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Pages:518-520
Sreehari. R and Joseph Thomas R (School of Life Skills Education, Rajiv Gandhi, National Institute of Youth Development, Chennai)
A.Radhakrishnan Nair (Officer on Special Duty to Minister of State at Ministry of Labour, Government of India)
Balan Rathakrishnan (School of Psychology and Social Work Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia)

The promotion of Child Mental Health can lead to prevention of mental illness. 'Life Skills Education is a proven method for promoting mental health. This indicates that life skills education is required by young people for their holistic development and hence it should be imparted. Well designed, tested and delivered life skills programmes can achieve much in helping children and adolescents become more responsible, healthy and resilient both during childhood and as adults. The concept of resilience emerged in the psychiatric literature in the 1980's, in an attempt to understand individual differences in their responses to stress and adversity, which has a direct linkage with wellbeing. Resilience and Life Skills Training are topics of interests to school psychologists, yet little is known about the relationships among the two. It was hypothesized that resilience would mediate the relationship with Life Skills. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Life Skills Training for fostering Resilience. The training was conducted over a period of 30 days for 60 min per day. A total of 15 students participated in the training programe. Wagnild and Young's Resilience Scale was utilized for assessing the resilience before and after the training programme. The result of the training indicates a positive effect on life skills training for fostering resilience. The statistical analysis also indicates that there is an improvement in the level of resilience on the experimental group.

Pages:518-520Sreehari. R and Joseph Thomas R (School of Life Skills Education, Rajiv Gandhi, National Institute…

Pages:521-524
Lata Gairola and Priyanka Sharma (Department of Psychology, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand)

The present paper aims to understand the relation of Emotion Labour strategies i.e. Deep Acting and Surface Acting with General Well-Being and Work Engagement in retail sector employees. Data were collected from 300 retail sector employees, 150 males and 150 females with tenure of more than five years. Tools used to collect data were- Emotion Labour Scale (Brotheridge & Lee, 1998), PGI General Well Being Measure (Santosh K Verma and Verma, 1989) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003). It was found that there exists a low and significant positive relation between Emotion Labour strategies (Deep Acting and Surface Acting) and General Well-Being in retail sector employees. It is seen that Deep Acting is more strongly correlated with General Well-Being than Surface Acting and also Females report a stronger association for both the strategies. The analysis also reveals that there is a significant positive correlation between Deep Acting and Work Engagement while Surface Acting is not significantly correlated with Work Engagement. It was also found that females report a higher correlation between Deep Acting and Work Engagement than males. Practical implications of the results are discussed in the paper.

Pages:521-524Lata Gairola and Priyanka Sharma (Department of Psychology, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand)

Pages:525-527
Kiran Sahu (Department of Psychology G. D. H. G. College, Moradabad, U.P.)

Well-being can be defined in terms of an individual's mental, physical, social environmental status which interact with each other havings different level of importance and impact. The aim of the present study is to find out the gender differences regarding the experiences of well being and life satisfaction.A sample of 100 adults (50 males and 50 females) belongs to middle socio-economic background was taken. Subjective well being was measured with the help of P.G.I. General Well Being measure by Verma and Verma (2009) and life satisfaction was measured by Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Alam and Srivastava (2001). Results denoted that there was not any significant gender difference for well being as well as for life satisfaction.But economic satisfaction is only dimension of life satisfaction which showed significant gender difference, further female experiences better economic satisfaction in comparison to males.

Pages:525-527Kiran Sahu (Department of Psychology G. D. H. G. College, Moradabad, U.P.)

