International Journal of Education and Management Studies (IJEMS) is an indexed, peer-reviewed and refereed journal published quarterly by the Indian Association of Health, Research, and Welfare (IAHRW). International Journal of
Education and Management Studies likely aims to promote research and
knowledge dissemination in the fields of education and management. Its
objectives include fostering academic discussions on innovative teaching
methodologies, educational policies, leadership strategies, human resource
management, and organizational behavior. The journal focuses on areas such as
pedagogy, curriculum development, educational psychology, business management,
entrepreneurship, and corporate governance. Its goals are to publish
high-quality, peer-reviewed research, encourage interdisciplinary
collaboration, and contribute to the practical application of education and
management theories for academic and professional growth. The journal is indexed with ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.58. IJEMS is being published regularly since 2011. For more details write to us to iahrw2019@gmail.com
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103, 7988885490
Publisher: IAHRW Publications
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly (March, June, September and December)
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, Index Copernicus International, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Rating 4.58
CHIEF EDITOR
Sunil Saini, PhD
Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare, Hisar, Haryana, India
EDITORS
David Bennett, PhD, Charisma University, USA S. C. Kundu, PhD, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar
B.K. Punia, PhD, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar
Mahesh Thakur, PhD, Karve Institute of Social Sciences, Pune
Jaspreet Kaur, PhD, Punjabi University, Patiala
Vandana Punia, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Munish Nagpal, PhD, Deputy Commissioner, Govt of Haryana
Sangeeta Trama, PhD, Punjabi University Patiala
Sandeep Singh, PhD, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, Index Copernicus International, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library
Author’s guidelines:
International Journal of Education and Management Studies (IJEMS) is a peer-reviewed research journal published quarterly by Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare. The IJEMS is indexed with ProQuest, J-Gate, etc. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of scientific excellence in the area of Education, Psychology and Management Studies and other related fields. IJEMS is published Quarterly (March, June, September and December).
Manuscripts should be submitted in the format outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) and should be sent via email at iahrw2010@gmail.com. The papers are reviewed by professional reviewers who have specialized expertise in the respective area, and to judge the quality of the paper in a time bound and confidential manner. The paper shall be review by double blind review process.
Permission
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Online Submission
Please follow the hyperlink “Submit online” on the right and upload all of your manuscript files following the instructions given on the screen.
The title page should include:
• The name(s) of the author(s)
• A concise and informative title
• The affiliation(s) and address(es) of the author(s)
• The e-mail address, and telephone number(s) of the corresponding author
Abstract
Please provide an abstract of 150 to 250 words. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.
Keywords
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Main Text
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Tables
Tables should be as per APA format
References
References should be as per APA format as follows
• Journal article
Panda, T., Lamba, V., Goyal, N., Saini, S., Boora, S., Cruz. (2018). Psychometric Testing in Schools. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(2), 213–245.
• Article by DOI
Slifka, M. K., & Whitton, J. L. (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Journal of Molecular Medicine, doi:10.1007/s001090000086
• Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Book chapter
O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107–123). New York: Springer.
• Online document
Abou-Allaban, Y., Dell, M. L., Greenberg, W., Lomax, J., Peteet, J., Torres, M., & Cowell, V. (2006). Religious/spiritual commitments and psychiatric practice. Resource document. American Psychiatric Association.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014645/http://www.psych.org:80/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200604.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2007.
Copyright form
Authors will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher (or grant the Publisher exclusive publication and dissemination rights). This will ensure the widest possible protection and dissemination of information under copyright laws.
Proof reading
The purpose of the proof is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor. After online publication, further changes can only be made in the form of an Erratum, which will be hyperlinked to the article.
Ethical Guidelines for the author
• Authors should adhere to publication requirements that submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any language. Work should not be submitted concurrently to more than one publication unless the editors have agreed to co-publication. If articles are co-published this fact should be made clear to readers.
• Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) should be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement.
• Relevant previous work and publications, both by other researchers and the authors’ own, should be properly acknowledged and referenced.
• Data, text, figures or ideas originated by other researchers should be properly acknowledged and should not be presented as if they were the authors’ own
• All sources of research funding, including direct and indirect financial support, supply of equipment or materials, and other support (such as specialist statistical or writing assistance) should be disclosed.
• Authors should disclose the role of the research funder(s) or sponsor (if any) in the research design, execution, analysis, interpretation and reporting
• The research literature serves as a record not only of what has been discovered but also of who made the discovery. The authorship of research publications should therefore accurately reflect individuals’ contributions to the work and its reporting.
