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Pages:372-374
V. Subramanyam (Department of Psychology, Sports Authority of India, Netaji Subhas Southern Centre, Bangalore)

Developing self confidence is paramount significance in order for sports persons to attain self confidence and achieve optimal / peak performance. Low self confidence can be altered through training that focuses on the role of confidence in our behavior. Self confidence concerned with accumulation of the athletes unique experiences in achieving many different things which results in the specific expectations. It is a vital part of athletic part of personality and something others quickly recognize about him or her. This article delineates the five steps involved in the developing confidence of the sports person. The developing stages involve identifying fears (first step) followed by master fear (second step) to be provided with how to master fears. Employing goal mapping involve in third step where athletes have used goal setting as a way to increase self-confidence and boost self-esteem. The next stage includes boosting belief in athlete's ability. The final stage involves mastering confidence challenge, well preparation, and staying positive.

Pages:372-374V. Subramanyam (Department of Psychology, Sports Authority of India, Netaji Subhas Southern Centre, Bangalore)

Pages:375-376
Sumitra Devi (Institute of Teacher Training & Research, BPS Mahila Vishwavidalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana)

A person is never helpless in the face of human foibles. Once we understand what really causes our less than-optimal behaviour, we can discover ways to control our behaviour, and improve our outcomes with the help of positive life skills. In this papers, the investigator has highlighted positive life skills and their impact in improving teacher student behaviour. Positive life skills would mean more effective and practical ways to combat human foibles and to cure negative emotions. So, the emotional intelligence, which comprises of empathy, benevolence, adaptability, self-control, conscientiousness, resilience, sympathy and compassion, is the foremost positive skill with which a person can improve individually as well as socially. We could be able to bring positive and constructive change in behaviour by harmonizing emotion and thought. Anger management is another positive life skill which can be taught and learnt. Well tutored passions too help understand personal weaknesses as well as feelings of others. Properly and adequately trained teachers in positive life skills can help the learners to improve their behaviour.

Pages:375-376Sumitra Devi (Institute of Teacher Training & Research, BPS Mahila Vishwavidalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana)

Pages:377-379
Virendra Singh Nirwan (Department of Psychology, Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Social Support (SS) refers to the perception and actuality that one is cared for, has assistance available from other people, and that one is part of a supportive social network. These supportive resources can be emotional (e.g., nurturance), tangible (e.g., financial assistance), informational (e.g., advice), or companionship (e.g., sense of belonging). This paper presents a study which was conducted to measure and compare the degree/magnitude of social support between the people migrated from Jammu &Kashmir, and Bihar to Delhi. The sample consisted of 100 people between the age of 18-30, with equal number of people belonging to both the states and sexes. The SS was assessed using Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ). The number of people named & the level of satisfaction rated toward the same people from whom each participant seeks social support were carefully examined. The result is twofold as for no. of people and the level of satisfaction reported on six point scale by each participant. The hypothesis was tested at level of significance of .01. From the data, it is concluded that people from Bihar who migrated to Delhi are well and better in seeking social support from society and find it easy to get along with local people than those from Jammu & Kashmir who find it hard to get along with others and exercise rudeness. This paper presents the study in rich detail and explains the methods by which conclusions are drawn.

Pages:377-379Virendra Singh Nirwan (Department of Psychology, Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Pages:380-383
Sumitra Devi (Institute of Teacher Training & Research BPS Mahila Vishwavidalaya Khanpur, Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana)
Meenakshi Dahiya (Directorate of Secondary Education Haryana, Punchkula)

The examination results at secondary school level in the State of Haryana reveal that there are hoard of low-achievers. The investigators thought to look into the reasons and effective remedies. Based on the research finding of Hansford and Hattie (1982) and Damon and Hart (1988), the investigators too agreed that the children who have clearer and more positive perception of their abilities, and have more positive views of themselves, always do better in their studies as compared to children who doubt their own abilities. Thus, the investigators conducted the study on whether and how better study habits in cooperative learning class room enhance academic performance and self-efficacy of low achievers with the objectives of looking into reason of low achieving and low self-efficacy and to correct these deficiencies though better study habits in cooperative class room setting. STAD method of cooperative learning was applied and the evaluation was done through teacher-made achievement tests of all subject of 10th class throughout the 2nd semester in the academic session 2011-12 in addition to self-made self-efficacy scale, interviews, observations and information supplied by the stake holders. The investigators found environmental and emotional factors; non availability of good reading materials; and lack of attention by stake holders as reason behind low achievement and low self-efficacy. The STAD method of cooperative learning with better study habits was found to enhance academic performance and self- efficacy of low achievers.