Pages:528-533
Promila Batra (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Parenting and its styles are well documented in Psychology. It is a process of growing/rearing up the children so as to socialize them as responsible adult citizens. The process is governed by a certain set of rules and behaviours prevalent amongst parents. Parenting is supposed to be a highly fulfilling prophecy, as the process is expected to develop mentally and physically well developed children, who, in turn will support the parents when they grow old, thus serving the society and the nation. However, the matter in the modern scenario is not as simple as it seems to be. The changing scenario has turned parenting into a complex and stressful event, may be due to lack of time and neurotic hurry which are the consequences of prevailing competitiveness. In this era of positive psychology, it has become important to sensitize the common men about the meaning and methods of positive parenting so that the parenting becomes a relaxing event and the processes become easier and rejoicing. It is important and necessary in the interest of progeny. In this context, it is important to delineate the concept of positive parenting in details. The present paper highlights the meaning and methods of positive parenting along with an effort to inculcate a belief that the children are not difficult to carve if positive environments are created and a faith that the environments can be easily controlled in a family.

Pages:528-533Promila Batra (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Pages:534-536
Praful K., Shahid E and Manisha Kiran (Department of PSW, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, Jharkhand)
Bhupendra Singh (Psychiatric Social Worker, Department of Psychiatry PGIMS, Rohtak)
Amool Ranjan Singh (Director, RINPAS, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Background: Homosexuality exits in across the culture and from the ancient time but it's have some stigma and discrimination from the community especially in Asian region. This stigma and discrimination cause several type of day to day life difficulties and also become a hurdle in peoples development and life satisfaction. Aam: Aim of the present study was to assess the level of life satisfaction of this self defined homosexuals and heterosexual males. Method: Sample selection was done through snow ball sampling and it was voluntary. Result: people with homosexual orientation having poor level of life satisfaction in comparison to heterosexuals. It is very clear from the literature and present study findings that people with same sex orientation have gain access to the personal sexual practices but have been hampered their life satisfaction significantly.

Pages:534-536Praful K., Shahid E and Manisha Kiran (Department of PSW, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and…

Pages:537-539
Sumirta Adhi, Soewarto Hardienata and Widodo Sunaryo (Study Program of Educational Management, School Postgraduate Studies, Pakuan University, Bogor, West Java Province, Indonesia)

This study was designed to obtain information about the influence of organizational culture, transformational leadership, and work motivation to teachers' performance. The research design employed was survey, with a total sample of 205 respondents. The sampling techniques were proportional random sampling. The results demonstrated that organizational culture (X1) positively influences work motivation (X3), with path coefficient of ρ31 = 0.300 and the significance level (p< 0, 05). Transformational leadership (X2) directly influence work motivation (X3), with the path coefficient of ρ32 = 0.691 and significant at (P< 0, 05). Organizational culture (X1) directly influence teachers performance (X4), with path coefficient of ρ41 = 0.207 and (P<0, 05), transformational leadership (X2) directly influence teachers performance (X4) with path coefficient of 42 = 0.458 and significant at (p< 0, 05). Work motivation (X3) directly influence teachers' performance (X4) with the path coefficient of 43 = 0.352 and the significant at (P< 0, 05).

Pages:537-539Sumirta Adhi, Soewarto Hardienata and Widodo Sunaryo (Study Program of Educational Management, School Postgraduate Studies…

Pages:540-545
Roopa, K.S., and Rama Devi,G. (Department of Human Development and Research Centre Smt. V.H.D. Central Institute of Home Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka)

A research project was conducted with the objective to know the perception of quality of life (QoL) of elderly with diabetes and hypertension. Purposive random technique was adopted for the present study. A sample of 1200 elderly who were diabetic and hypertensive were identified from 20 areas in Bangalore city. The sample of 1200 further divided into 600 each of men and women of which 300 each were from the age group of 65-70 years and 71-76 years. The QoL was assessed through the standardised scale WHO-QOL-100 field version. The quantitative analysis of the data was made by calculating frequencies, percentage, mean scores and SD. Chi-Square , 't' test and 'Z' test were applied to see the significance of differences in the mean scores of men and women and the two age groups classified for the study. The finding revealed that old age people with diabetes and hypertension have not shown a low perception of quality of life as expected. Most of them showed a moderate level of QOL. Women are more likely to be high or moderate on QOL while men tend to be moderate or low. More number of younger men among the aged were found to have low QOL while more number of older men was found to have moderate QOL. Among women, high QOL was noticed in the younger group more often and moderate QOL among older women.