• In cases where major contributors are listed as authors while those who made less substantial, or purely technical, contributions to the research or to the publication are listed in an acknowledgement section, the criteria for authorship and acknowledgement should be agreed at the start of the project.
• Researchers should ensure that only those individuals who meet authorship criteria (i.e. made a substantial contribution to the work) are rewarded with authorship and that deserving authors are not omitted. Institutions and journal editors should encourage practices that prevent guest, gift, and ghost authorship.
• All authors should agree to be listed and should approve the submitted and accepted versions of the publication. Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication (e.g. responding to reviewers’ comments).
• Authors should work with the editor or publisher to correct their work promptly if errors or omissions are discovered after publication.
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• Authors should follow publishers’ requirements that work is not submitted to more than one publication for consideration at the same time.
• Authors should inform the editor if they withdraw their work from review, or choose not to respond to reviewer comments after receiving a conditional acceptance.
• Authors should respond to reviewers’ comments in a professional and timely manner.
• Appropriate approval, licensing or registration should be obtained before the research begins and details should be provided in the report (e.g. Institutional Review Board, Research Ethics Committee approval, national licensing authorities for the use of animals).
• If requested by editors, authors should supply evidence that reported research received the appropriate approval and was carried out ethically (e.g. copies of approvals, licences, participant consent forms).
• Researchers should not generally publish or share identifiable individual data collected in the course of research without specific consent from the individual (or their representative). Researchers should remember that many scholarly journals are now freely available on the internet, and should therefore be mindful of the risk of causing danger or upset to unintended readers (e.g. research participants or their families who recognise themselves from case studies, descriptions, images or pedigrees).
• The appropriate statistical analyses should be determined at the start of the study and a data analysis plan for the prespecified outcomes should be prepared and followed.
• Researchers should publish all meaningful research results that might contribute to understanding. In particular, there is an ethical responsibility to publish the findings of all clinical trials. The publication of unsuccessful studies or experiments that reject a hypothesis may help prevent others from wasting time and resources on similar projects. If findings from small studies and those that fail to reach statistically significant results can be combined to produce more useful information (e.g. by meta-analysis) then such findings should be published.
• Authors should supply research protocols to journal editors if requested (e.g. for clinical trials) so that reviewers and editors can compare the research report to the protocol to check that it was carried out as planned and that no relevant details have been omitted. Researchers should follow relevant requirements for clinical trial registration and should include the trial registration number in all publications arising from the trial.
Editor-in-Chief: Sunil Saini, PhD, Editorial Office: 1245/18, Moh. Sainian, Hisar, Haryana, India
Email: iahrw2019@gmail.com,
Phone: 9255442103
Publisher: IAHRW
ISSN: 2231-5632 (print version)
ISSN: 2321-3671 (electronic version)
Frequency: Quarterly
Indexing: ProQuest, ProQuest Central, J-Gate, Questia Library, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Library
Peer Review
All content of the International Journal of Education and Management Studies is subject to peer-review. The Editor first checks and evaluates the submitted manuscript, examining its fit and quality regarding its significance, manuscript format, research quality. If it is suitable for potential pubication, the Editor directs the manuscript for Plagiarism check, and the minimum similarity acceptable is below 20% without references. After that, editor directs the manuscript to two reviewers, with both being experts in the field. This journal employs double-blind review, wehre the author and referee remains anonymous througout the process. Referees are asked to avaluate whetehr the manuscript is original, makes a theoretical contribution to the study, methodoogy is sound, follos appropriate ethical guidelines, whether the results are clearly presented and sufficient supporting studies are given and support the conclusion. The time for evaluation is approximately one month. The Editor’s decision will be sent to the author with recommendations made by the referees. Revised manuscripts might be returned to the initial referees who may then request another revision of the manuscript. After both reviewer’s feedback, the Editor decides if the manuscript will be rejected, accepted with revision needed or accepted for publication. The Editor’s decision is final. Regerees advise the Editor, who is responsible for the final decision to accept or reject the article.
Compaint policy
We ain to respond to and resolve all complaints quickly. All complaints will be acknowledged within a week. For all matters related to the policies, procedures, editorial content, and actions of the editorial staff, the decision of the Editor-in-Chief shall be final. The procedure to make a complaint is easy. It can be made by writing an email to editor: iahrw@iahrw.org
Confict of Interest Policy
Transparency and objectiity in research are essential for publication in this journal. These principles are strictily followed in our peer review process and decision of publication. Manuscript submissions are assigned to reviewers in an effort to minimize potential conflicts of interest. After papers are assigned, individual reviewers are required to inform the editor-in-chief of any conflict.
