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Pages:84-88
Dharmender Kumar Nehra (Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak)
NovRattan Sharma and Sheetal Nehra (Department of Psychology, M.D.U. Rohtak)
Pradeep Kumar (Psychiatric Social Worker, State Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak)

Emergence of chronic and life-threatening illness such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has serious consequences for subsequent health and wealth. It is well documented in the world literature that patient with chronic illness are more likely to develop psychiatric illness than their healthy counterparts. Present study aimed to emphasis to a better understanding of the role of psychological interventions in CHD patients. It was analyzed whether a combined intervention of medical treatment along with psychological intervention affects the psychosocial risk factors (Perceived Stress and Health Complaints) in male cardiac patients. In this study, 50 individuals with the diagnosis of CHD, age ranged from 25 to 55 years was selected. Socio-demographic data sheet, Perceived Stress Scale and Health Complaints Scale were used for the assessment. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups (Treatment As Usual (N=25) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (N=25) after completing the measures. We use these data to explore the efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy on reducing the perceived stress and health complaints in CHD patients. Analyses indicated that psychological intervention (CBT) has positive effect in reducing Perceived Stress and Health Complaints in CHD patients. These findings support that patients with CHD (who are more inclined toward developing psychological risk factors) can be helped with psychological intervention. That may plays an important role in develop healthy lifestyle.

Pages:84-88Dharmender Kumar Nehra (Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak)NovRattan Sharma and Sheetal…

Pages:89-90
B. Rajalakshmi and Hemalatha Natesan (Department of Psychology, Avinashilingam, University for Women, Coimbatore)

From Coimbatore Cancer Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India, 32 cases with cancer were screened using Case Study Schedule (Natesan, 2006) and WHO General Well-being Index (WHO, 1998). It was found that the General Well-being of the entire sample was 'Poor'. The entire sample was affected by fear and most of the subjects (above 80%) suffered from worry and anger. The psychological intervention called, Positive Therapy (Natesan, 2004) was administered on the sample individually, involving one hour per session. Ten sessions were given over a period of 2 weeks, after which they were re-assessed using the same tools. The results also proved that 35% had developed 'Best' general well-being and 65%, 'Moderate'. None of them had 'Poor' general well-being. There was a statistically significant increase in the mean general well-being after Positive Therapy, which also helped to bring down the negative emotions of the sample.

Pages:89-90B. Rajalakshmi and Hemalatha Natesan (Department of Psychology, Avinashilingam, University for Women, Coimbatore)

Pages:91-95
Dharmender Kumar Nehra (Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak)
NovRattan Sharma and Sheetal Nehra (Department of Psychology, M.D.U. Rohtak)
Pradeep Kumar (Psychiatric Social Worker, State Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak)

During the last few decades substantial research has been directed toward identifying factors that contribute to the etiology and progression of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Now there are mounting of evidence that have shown clearly that CHD is positively associated with psychological risk factors, especially depression, anxiety, and stress. Presence of these factors found to be having profound impact on morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients. Hence, managing these associated psychiatric problems is essential to improve the physical and mental condition of this vulnerable population. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an established program shown to reduce symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression associated with physical conditions. The purpose of this study was to implement an MBSR intervention on CHD patients and measure its impact on the psychological distress factors (depression, anxiety, and perceived stress) by comparing with a control group, in Indian setting. Socio-demographic Datasheet, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) were administered to a total of 50 male participants. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-17.0. In this study, it was found that all the three variables: Depression, Anxiety and Perceived Stress are preponderant in patients suffering from CHD patients' pre intervention level and reduced significantly post intervention level. These changes were present only in the experimental group whereas control group showed no significant changes. The results clearly show that MBSR is effectively reduced depression, anxiety, perceived stress in CHD patients. It is considered essential to focus on psychological factors while managing CHD. The present study could thus be considered to be an important contribution in this direction. The recognition of psychosocial problems in CHD patients, in our country, as well as an attempt to manage these problems can also said to be an important contribution. This study has shown that psychological management can be an effective adjunct to medical care and use of psychological management thus adds to a comprehensive system of care.