Pages:540-545Roopa, K.S., and Rama Devi,G. (Department of Human Development and Research Centre Smt. V.H.D. Central…

Pages:546-550
Sukma Nurilawati Botutihe (Faculty of Psychology, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia)

University violence has become a growing concern for educators, parents, and researchers. This study investigates the influence of academic climate in relation to student's collective violence at Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. The design employed in the study is survey using structured interviews as the instrument for data collection on a sample of students. Additional data was obtained from a team that was instituted by the university to investigate why students at University often engage in violent behaviors and these included security personnel and several teaching staff members. Results from interviews with students were transcribed and revealed: a) fanaticism and superiority of one's faculty compared to outer group regarded as being inferior, b) week response and reaction from university administration that is considered infective in responding to students' violence, c) absence of effective communication and interaction between university administration, teaching staff and students, while data from the Fact Finding Team /or commission of inquiry revealed the following: a) less conducive campus environment, b) limited learning facilities, c) the existence of places of residence in the university, d) low standards in the selection of new students which results into quality being compromised by quantity, e) indoctrination during orientation period of new students which introduce students to ideologies of fanaticism and superiority. These findings reveal that the academic climate at the University is still less favorable in directing students toward creative thinking and positive academic activities.

Pages:546-550Sukma Nurilawati Botutihe (Faculty of Psychology, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia)

Pages:551-554
Taruna and Sandeep Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

Distress either can be physical like a broken leg or it can be emotional like sadness, depression or anger. At some phase or point of life we all have to face, tolerate and cope with the distress in our lives. Distress tolerance primarily refers to individual's ability to withstand and experience negative psychological states (Simons & Gaher, 2005). The interpersonal relationships and effectiveness between adolescents, their family and friends are considered to be a crucial factor that influences their well-being. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) focuses on learning to cope and change the distressing events and circumstances. The distress tolerance training enhances the individuals capacity to deal with distress and on the other hand the intepersonal effectivensss skills taught in the dialectical behaviour therapy make the individual to deal with the relationships effectively. The primary objective of the present research study was to observe the effect of adapted form of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in enhancing the abilities of distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness. In the present study authors kept 20 participants on therapeutic intervention for the period of one year. The participants recorded to have poor levels of distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness on on the measures of Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) respectively. Participants were trained exclusively on the skills training modules of DBT in individual as well as group settings and their post intervention assessment of the levels of distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness were recorded with the respective tools after every four months (baseline, four, eight and twelve months) respectively. Descriptive statistical analysis (mean and standard deviation) and paired t-test was used to test the significance of mean. The results obtained from the present study recorded the significant improvement in the levels of distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness. The results obtained from the present study revealed that DBT has a significant role in enhancing the abilities of distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness amongst the participants of the study.

Pages:551-554Taruna and Sandeep Singh (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology…

Pages:555-559
M. Manisekhar (Department of HRM, A.U. Campus, Kakinada)
S. Minor Babu (Department of Psychology, Andhra University, AP)

Mental, emotional and behavioral disorders may occur during childhood and adolescence. All can have a serious impact on a child's overall health. Some disorders are more common than others, and conditions range from mild to severe. In this context, the present study attempted to analyse the mental health status of school children in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh. The sample of the present study covered 9th and 10th classes belonging to low SES urban and rural schools situated in Visakhapatnam city and Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh. At the end, the study gave interesting results of differences in mental health status between low SES rural and urban adolescent students of 9th and 10th classes.