Pages: 48-50 The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between emotional intelligence and economic status of school teachers in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The emotional intelligence controls the emotions and maintains the cordial relationships with the social setup in the school environment, whereas the economic status is the monthly income of the school teachers in both the government and private schools. The data were collected from 100 school teachers working in elementary and secondary schools located in Visakhapatnam district and they were administered Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Prasad, S. (2009). The collected data were analysed with mean, standard deviation, critical ratio, analyses of variance tests and coefficient of correlation. The results indicate that all the teachers possessed high level of emotional intelligence and also there is no significant differences found in the areas of gender, type of school, category of school and social status. It is observed that there is a positive relationship between economic status and emotional intelligence of teachers. Pages: 48-50B. Prasad Babu (Indira Gandhi National Open University, Regional Centre, Vijayawada, A.P.)Sudha Rani Vaitla… |
Pages: 43-47 The advent of technology has brought about marked changes in the traditional structure of teams; face- to- face teams are supplemented with another kind of team, which is now known as virtual team. Humans have been collaborating across geographical boundaries for thousands of years, a phenomenon that is bringing the world closer, making work easier yet which is both problematic and complicated. Global organizations see benefits of collaboration across distance as a mean of providing focused attention to complex problems without physically relocating individuals. The objective of this study is to compare the face- to- face teams and virtual teams on the basis of motivation and team effectiveness. The relationship between motivation and team effectiveness, in these two types of set up has also been studied. The total sample size is 100, equally distributed in two types of teams face to face (n=50) and virtual teams (n=50) respectively. Motivational Analysis of Organization Behaviour (2002) and Team Effectiveness Scale (1997) developed by Udai Pareek were administered on the employees belonging to two different types of teams from various IT sector companies in Kolkata. Results revealed a significant difference between face to face and virtual teams on all the dimensions of motivation, except for achievement motivation. Achievement motivation seems to be not affected by the difference in space and time. The location of members and their interaction with each other produce motivation of dependence, control, efferent, affiliation and influence on the team members. A significant relationship between affiliation motivation and team effectiveness in face to face teams was found. Pages: 43-47Tilottama Mukherjee, Aditi Patra and Shubhangi Goswami (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata) |
Pages: 35-42 The effect of principals' leadership behavior, organizational culture, and teachers' job satisfaction on organizational commitment of junior high school teachers. (Descriptive Analysis Study on junior high school teachers in the city of Depok 2013). This study aimed to obtain information about the effect of principals' leadership behavior, organizational culture and teacher's job satisfaction on teacher's organizational commitment. This research was conducted by survey on junior high school in the city of Depok, with sample of 142 permanent teachers which was determined by proportional random sampling technique. The instruments of this research are based on content validity. The reliability was calculated using the Microsoft Excel program. Result of the instrument test shows that the reliability variable of principals' leadership behavior is 0.920, organizational culture is 0.901, teacher's job satisfaction is 0.930, and teacher's organizational culture is 0.900. Then the obtained data was analyzed using Path Analysi and the result shows that principal's leadership behavior (X1) has a direct positive effect on teacher's organizational commitment (X4), with a path coefficient of 41 = 0.226 and significance level of t41 = 2,190; organizational commitment (X2) has a direct positive effect on teachers' organizational commitment (X4), with a path coefficient of 42 = 0.214 and significance level of t42 = 2,317; Teachers' Job Satisfaction (X3) has a direct positive effect on teachers' organizational commitment (X4), with a path coefficient of 43 = 0.182 and a significance level of t43 = 2,074; principals' leadership commitment (X1) has a direct positive effect on teachers' job satisfaction (X3) with a path coefficient of 31 = 0.667 and significance level of t31 = 10,592; has organizational culture (X2) has a direct positive effect on teachers' job satisfaction (X3) with a path coefficient of 32 = 0.166 and significance level of t32 = 2.63. Therefore this study found that the following have a direct effect on teachers' organization commitment; principals' leadership behavior, organizational culture, teachers' job satisfaction, principals' leadership behavior and organizational culture also has a significant effect on teachers' job satisfaction. Pages: 35-42Tatik Wijayati, Abin Syamsudin and Hj. Rita Retnowati, M.Si (Program Pascasarjana, Jurusan Manajemen Pendidikan… |