Pages:380-383Sumitra Devi (Institute of Teacher Training & Research BPS Mahila Vishwavidalaya Khanpur, Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana)Meenakshi…

Pages:384-386
m Girija and Bharathi Kumar K. (Department of Psychology, Jamia Milia Islamia University, Delhi)

In this study the authors examined emotional competence of the Manipuri students studying in Delhi and in Manipur. A sample of manipuri students (male and female) studying in Delhi and in Manipur was randomly selected for the study. Emotional competence scale by Albert, Rejeswri, and Anantharaman (2001) was administered to the subjects, 2x2 ANOVA was carried out for the total emotional competence. The main effect of locality (f=4.2*, p<.05), is significant. The main effect of gender (f=0.05, p>.05), and interaction of locality X gender (f=0.00, p>.05), is not significant. In the subfactors like self-awareness (16.57**), self-control (5.19*), motivation (20.29**), and self-assessment (12.42**) significant difference was found between the locality of manipuri student studying in Delhi and in Manipur.`

Pages:384-386m Girija and Bharathi Kumar K. (Department of Psychology, Jamia Milia Islamia University, Delhi)

Pages:387-390
Phooljani Ghosh and Tilottama Mukherjee (Department of Psychology, Calcutta University, Kolkata)

In recent years, psychology has spread its wings and left its undeniable marks into many areas. Psycho-oncology is one such area where it works on assessing the mental states of cancer patients and offering ways to reduce stress. The term Cancer immediately causes fear and hopelessness among patients. Among women, Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality across the world. Breast cancer triggers wide range of adverse psychological conditions; both as emotional reactions to the disease and as the side effects of the treatment modules. Factors like pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased sleep are natural side effects of the cancer treatment, but when it comes with psychological reactions such as anger, hopelessness, helplessness, anxiety, depression, fear of relapse, the journey through the disease course becomes unbearable. In last few years, patients have shown in increased amount of interest on alternative and complementary medicine and intervention procedures and Mindfulness has proved to be the choice of many. Mindfulness has its root in Eastern Spiritual beliefs and it works on the unity of mind and body as a whole. Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) module is devised and designed so to reduce stress and to improve a person's quality of life. Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. Mindfulness meditation as a means of relaxation, reduction of psychological distress, and symptom control has a demonstrated utility across a spectrum of health care concerns including cancer. Purchase PDF
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Pages:387-390Phooljani Ghosh and Tilottama Mukherjee (Department of Psychology, Calcutta University, Kolkata)

Pages:391-395
Edward Hoffman (Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA )
Garima Srivastava (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi)
Sonia Kapur (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA)

Nursing education has increasingly recognized the importance of dispositional factors in affecting student attrition and motivation. Yet meager empirical research exists on intrinsic motivational attributes of nursing students. In our view, early peak-experiences can provide useful information in this domain. We therefore collected data among Indian nursing students attending two nursing programs at a medical university in New Delhi. Sixty-six females responded to a questionnaire asking them to describe a peak-experience occurring before the age of 14 and its impact on their subsequent view of life. They also rated the enduring impact of their peak-experience on a 5-point Likert scale. Among their 68 reports, those involving external achievement were most frequent (35.3%). These were followed in frequency by interpersonal joy (27.9%), developmental landmark (17.7%), and receiving a material gift (11.8%). Peaks related to nature, skill mastery, or a religious experience in an institutional or non-institutional setting, were relatively rare, each accounting for less than 3% of all reports. No other categories of peak-experience, such as pertaining to aesthetics, philosophical musing, or serenity, were reported. The implications of our findings for optimizing Indian nursing education are discussed. Future avenues for research are highlighted.