Pages:555-559M. Manisekhar (Department of HRM, A.U. Campus, Kakinada)S. Minor Babu (Department of Psychology, Andhra University…

Pages:560-562
Ramesh K. Adsul (Department of Psychology, Smt. Mathubai Garware Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Sangli, Maharashtra)

The main aim of the present study was to explore the relationship among family relationship , emotional intelligence and adjustment among junior college students. It was hypothesized that 1. There would be positive relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived parental acceptance attitude among Junior college students. 2. There would be negative relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived parental concentration and avoidance attitude among students. 4. There would be positive relationship between emotional intelligence and home , health, social and emotional adjustment. 5. There would be positive relationship between perceived parental acceptance attitude and overall adjustment. 6. There would be negative relationship between perceived parental concentration attitude and overall adjustment. 7. There would be negative relationship between perceived parental avoidance attitude and overall adjustment. The 100 students studying in 11th class of various Junior colleges in Sangli and Satara districts of Maharashtra State, India were selected by random sampling method. Research was conducted by using three psychological tests namely 1.Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory. 2. Family Relationship Inventory.3.Bell's Adjustment Inventory. The correlation approach was employed to study the relationship among family relationship, emotional intelligence and adjustment. The findings of the study revealed that (1) There is a positive relationship between parental acceptance and emotional intelligence. 2. There is a negative relationship between parental avoidance and emotional intelligence. 3. There is a positive correlation between EI & home and emotional adjustment. 4.There is positive relationship between parental acceptance attitude and overall adjustment of students. 5.There is a negative relationship between parental avoidance attitude and overall adjustment of students.

Pages:560-562Ramesh K. Adsul (Department of Psychology, Smt. Mathubai Garware Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Sangli, Maharashtra)

Pages:563-567
Avas Sahu and Kailash B. L. Srivastava (Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, WB)

Positive emotions of employees in an organization yield emotional reactions that influence commitment and individual performance, which contributes to organizational performance. This paper has reviewed existing literature in the field of emotions in workplace and identified various antecedent and outcome variables of emotions in organizational settings. A conceptual framework is proposed based on literature review to examine the relationships between the antecedent variables and emotions among employees. The antecedent variables include individual-level (social relations, role characteristics, Big Five personality factors), group-level (leadership, group emotions) and organization-level (HRM practices, organizational culture) variables. Also, consequent effects of emotions on outcome variables (job satisfaction, stress, work motivation, individual performance) have been appropriately established. For academics as well as top management of organizations, it is important to understand emotions of employees working in organizations. The antecedent factors of emotions can be suitably managed to increase positive emotions which will contribute to better organizational performance.

Pages:563-567Avas Sahu and Kailash B. L. Srivastava (Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kharagpur…

Pages:568-570
Sreerupa Ghose and Sanjukta Das (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

Wisdom has been recognized as an important human virtue for ages and in all societies. But history of wisdom in psychology is a brief one and the existing literature is limited. Wisdom being a complex concept, the studies done so far in psychology have primarily focused on the issue of defining wisdom. The present study purports to explore the different definitions of wisdom proposed by the pioneering researchers in the field.

Pages:568-570Sreerupa Ghose and Sanjukta Das (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata)

Pages:571-574
Sutriyantono, Thamrin Abdullah and Bibin Rubin (Study Program of Educational Management, School Postgraduate Studies, Pakuan University, Bogor, West Java Province Indonesia)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teachers Attitudes, motivation, organizational culture toward performance. The design applied is experiment with proportional random sampling techniques to a sample of 235 respondents. Linear regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. Results emerged that there is a strong linear and significant relationship between all variables tested in the study: teacher's attitudes to their performance Y = 21.821 + 0.883 X1 with a correlation coefficient ry1 of 0.948 and a coefficient of determination ry1² of 0.899, work motivation to teacher performance revealed regression coefficient of Y = 21 585 + 0.913X2 with a correlation coefficient ry2 of 0.941 and coefficient of determination ry2² of 0.886, organizational culture and teacher performance with the regression equation Y = 18.947 + 0.898 X3, with correlation coefficient ry3 of 0.946 and a coefficient of determination ry3² of 0.895. It's concluded that teacher's performance can be improved through attitude modification, work motivation and favorable organizational culture in schools.

