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Page: 01-10
Cindhu Menaka (Department of Psychology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

Academic achievement serves as an indicator of student's future and their educational status in society. Underachievement is a major concern for parents and teachers in the intensely competitive world. It occurs due to many factors such as individual, personal, family, school, or socio-economic background. Inefficient teaching and poor school structure in rural places are hardly ever mentioned by parents and/or teachers, and they play a significant role in demotivating students. It is imperative to understand and evaluate the essence of the problem faced by the underachievers, irrespective of the implementation of favourable schemes and educational rules, chiefly related to rural students. Thus, the present study aims at a new perspective, with an earnest attempt to throw light on the most challenging problems faced in the present educational system. For this purpose, 528 rural low socio-economic status students were selected for an IQ screening test, and among them, 292 students (159 achieving students & 133 underachieving students) were selected as final samples for data collection, by using the Judgmental sampling technique. Discriminant functional analysis are used for finding out the predictive factor responsible for underachievement. It was concluded that low self-esteem is one of the vital determinants of underachievement.

Page: 01-10Cindhu Menaka (Department of Psychology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

Page: 11-16
Divya Mann (District Institute of Education and Training, Keshavpuram, Delhi)

Education is a fundamental requirement of life. It is a crucial instrument that contributes to the overall growth and development of the country. Quality education lays the groundwork for societal egalitarianism.“People may widen all of their attributes and talents via quality education, allowing them to reach their full potential as human beings and members of society”. School Education Quality Index is a very important matter to be achieved. Therefore, researcher has chosen to work on the quality index of top government schools of Delhi. The present paper explains various factors, factors influencing the quality index of schools and assess the quality index of top Delhi government schools. It mentions the list of top Delhi government schools on the basis of their percentage of results and based on their quality index. Since it is important to measure the components to identify the quality index of a school, researcher has done a detailed analysis about teaching and non-teaching faculties, infrastructure of the institution, methods to assess students and other extra-curricular activities of Delhi government schools.

Page: 11-16Divya Mann (District Institute of Education and Training, Keshavpuram, Delhi)

Page: 17-21
Sayantani Chatterjee (Department of Psychology, Loreto College, Kolkata, West Bengal)

For the present study a sample of 80 working women (40 from corporate organizations & 40 from educational institutions) were selected to determine their psychosocial profile differences as shaped by their job structure and also as they play the dual role of managing families and fulfilling job requirements. The variables selected as psychosocial profile factors were anxiety, defense mechanism and locus of control. These variables were considered relevant and applicable since working women have to constantly balance varied ends together, reach job targets, satisfy others at home and at work and also derive a sense of self-fulfillment and appreciation which maybe blended with both success and failure. In addition to this, working women face the transitions in job markets, associated stresses in the positions offered to them and discrimination centering around gender, pay and other facilities/benefits as received. The results obtained from the present study revealed that the two groups of working women did not differ significantly with respect to the variables of anxiety, defense mechanisms and locus of control. However, the mean score of Locus of Control, State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, Defense Mechanisms of Turning Against Object, Projection and Principalization were higher in case of women working in educational institutions. The mean score of Defemse Mechanisms of Turning Against Self and Reversal were higher in case of women working in corporate organizations. Thus the psychosocial orientations of both the groups, though marginally different in terms of mean scores of the variables, essentially revealed homogeneity of the chosen sample of working women and the overall psyche of women in general.

Page: 17-21Sayantani Chatterjee (Department of Psychology, Loreto College, Kolkata, West Bengal)

Page: 22-28
Naela A. Alguzo (Jordanian Ministry of Education, Jordan)

The current study is designed to explore the effectiveness of symbolic modeling (SM) in reducing social networking site addiction and enhancing intrinsic academic motivation among primary school female students in Jordan. To evaluate the effectiveness of the technique, a social networking site addiction scale, a diagnostic interview, and an academic motivation scale were used. The study sample included 38 female participants in the 7th grade, chosen from a Jordanian primary school. According to their high networking site addiction scale scores, showing three or more symptoms of social networking site addiction based on DSM-5 and low academic motivation scale scores. The participants were randomly divided into two equal groups: one experimental group that got SM technique training and met twice a week for 90-minute sessions for four weeks, and one control group that did not get any technique. A one-way ANCOVA and a one-way MANCOVA were used to analyze the data. The results showed that SM was significantly more effective in reducing social networking site addiction and enhancing intrinsic academic motivation than no treatment. According to these results, students' behavior in schools can be changed by displaying positive modeling that they can simulate and practice in their daily life.