Pages:391-395Edward Hoffman (Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA )Garima Srivastava (All India Institute of Medical…

Pages:396-400
Wenny Hulukati (Guidance and Counseling Department, Faculty of Education (FIP), Gorontalo State University, Indonesia)

This study was a multi-year study, which lasted for 3 years. Year one activities was about identifying problems faced by the counselors and teachers in relation to personality development in the program of guidance and counseling, analyzing the curriculum, analyzing the content of the activities, developing draft guidelines: (a) the teacher's guide, (b) the students' guide, and (c) the assessment guide. While second year activities included: development of instruments for the pilot study on guidance and counseling, completed expert evaluation and revision, accomplished a small-scale field testing and revision of the product, implemented large-scale field trials and final products, trained teachers and students about how to use products that had been developed. And the third year comprised of measuring the effectiveness of the guidelines that had been developed to enhance the professionalism of teachers, counselors, and students through a quasi-experiment. The results of the study, revealed that: the devised individual-development guide was effective in improving the counselor's competence in conducting guidance and counseling to the high school students. This showed that instruments developed are suitable for teachers in conducting guidance and counseling program at the level of senior high school.

Pages:396-400Wenny Hulukati (Guidance and Counseling Department, Faculty of Education (FIP), Gorontalo State University, Indonesia)

Pages:401-406
Komal Chandiramani and Waheeda Khan (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi)

Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) and Subjective Well Being (SWB) play a very important role in evaluating a person's experience as cancer patients. The present study was designed to compare and examine the relationship between PTG and SWB among stage I and stage II breast cancer patients. For this, a sample of 60 patients was taken (30 in each group) from hospitals of Delhi and was administered Post Traumatic Growth Inventory and Subjective Well Being Inventory. Group differences were evaluated using t test. Results indicated that stage II breast cancer patients were significantly higher on overall PTG and its dimensions of new possibility, appreciation to life and spiritual change. The similar trend was observed with respect to overall SWB and its dimensions i.e. well being-positive affect, transcendence, social support, perceived ill health, deficiency in social contacts, well being-negative affect. Moreover, stage II patients indicated more significant positive relations between two constructs as compared to stage I patients. It was concluded that both are important constructs in evaluating positive change in cancer patients. Future research should focus on interventions that would be beneficial for stage I and II breast cancer patients and should also incorporate qualitative aspects of the cancer diagnosis.

Pages:401-406Komal Chandiramani and Waheeda Khan (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi)

Pages:407-411
Jagpreet Kaur and Dalvir Singh (Department of Education, Punjabi University, Patiala)

Over the past 20 years, the psychological hardiness construct has emerged as a buffer in the relationship between stressors and illness and has been shown to enhance performance, conduct, and morale The present study examined the relationship between psychological hardiness and family environment of adolescents in a sample of 300 adolescents from Sangrur district of Punjab. The results of correlation analysis revealed that psychological hardiness among adolescents is significantly related to all the eight family environment components as well as total family environment. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was run to examine the extent to which the various dimensions of family environment contributed to the variability in psychological hardiness among adolescents. The results indicated that that family environment emerged as a significant predictor of control and challenge dimension of psychological hardiness and as well as total psychological hardiness among adolescents. However, none of the family environment components or total family environment emerged as a significant predictor of commitment dimension of psychological hardiness among adolescents. These results of the study have implications for counsellors, teachers and parents.

Pages:407-411Jagpreet Kaur and Dalvir Singh (Department of Education, Punjabi University, Patiala)

Pages:412-417
Naved Iqbal, Aafreen Sarfaraz, Sheema Aleem and Samina Bano (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi)

Traditionally psychologists have focused on negative effect of stressful life events, but now there is growing realization that in some people it can bring positive change or posttraumatic growth. Most of the studies of posttraumatic growth were conducted on adults, there is some debate whether this topic is appropriate to study in children or not. In view of this present study was planned to study “sense of coherence, social support and coping as predictors of posttraumatic growth in orphan children.” Sample of the present study comprised 50 subjects (age 10-12). Sample was collected from different orphanages in Delhi. Sense of coherence was measured by the Sense of Coherence Scale developed by Antonovsky (1987). Social support was measured by Social Support Questionnaire for children (SSQC) developed by Gordon, Thompson, Kelley, Schexnaildre, and Burns (2010). Coping was measured by Youth Coping Responses Inventory (YCRI) developed by Hernandez, Vigna, and Kelley (2010). Posttraumatic growth was measured by Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTGI-C) developed by Cryder, Kilmer, Tedeschi, and Calhoun, (2006). The effect of these three predictor variables (sense of coherence, social support and coping) were assessed on the five dimensions of posttraumatic growth (i.e. relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, spiritual change and appreciation of life). Obtained data were analyzed with the help of simultaneous multiple regressions. Results showed that total sense of coherence was not found as a significant predictor but when dimensions of sense of coherence were studied as predictors of different dimensions of posttraumatic growth, manageability dimension of sense of coherence was found to be significant predictor of all but one dimension of posttraumatic growth, i.e., spiritual change. Total social support was a significant predictor as well as its two types, i.e., peer and adult of most of the dimensions of posttraumatic growth. Total coping was found to be a significant predictor of spiritual change dimension of posttraumatic growth. When different coping were studied as predictors, diversion coping was found to be significant predictor for relating to others, new possibilities and spiritual change and ameliorative coping was found to be significant predictor of relating to others, personal strength, and appreciation dimensions of posttraumatic growth. Total sense of coherence, social support and coping yielded large effect size for all the dimensions of posttraumatic growth.