Pages:571-574Sutriyantono, Thamrin Abdullah and Bibin Rubin (Study Program of Educational Management, School Postgraduate Studies, Pakuan…

Pages:575-579
R. A. Fadhallah (Padjadjaran University Faculty of Psychology, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang, Jatinangor)

To examine the meaning of career development amongst the working women, a study was conducted to establish the way women professors perceive their achievement in the academics. This led to an investigation on the conditions under which female lecturers are promoted to the status of functioning professors or to other functional position(s). The objective was to understand the dynamics of career development of the academic woman.

Pages:575-579R. A. Fadhallah (Padjadjaran University Faculty of Psychology, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang, Jatinangor)

Pages:580-583
Sudarshan R. Kottai (Department of Clinical Psychology, LGBR Institute of Mental Health (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Tezpur)
Surendra Kumar Sia (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry)580-583
Sudarshan R. Kottai (Department of Clinical Psychology, LGBR Institute of Mental Health (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Tezpur)
Surendra Kumar Sia (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry)

Police is the first step in the ladder of the criminal justice system who are responsible for upholding the human rights of each and every citizen. Hence, effective policing is imperative for the implementation of law and order and in building up of an institution of justice. Indian policing needs to undergo a sea change in order to redress the grievances of common people in more democratic and humane way without regard to their affiliations and selfish motives.A police officer to be genuine in his conduct should necessarily be a good human being. She/he should a person of ideas, vision and philosophy characterised by a sense of empathy and moral values. A Civilian police officer should be very patient in hearing the complaints of the public and should be able to put his/her into the psychological shoes of another and experience what the client is experiencing to execute positive action. At the same time he should maintain unconditional positive regard towards the perpetrators so that he could act as an instrument of change in the perpetrator in motivating himself towards progressive change. In every organisation the human element is the most pivotal part. For policing to be successful and result-oriented, first of all the personnel's personality features should match with what is demanded by the job rather than modernising it with most modern sophisticated investigative machineries. For this, psychometric testing to assess personality has to be included as part of police selection and training in the field of positive psychology, spirituality, empathy training,counselling skills also should be part of the continuous modernisation programme. The evergrowing science of psychology has to be utilised to make our police the best in the world for Swami Vivekananda said “Psychology is the science of the sciences.”

Pages:580-583Sudarshan R. Kottai (Department of Clinical Psychology, LGBR Institute of Mental Health (Ministry of Health…

Pages:584-587
Priya Magesh and Jose Amaldoss A. (Department of Counselling Psychology, Madras School of Social Work, Egmore, Chennai)

As a developing nation, India is in a quest and tremendous pressure to lead a competition in this 21st century. This competition requires taking steps in order to achieve the next level of growth and thus realizing national aspiration to achieve vision 2020.Nation needs sufficient amount of skilled and qualified workforce in various fields in order to achieve developed nation status by the year 2020. To create such a workforce, a very good education system as well as excellent and competent teachers in various fields are required. To attain the national aspiration, education is important factor and teachers play a pivotal role in ensuring the victory. A teacher is an acknowledged guide or helper in the process of learning. A quality teacher is who fulfills the responsibilities to produce knowledgeable and trained workforces as well as create a national identity and instill high national spirit and integrity among people to foster national unity. The study aims to analyze the impact of Spiritual intervention on Spiritual Intelligence and life Satisfaction among School teachers. Accordingly a group of 40 school teachers were selected for baseline assessment. A sample of 30 school teachers, scoring low on spiritual intelligence were selected for intervention.15 school teachers were randomly assigned to experimental group and 15 in to control group. The pre and post training data on spiritual intelligence and Life satisfaction are discussed. The implications of the results for intervention are discussed.