Page: 22-28Naela A. Alguzo (Jordanian Ministry of Education, Jordan)

Page: 29-33
Sumbul Rafi and Nasheed Imtiaz (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh)

Mental health is a universal phenomenon and is equally studied and researched worldwide. It is considered the most significant human factor that highlights the working of any organisation. According to WHO (2019), "It is truly in everyone's best interests employers' and employees alike to improve our team's mental health." "Employees with low mental pressure are more efficient in giving output, have high employee turnover, and report lesser personal leaves. Occupational stress is a sense of disparity faced by an individual when they are unable to meet the demands of the workplace in a given period. At the same time, workplace bullying can be explained as a displaying series of negative behaviour subjected towards a particular person or a specific group. Therefore, the researcher grounds this investigation to assess the influence of occupational stress and workplace bullying on the mental health of employees and to study the relationship among the concerning variables. The sample consists of 150 employees of the private bank in Aligarh city. The online survey method has been used to get the responses with the help of questionnaires. The occupational stress index (Srivastava & Singh); Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (Einarsen); and Mental Health scale (Imtiaz) were used as tools to conduct research. Regression analyses were used to analyse the data and to compute the results. The outcomes of the study show that Workplace bullying and Occupational stress emerged as significant predictors of mental health, and there is a highly significant negative relationship among the variables. The findings of the study are discussed in the paper in light of reviewed literature.

Page: 29-33Sumbul Rafi and Nasheed Imtiaz (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh)

Page: 34-39
Shabuhi Naaz and Monika Rikhi (Department of Applied Psychology, Sri Aurobindo College (Evening), University of Delhi, Delhi)

The COVID-19 pandemic has sent the life of today's youth into a tailspin. This change has a significant impact on their higher education, learning styles, career planning, mental health, and daily lives. Since the beginning of the pandemic, it has appeared that the youth's attitudes towards their future and career choices has shifted significantly. The global human psyche has also suffered from a variety of anxiety-related difficulties. According to UNICEF (2020), approximately ten million youth around the world suffer from COVID-19. In India, over 32 crore students have ceased attending school and college, and all educational activities in the physical mode have come to a halt. In order to reduce the spread of infection of the deadly virus, offline classes have to be closed and the youth confined to their homes with online classes for learning. COVID-19 has shifted the focus of teachers to e-Learning technologies and platforms for effective student participation which has not only highlighted the fact that they may be out of reach for students and in worst case scenario, even out of budget. The psychosocial aspect of learning associated with these academic inputs has been severely hampered. The pandemic has undoubtedly uncovered the issues present in our education system, which have now become a necessity for the virtual-era-schooling for teachers to evolve to the world's fast converting academic atmosphere. The usage of e-learning and digital schooling can also emerge as a critical part for the betterment of education within the post-pandemic era. This paper explores the changes in young lives from different perspectives to develop an understanding of the future recourse.

Page: 34-39Shabuhi Naaz and Monika Rikhi (Department of Applied Psychology, Sri Aurobindo College (Evening), University…

Page: 40-45
Kajal Daga1, Anika Magan2, Anurakti Mathur3 (Advanced Diploma in Child Guidance and Counseling, Central University of Haryana1, Department of Applied Psychology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies Faridabad, Faridabad,Haryana2, Training Specialist, Amazon, Noida, Uttar Pradesh3)

Skin color bias or colourism is the biased attitude towards the people on the basis of lightness or darkness of the skin. It is a kind of implicit bias that people hold for a group at unconscious level. The present study is carried out to explore the prevalence of skin tone bias (dark or fair) on the basis of traits- attractiveness, friendly, happy, professionally successful, leadership skills, independent, wealthy, sincere, kind and likable. To conduct the study 6 individuals were chosen (4 females & 2 males). Three of them were originally dark complexion and three were of fair complexion based on their self-opinion. Dark skin tone were converted to fair one and Fair skin tone were converted to darker skin tone. So, a total of 12 pictures were there. Two checklists were developed containing those traits. Checklist 1 has 6 mixed pictures (Group 1) of fair and dark skin tone. Checklist 2 has the counterparts (Group 2) of the pictures in checklist 1. These pictures were shown to different individuals. Group 1 set was shown to 92 participants and group 2 was also shown to different set of 92 participants. So, the data of total 184 participants was collected. Chi square was calculated. The results come out to be that fair skin tone are considered favorable by people on the basis of traits like- attractiveness, likable and wealthy than the dark skin tone. Also, there is no significant difference in the way people perceive dark skin tone and fair skin tone individuals on the basis of traits like- friendly, happy, professionally successful, independent, sincere and kind. However, an interesting finding came out to be that on the trait- leadership skills, darker skin tone individuals are perceived favorable than the fair skin tone.