Pages:412-417Naved Iqbal, Aafreen Sarfaraz, Sheema Aleem and Samina Bano (Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia…

Pages:418-422
Vandana Kapur and Meetu Khosla (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

The study examines the differences in subjective well-being among mildly-depressed and non-depressed college students (n=160). Subjective well-being was assessed using measures of general well-being, life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect and self-esteem. The P.G.I. general well being scale was used to assess general well-being of the participants, while the Satisfaction with Life Scale was used to assess global life satisfaction. PANAS-R adapted from the original PANAS was used to measure affective responses while the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was used to assess the self-esteem of participants. The results indicate that non-depressed participants reported better general well-being, greater life satisfaction, more positive affect and less negative affect and higher self-esteem as compared to mildly-depressed participants.

Pages:418-422Vandana Kapur and Meetu Khosla (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Pages:423-425
Anjana S. Chauhan and Gandharva R. JoshiQ (Department of Psychology, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat)

The study was designed to investigate the impact of certain personal variables on Emotional Intelligence of police personnel. The sample consisted of 200 police personnel (Constable/Head Constable) selected randomly from various branches of Rajkot and Junagarh districts. Mangal's Emotional Intelligence Inventory was used to measure emotional intelligence. the results indicated that police are not emotionally intelligent when they were tested on the following variables: gender (t = 1.64, > 0.05), area of residence (t = 1.40, > 0.05), marital status (t = 0.67, > 0.05), and family status (t = 1.73, > 0.05). Whereas, some variables namely education qualification and work experience, job status, age, monthly income and type of family have significant effect on emotional intelligence of police.

Pages:423-425Anjana S. Chauhan and Gandharva R. JoshiQ (Department of Psychology, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat)

Pages:426-428
Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra and Sharanpreet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Mindfulness involves a voluntary, fluid regulation of attention. It is the ability to 'stay on strategy' (Zeidan et al., 2010). Mindfulness helps to stay focused on the present, thus keeping out distressful thoughts (e.g., Emmerling & Goleman, 2003) and by promoting adaptive emotion regulation. This study aimed at exploring mindfulness in relation to emotional intelligence and stress. The initial sample comprised of 200 males and 200 females in the age range of 15 to 19 yrs. (mean age=16.51 yrs. for males and 16.42 yrs. for females) drawn from various Government Model Senior Secondary Schools of Chandigarh, India. Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale by Brown & Ryan (2003), Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test by Schutte et al. (1998) and Adolescent Stress Questionnaire by Byrne et al. (2007), were used for the study. Results highlighted interesting trends in relation to mindfulness, emotional intelligence and stress.

Pages:426-428Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra and Sharanpreet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Pages:429-433
Shubhdip Kaur and Damanjit Sandhu (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala)

India has the world's largest number of sexually abused children. Child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in a sexual activity that he or she does not comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, or that violates the laws or social taboos of society. Childhood sexual abuse carries long-term behavioral consequences for the victim such as post-traumatic stress, conduct problems, anxiety, withdrawal, fear, sexual behavior, poor physical and mental health, greater substance abuse, poorer parental relationships, and various cognitive distortions. These consequences make the psychological adjustment of victim harder during adolescence. Still, these adolescents can be made to come out of past trauma for getting better adjusted psychologically in future, with the use of effective interventions. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is one such intervention, which has been proved to be effective in reducing the psychological distress and thus, behavioral problems of the sexually abused victims, in the course of this study.

