are certain special utensils for cooking some of the meals and their singular components. There are separate utensils to be used as fuel and separate ones are to be used for weddings and similar social gatherings. Then there is a whole range of designated utensils that form an essential part of the trousseau of a bride. There may be several variations from region to region. These variations are manifested in the shape and design of the utensils. Each having a particular pre-ordained purpose. Thus, the utensils used for cooking evolved through various stages from leaves, stone and wood through metals to glassware, melamine and Styrofoam. Besides the ease of use and cost effectiveness of the utensils there was the constant rider of maintenance of these vessels. The contribution of rural handicrafts is recognized for its secondary employment potential in rural areas; as a supplier of basic needs; as a factor in redistribution through assisting the landless; and for its contribution to foreign exchange.

Pages: 109-112
Atinder Pal Kaur (Department of Sociology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

This study explored how male migration affects the emotions of women those who are living without their husbands. Qualitative interviews were conducted on 10 women, the subjects categorized into two groups based on age as those below 35 and those above 45 age. Participant's husbands migrated to Arab countries, U.K and U.S.A from the past 7-10 years. Narratives and case study method was used to reveal problems in relation to emotional sickness. After migration of husbands more loneliness and emotional breakdown can be seen among the age group of 35 years, on the other hand women above 45 years age groups have better emotional well-being, more security and positive attitude towards their future life. To understand relationship between migration and emotional well-being 6 case study and four interviews are conducted. An effort was made to compare between two age groups related to emotional well being.

Pages: 117-121
O. P. Sharma and M. P. Singh (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur)

Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes, usually for a limited duration. Tourist behavior may be socio-psychologically interpreted through a definition of the social role of the tourist, of tourist motivation, and, of social contact between tourists and hosts. Such a social psychology of tourist behavior emphasizes the deep-rooted tradition which interprets human behavior as a phenomenon largely determined by the interpersonal context in which each individual finds himself. A tourist is he who is circumstanced to sleep outside his own house. Motivation theory, Maslow's need hierarchy theory and push and pull theory play major role is tourism need. Understanding of why people travel, what they seek from their travel and what are their expectation from their place of visit gives the Tourism industry a new prospect to develop their tourist spots keeping the psychological factors of tourism in mind.

Pages: 125-127
Vandana Bala (Department of Commerce, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)

For any nation's economic development, small & medium sized enterprises are considered as powerful engines. In India, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) contribute nearly 8 percent of the country's GDP, 45 percent of the manufacturing output and 40 percent of the exports. But empirical evidences suggest that these are also cause for 70% of the industrial pollution. The figures presented are cumulative not individual. Individuals may emit small amounts of pollution but as a whole their effect are very substantial. Unfortunately, many are not aware of the problem they are causing or even if they are aware they do not have sufficient finance to install equipments to minimize pollution. But if want sustainable development of our economy, and then we have to resolve this problem as soon as possible. It is to be realized that sustainability will lead to long term profitability and will also safeguard interests of our future generation. SMEs are essential to the 'path out of poverty' for many developing countries. On the other hand the SME sector must not be allowed to become a loophole in which polluting, exploitative industries flourish. However, support for SME development can be an important part of the Corporate Social Responsibility commitment of big companies, and improvements in social and environmental impact can go hand in hand with improvements in quality and management. In the case of SMEs in developing countries, upgrading the quality of their technology, management, and marketing, are likely to be equally pressing concerns, which need to be addressed in parallel with social and environmental impacts. Thus, it is imperative to educate entrepreneurs about the impact of environmental issues in their own interest. They should be made to realize that production of eco-friendly products will enhance profitability and contribute to long run success of business.

Pages: 131-132
Sonam Jakhar (Department of Economics, N.M. Govt. P.G. College, Hansi, Hisar, Haryana)

Just as people in different countries speak different languages, they also transact business in different currencies, requiring conversion from one type of money to another. The International Monetary System comprises the set of rules and practices that govern how debts are honored and paid between and among nations with different national monies. When the system is functioning smoothly, all countries gain from international flows of goods, services, and capital the system is an int'l public good. But when it breaks down or is poorly organized, nations are unable to sustain high levels of trade and investment. The present paper reviews on history of international monetary system.