Pages:584-587Priya Magesh and Jose Amaldoss A. (Department of Counselling Psychology, Madras School of Social Work…

Pages:588-591
Rumeena Surjit Singh (Department of Psychology, Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Chandigarh)

Adolescence is a developmental period that is filled with many challenges. Early developmental theorists, particularly have defined the period of adolescence as one of identity versus role confusion, in which adolescents must determine who they are, combining their self-understanding and social roles into a coherent identity. However, today'sadolescents live amidst a society that is multi-complex, making the roles of adolescents very diffuse and confusing. This makes it imperative for parents and teachers to rightly assist in equipping children towards making them more efficacious and resilient for a better tomorrow. Taking this backdrop into consideration, the present paper attempts to highlight and discussthe role and contribution of Self-Efficacy and Resilience on adolescents.

Pages:588-591Rumeena Surjit Singh (Department of Psychology, Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Chandigarh)

Pages:1-10
Kuzhivellil Martin Joseph (The Graduate School, University of Santo Thomas, Espana, Manila, Philippines)

India with more than a billion residents has the second largest education system in the world. But it is alarming that the dropout problem is very pervasive in the Indian educational contexts. Many children who enter school are unable to complete their education and multiple factors are responsible for children dropping out of school. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop and assess the effectiveness of the positive psycho-educational intervention (PPEI) in enhancing student engagement, motivation and alleviation of depressive symptoms among the dropouts in West Bengal, India. The study was conducted in two phases: Phase 1 focused on the development of the intervention program: The positive psycho-educational intervention (PPEI) based on the positive psychology and Broaden and Build theory, utilizing the descriptive research method. Phase II involved the assessment of the effectiveness of the newly developed intervention program (PPEI) in enhancing student engagement, motivation and alleviation of depressive symptoms of dropouts employing the true experimental research design particularly Between-Subjects: Two Independent Group Design. Three psychological tests (motivation and engagement scale (MES-HS), student engagement instrument (SEI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) were administered to the participants before and after the program implementation. A total of 68 dropout boys from urban areas were randomly assigned both in control and experimental groups. The data analysis was done utilizing mean scores, paired samples statistics, t-test for independent samples and Cohen's d. The null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The statistical analysis between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group showed significant difference (p=.000) and its post-test scores indicated significant increase in student engagement and motivation and significant decrease in the depressive symptoms. It indicates that the Psycho-education focused positive intervention Program (PPEI) was effective for the participants.

Pages:1-10Kuzhivellil Martin Joseph (The Graduate School, University of Santo Thomas, Espana, Manila, Philippines)

Pages:11-16
Kalathananickal Paul Bijimol (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines )

Adolescence is the developmental period of transition from childhood to adulthood and involves biological, cognitive and socio-emotional changes. The reaction and stimulus adolescents receive from parents strongly influence the adolescents' behaviors. Aggression, rule breaking, and self-injurious behaviors are common among adolescents aged 12-16. Enhancing parent-adolescent relationship with secure attachment helps adolescents to reduce risky behaviors. This study is an attempt to develop and assess the effectiveness of Parent-Adolescent Relationship Enhancement Training (PARET) in reducing adolescent risk behaviors by enhancing parent-adolescent relationship between parents and adolescents in Kerala, India. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase1: the development of PARET, and Phase II: the assessment of the effectiveness of the PARET employing a true experimental research method. A total of 40 adolescents and their parents were randomly assigned to both control and experimental groups. The data analysis was done utilizing mean scores, independent sample t- test, paired sample statistics, and Cohen's d. The pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group showed significant differences (p=0.000) at 0.05 levels and the scores of the control group and experimental groups showed significant differences (p=0.000) in all dependent variables in the post test. The result of the study reveals the effectiveness of the PARET as a significant influence in enhancing parent-adolescent relationship thereby reducing adolescent risk behaviors.

Pages:11-16Kalathananickal Paul Bijimol (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines )
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