Pages:429-433Shubhdip Kaur and Damanjit Sandhu (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala)

Pages:434-442
Pareek S. and Mathur N. (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Considering the religious faith and scientific healing attached with the practice of forgiveness, the present paper explored the concept of forgiveness as articulated and theorized in ancient and contemporary literature. Specifically, the objective was to delineate the cross culturally ingrained common vision and practical orientations on forgiveness as documented in reviewed texts. The systematic review of the ancient documentation and recent researches indicates the conceptual and practical commonalities with regards to forgiveness and its correlates.

Pages:434-442Pareek S. and Mathur N. (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Pages:443-445
Alpna Agarwal (Department of Psychology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, UP)

In the present study an attempt has been made to study the effect of Type A- Type B behavior pattern on coping strategies of cardiovascular patients. In order to pursue the above objective Type A/B behavioral pattern scale and coping strategies scale were used to collect the data. The sample considered of 120 patients selected from various hospitals and clinics. 60 patients were those who have Type A behavior pattern 60 patients were those who have Type B behavior pattern. In each group there were equal numbers of male and female. Data were analyzed by using 2x2 ANOVA. Findings of the study revealed that patients of Type A behavior pattern use more approach coping strategies than patients of type B behavior pattern. However there is no difference in the using of avoidance coping. Female patients use more emotion focused coping than male patients while male patients use more problem focused coping than female patients

Pages:443-445Alpna Agarwal (Department of Psychology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, UP)

Pagese:446-448
Poonam R. Das and Anjum F. Shah (Department of Psychology, St. Johns College, Agra, UP)

The present study aims to find out gender difference regarding assertiveness among young male and female subjects. Assertiveness inventory constructed by Dr. Tasneem Naqvi was administered on 150 subjects (75 girls and 75 boys) selected from different Intermediate and degree colleges of Agra. Data was statistically analysed by using Chi-square. The study concludes that there is significant gender difference with regard to assertiveness, boys were found to be more assertive than girls.

Pagese:446-448Poonam R. Das and Anjum F. Shah (Department of Psychology, St. Johns College, Agra, UP)

Pages:449-452
Anjali Malik and Sarvdeep Kohli (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Individual well being represents people's evaluation of their lives, and includes happiness, pleasant emotions, life satisfaction and a relative absence of the unpleasant moods and emotions. Well being depends not only on subjective factors but objective factors as well which include, among other things, the socio-political milieu in which the individual finds himself. Since governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of governance focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and implementing the decisions made. Democratic decentralization is said to enhance governance, citizens' empowerment, and the quality of democracy, creating a virtuous cycle to improve the well-being of the citizens. Effective political institutions and decentralized decision making play crucial roles in enhancing happiness or well being of people.

Pages:449-452Anjali Malik and Sarvdeep Kohli (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Pages:453-456
Pravakar Duari and Surendra kumar Sia (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry)

Happiness is a holistic ideal. It speaks to the person that his/her life is complete in the sense that his/her reasonable desires are fulfilled over his/her life time. According Mayer and Diner (1995), happiness may be defined as the experience of frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect and overall senses of satisfaction with life as a whole. Gandhiji mentions that “the people became happy when what they think, what they say and what they do is a harmony situation”. Workplace happiness is not just a feel good thing- it really matters in hard, financial term. Workplace happiness is a key factor in motivation and productivity. It's hard to get much dynamism, efficiency and enthusiasm from someone who is unhappy. However, workplace happiness is even more important in retaining key people within an organization. Happy at work is crucial both to the employee and to the company. People will spend more of their adult life on their job than on anything else. People's work will take up more of their time than their families, friends and hobbies combined. It would be nicer if that time is spent at a job that actually makes them happy. Happy people and happy company can create a lot of good things such as increasing productivity, quality, sales, customer satisfaction, creativity, innovation, adaptation, flexibility, and decreasing loss, absenteeism, stress of workers, accidents and occupational diseases. So, quality organization starts with quality personnel, not quality machine or quality office. Quality personnel are personnel with knowledge, competence, creativity, virtue and happiness.

Pages:453-456Pravakar Duari and Surendra kumar Sia (Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry)
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