Pages: 29-34 Organizational learning is inherent in every organization and for sustainance of an organization in this competitive world, it is necessary to adapt new learning patterns to keep pace with today's chaninging era. If organizations are to gain a compeitive advantage in a changing world they need to have the ability to adapt constanly to new circumstances and challenges.Therefore the premise of this research paper is that organizational learning is a competence that all organization should develop. The reasoning underlying this premise is that the better organizations are at learning the more likely it is they will be able to compete and sustain in this changing & challenging world. The purpose of this study is to undersand the organizational learning component of two different types of educational institute viz; Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) & National Council of Educational Research & Teaching (NCERT). JNU as university which concerns with teaching & learning of higher education and NCERT concerns to school education , which is research organization that is devoted to research & training, publication of books for school education. For this study Organizational learning diagnostic questionnaire was used. Results reveal that JNU has highest organizational learning compare to NCERT and represent an organization holding the core characteristics of a learning organization. The analysis of the organizational learning diagnostic exhibited that to become a more effective & efficient educational organization, both the organization should raise the learning organization profile level of all the system & subsystems. In this regard the institution must initiate an organizational transformation process for learning excellence. This transformation must include developing a shared vision and an organizational learning culture, creation of a powerful strategy for building a learning organization and a structure capable of implementing that strategy, and finally developing a transformational leadership style at the decision making instances to achieve high levels of ethics, motivation, and performance. Pages: 29-34Meenu (National University of Educational Planning and Administration, Delhi) |
Pages: 23-28 One of the recent trends in waste management is to recycle the industrial waste for useable products. For this purpose fiber, chemical and marble industrial wastes were used to investigate the potential of these wastes for conventional block making. The effects of industrial wastes in concrete blocks were pragmatic. The concentrations of heavy metals Co, Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb in both sludge-ashes and marble waste powder have been analyzed. The physical properties of blocks including weight, density, specific gravity, compressive strengths and percentage of water absorption were examined. As a second part of experiment leachate was obtained after soaking the blocks in distilled water for 24 hours. The physical parameters of water (leachate) such as color, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity and dissolved oxygen were determined by Sension 105 multiparameter while above mentioned heavy metals were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model PG 990) to check the possible water contamination by heavy metals during the rainy season due to any seepage. Significantly higher compressive strengths 14.48 ± 0.7 N/mm2, 13.5 ± 0.4 N/mm2 and 12.53 ± 0.16 N/mm2 were recorded in M8a, F2a and M7a respectively. Fiber industry sludge-ash and marble waste powder have potential in terms of cohesive properties in the preparation of blocks. These light weight blocks were found more durable; absorb lesser amount of water and more cheaper/economic as compared to standard commercial construction blocks available in the market. It is concluded that these blocks are not only stronger than available commercial blocks but environmentally safe to be used in roads, buildings construction, boundary walls, filling material etc. Pages: 23-28Muhammad Uzair Khanj and Kanwal Nazim (Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of… |
Pages: 16-22 It is Johann Gottfried Herder, a German writer and journalist, who revealed the personality of Immanuel Kant as someone who was disciplined and not overburdening (Kant, 1990). Herder may be a representative of the admiration of the world over Kant's personality which according to history, Kant is described as someone who was neat and organized like a well-organized universe. This is the basic idea in Kant's moral philosophy. Kant explicitly criticized the metaphysics which he said did not correspond with the order of the human mind. The big name that can be compared with Immanuel Kant in relation to the theme of 'regularity' was Isaac Newton (1643-1727), an English physicist who much earlier had the hang of 'order' through his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687 (Brumbaugh, 1963: 98). Pages: 16-22Firdausi Achmad (Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN), Pontiana No.19 Pontiana, West Kalimantan, Indonesia) |
Pages: 9-15 The research objective was to determine the lecturer commitment to the organization, which is directly affected by three variables; organizational culture, leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment indirectly affected by organizational culture and leadership through job satisfaction. The research method used was survey method with causal techniques, and to analyze whether or not there is effect of one variable to another, path analysis was applied. In the analysis of research data to fully use the help of software SPSS (statistical product and service solutions), including descriptive statistical analysis, a prerequisite test data analysis and statistical hypothesis testing. The research indicates that there is a direct positive effect of organizational culture towards the organizational commitment (r41:0,271), leadership toward organizational commitment (r42:0,252), job satisfaction toward organizational commitment (r43 : 0,411), and organizational culture on job satisfaction (r31: 0,625) and there is a direct positive effect of leadership towards job satisfaction of lecturer ( r32: 0,303). Pages: 9-15Ismulyana Djan (Prod Manajemen Pendidikan, Universitas Pakuan, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia) |