Page: 40-45Kajal Daga1, Anika Magan2, Anurakti Mathur3 (Advanced Diploma in Child Guidance and Counseling, Central…

Page: 46-51
Pratibha Jindal1 and Vandana Sharma2 (Department of Psychology, DAV College, Sector 10, Chandigarh1, Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab and Department of Psychology, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab2)

The present research aimed to study the effect of self-efficacy and gender patterns on intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivation-motivational orientations of academic achievement motivation among adolescents. A sample of 102 students (51 males & 51 females), in the age range of 14-17 years, was selected randomly from various educational institutions of tri-city (Chandigarh, Mohali, & Panchkula). The measures used were Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Children (Muris, 2001) and Academic Motivation Scale-High School Version (Vallerand et al., 1992). A 2X2 factorial design was used to analyze the data. The analysis indicated that highly efficacious students were intrinsically motivated than did their counterparts. However, students who have no faith in their capabilities were extrinsically motivated and amotivated. Furthermore, gender differentiation and interaction effect did not make any contribution to the motivational orientations of academic motivation. Low self-efficacy is a driving component of feeling disinterested in academic activities. Amotvation reflects a strong feeling of incompetence and expectancies of uncontrollability is highly detrimental for school achievement. These findings can support the development of practical guidelines for designing interventions to enhance self-efficacy and academic motivation to achieve.

Page: 46-51Pratibha Jindal1 and Vandana Sharma2 (Department of Psychology, DAV College, Sector 10, Chandigarh1…

Page: 52-57
K. K. Sibi and Jesus Jay Miranda (Department of Education, Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

Education in the 21st century is rapidly progressing into new frontiers Leadership of the education sector requires 21st century skills and mind-sets. Building and preparing principals to embrace and implement these new leadership skills is a critical challenge confronting the education sector today. Despite deliberating on 21st century leadership skills for almost twenty years, and still, principals might try to operate by the book, manage their leadership to keep the status quo by implementing some best practices instead of leading with confidence and real expertise that the 21st century looks for. Given the nature of the challenges facing the 21st century leadership in higher education in India, the constraints and the lacuna that is experienced by it, need to be unearthed, reflected and made sense that educational leadership may galvanize itself to keep momentum with the current developments. India has a multi-layered consultation process involving many stakeholders in the education sector to discuss and implement measures to improve the quality of education, known as the National Education Policy. (NEP). One area that the NEP addresses but has not yet fully addressed is the role of school leaders in the redesigned education system. This paper attempts to look at the Principal's leadership in the higher education scenario through four main themes; Leadership: Challenging Factors; Skills and competency factors; Practice factors and context factors. It also addresses these factors, which underpin the need for school leaders to guide the 21st century. It also proposes a framework for 21st century leadership skills and practices for school leaders.

Page: 52-57K. K. Sibi and Jesus Jay Miranda (Department of Education, Graduate School, University of…

Page: 58-62
Alka Dixit and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The world has become a place of great unnatural competition and academic achievements are seen as a bench mark of success in student's life. This bloodshed competition to achieve greater success and brighter future makes students more anxious, nervous worried, and sometimes extremely stressed and depressed too. Students with high levels of anxiety show passive attitude towards studies, lack of concentration and confidence, reduced memory span and poor reasoning abilities. The present study is planned to assess and the levels and found the difference in perception of academic anxiety among 240 high and 240 low achievers of class 11th and class 12th . To fulfill the purpose of the study, six private schools from two Zones of Ludhiana city were selected. Academic Anxiety Scale developed by Siddique and Rehman (2017) was used to assess the academic anxiety of selected high and low achievers.

Page: 58-62Alka Dixit and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural…

Page: 63-66
Sophia M. Franco and Madhavi Menon (Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University
College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL)

Academic preferences and ensuing scholastic achievement trace their origins to early childhood, particularly school experiences. Extant gender beliefs and stereotypes can potentially influence children's school experiences and eventual academic preferences and decisions. The current literature review explores student academic perceptions and attitudes, academic performance and preference, and developmental changes over the school years, with a particular emphasis on the role of gender based academic stereotypes and gendered representations in academic domains.

Page: 63-66Sophia M. Franco and Madhavi Menon (Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology…

Page: 67-73
Neera Pant, Kamya Jain, and Parul (Department of Psychology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The focus of the present study was to explore and understand the consequences of coronavirus disease 2019, (COVID-19) on Perceived Organizational Support (POS) among Indian professional millennials. The objective was to explore gender differences and the subjective experience of POS. The participants were from the private sector with a minimum of 5 years of work experience at their current organisation falling in the age bracket of 25-38 years. The research adopted a mixed-method design and used the purposive sampling technique. The tool employed for quantitative data collection was the 8-item Survey of Perceived Organizational Support Scale (SPOS, Eisenberger et al., 1986) on the sample size of 60 participants (30 Males & 30 Females). Further, in-depth interviews were conducted on 5 males and 5 females who scored high on POS. Data was analyzed to determine significant differences, if any, between the means of two groups on POS. The interviews were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. Results indicate that both genders experienced a moderately high amount of POS with males experiencing it marginally more. However, there were no significant gender differences obtained on the POS experienced during COVID-19 pandemic. The themes that emerged contributing to high POS in both groups were well-being, recognition of inputs, job security, financial support, and job interest. The themes clearly suggest that organizations can focus on these areas to support their employees during any stressful conditions. The implication of the present study is that this could impact the long term performances and well-being of the employees.

Page: 67-73Neera Pant, Kamya Jain, and Parul (Department of Psychology, Gargi College, University of Delhi…
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