Pages: 1-8 This study intended to investigate the role of community participation in the development of nonformal education programmes through community learning centers. The researcher used a qualitative method and the design was a case study. The research was conducted in two selected CLC's of Cimahi city council, West Java, Indonesia. Data collection was done through; observation, interview, documentation study, and audiovisual analyses with the intent of establishing the kinds of nonformal education programmes, forms of community participation, categories of community members that participate most, and to ascertain the role of community participation in the sustainability of nonformal education programmes in community learning centres. Findings of the study; the staff members at the two CLCs are aware of the kinds of nonformal education programmes, the CLC programmes are basically government programmes, the forms of participation are of three categories, that is; passive participation, information giving participation and consultative participation, the CLC staff conduct field analysis only during the socialization process of CLC programmes to the grassroot community, and the participants from CLCs are mostly from poor families with low economic background, but there were also those from well-off to do families. The recommendations made based on the findings of this research are: Nonformal education Professionals should be ready to face the needed desire for change in the development, planning and implementation of nonformal education programmes, Governments should allow educational and development programmes to come from the grassroot with the active participation of the would be beneficiaries, people should be encouraged to; improve their knowledge, Skills and attitudes with the aim of systemic change, and Government should set standards to be followed by community learning centres such that quality is maintained. Pages: 1-8Juma Abdu Wamaungo (Prodi Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) |
Pages: 627-629 In the new millennium, students from diverse racial, ethnic, and language groups across the globe are seeking access to quality educational opportunities. These students, however, are increasingly different in background and culture from one another and from their teachers. It has been noted that student-teacher ratios increased. Orfield and Reardon (1993) discovered profound differences in the quality of educational opportunity and the teaching staff, with underresourced schools functioning at a grossly inferior level. This is the case for schools in Indian School as well. It is not surprising to find that students in disadvantaged schools score lower on standardized achievement tests and matriculation exams than do their more affluent counterparts and that they drop out at higher rates than those in advantaged schools. The present paper reviews on these differences in school levels in global context Pages: 627-629Naveen (Independent Scholar History, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages: 624-626 Throughout the history we have seen how economic recession has profound effect on the lives of people and on society. People lose their job, there is a decline in business activities, stock markets fall, housing market lose its charm and people become more cautious about their spending. The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis which led to market crash around the world stands as a reminder that downturn in economy is one of the toughest times to deal with. Economic recession is a phase where there is severe contraction in economic activities. Most economists agree that if economy shrinks for two consecutive quarters, then economy is considered to be under recession. According to National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), “economic recession is significant decline in the economic activity spread across the country, lasting more than few months normally visible in real GDP, impacting growth in real personal income, employment, industrial production, wholesale and retail sales”. The present paper reviews on recession and its impact on Indian economy. Pages: 624-626Hemant (Department of Economics, G.S.S.S, Rattakhera, Ratia, Fatehabad, Haryana) |
Pages: 621-623 Literacy is important for all aspects of an individual's life, from handling personal affairs, to raising children, to engaging in the workforce, to participating in a democratic society. Literacy has multiple conceptions, which range from a focus on the most fundamental survival skills to more complex definitions that encompass the skills needed to thrive in a variety of contexts, such as the home, the workplace, and the community. Literacy skills are also needed for adults to participate in a democratic society. Such activities as keeping apprised of local and national issues, understanding one's rights and responsibilities, reading ballots, and voting all require literacy skills. Literacy skills are needed in a variety of work contexts applying for a job, traveling to and from work, choosing a benefits package, and understanding and handling paychecks. The present paper reviews on the adults literacy skills and their assessment. Pages: 621-623Kuldeep Singh (Assistant Professor, Govt P. G. College, Hisar, Haryana) |
Pages: 615-620 Risk behaviors are not, however, random, inevitable, or uncontrollable. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence identifying determinants of adolescents' health risk behaviors that in turn may increase the likelihood of experiencing adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, there is ample empirical evidence indicating that risk behaviors are preventable and amenable to change through interventions. Risk factors may be either directly or indirectly related to a particular health outcome or disease. For example, smoking cigarettes is a behavioral risk factor that increases the likelihood of experiencing negative health outcomes (e.g., emphysema, increased blood pressure) and disease (e.g., cancer). Health risk behaviors are very common nowadays in sports person too. The present paper reviews on health risk behaviors among sports person. Pages: 615-620Ramnath (Department of Applied Psychology, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana) |