Pages:91-95Dharmender Kumar Nehra (Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak)NovRattan Sharma and Sheetal…

Pages:96-100
Savita Ahlawat (Department of Psychology, F. C. College for Women, Hisar)
Promila Batra and Anirudh Sharma (Department of Psychology, M.D.U. Rohtak)

Music has been found to increase the productivity as well performance in industrial sectors. The studies in relation to academics are however, very sparse yet. In day to day life music is common and often unavoidable. The students are fond of playing music while studying. But the effects cannot be the same for everyone. Keeping such factors in mind, it was felt highly relevant to study the effect of music on arithmatic task amongst different personality types, i.e., extroverts and introverts. The present study was a 3x2 factorial (repeated measure) design to investigate the effect of music on arithmetic performance amongst extroverts and introverts having an age range of 14-16 years. The sample of 27 students (18 extroverts and 9 introverts) was screened out from a school of Nangloi (Delhi) after administering the introversion and extroversion inventory by Aziz and Agnihotry. After this, 3 different sets of arithmetic ability tasks were standardized and administered on these subjects in three different musical conditions (silence, instrumental and vocal). Errors and time taken were recorded. The results were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by DRT indicated that music enhanced the performance in terms of speed much more than in terms of errors. Regarding speed, the type of music did not affect the extroverts and introverts differently, but regarding the errors, introverts were the gainer i.e. they committed lesser errors. It was also found that any type of music was better than silence condition. So music can be used as a facilitating agent in different domains of life.

Pages:96-100Savita Ahlawat (Department of Psychology, F. C. College for Women, Hisar)Promila Batra and Anirudh Sharma…

Pages:101-104
Anita Malik (Pt. NRS Govt. College, Rohtak)
Dinesh Singh (Govt. College, Baund Kalan, Bhiwani)

In the modern era of tough competition and anxiety, everyone is hankering after happiness. In psychological perspective happiness is a positive emotional state that is subjectively defined by each person. Emotions like pleasure and contentment tell us that something good is happening. Positive emotions and mental attitude can improve quality of our lives and heal our bodies of illness and stress. The present paper is an attempt to discuss the essential of happiness. Happiness increases creativity, productivity and longevity of a person. Strategies for enhancing happiness such as environment, physical state, habituation, relationships etc. have been suggested. Having considered the effects of happiness and subjective well being suggestions are provided to adopt positive thinking and increase life satisfaction.

Pages:101-104Anita Malik (Pt. NRS Govt. College, Rohtak)Dinesh Singh (Govt. College, Baund Kalan, Bhiwani)

Pages:105-109
Anita Sharma and Shweta Verma (Department of Psychology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, HP)

a
An Anova of the order of 2x2x(2) with repeated measure on the last factor was employed in the present study to gauge the effect of psychological interventions, if any between the control group and the experimental group in the two genders from pre to post test on occupational stress, psychosocial stress and life stress among the high stressed lawyers (N=160 who scored above mean +1/2 SD assessed through stress scales). The main findings are: (1). The main effects of group, gender and treatment have turned out to be significant at .01 level. (2). The interaction effects of group x treatment have yielded significant F ratios (1754.686**,1119.796**, and 373.025**, P.01) thereby depicting the remarkable improvement of experimental group from pre to post test over control group in terms of stress reduction due to psychological interventions. Thus, overall,t he effect of interventions was highly significant.

Pages:105-109Anita Sharma and Shweta Verma (Department of Psychology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, HP)a

Pages:110-114
Shaheen Islam (Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh)

Bangladesh is a country of 15 million people where about 16% people are suffering from some sort of mental health problem that needs psychological intervention. However counselling is one of the stigmatized and misinterpreted concepts prevailing among the general population as well as professionals. In the last decade, different human right organizations working for disfranchised people have recognized and addressed the need of mental health counselling as a helping component of multi-sector holistic approach to care and service delivery. Government of Bangladesh has also acknowledged the need of counselling services and incorporating it in public health and educational sector due to increase in social malice like drug addiction, suicide, eve-teasing, aggression, domestic violence, etc. But due to very limited manpower, resources and proper orientation much of the counselling services are delivered by many unskilled amateur counselors with little or no training. This is not only increasing the risks of doing more harm than good, but also impeding the growth of counselling as a profession. This paper will address the issue of training of mental health counselors to provide community based preventive support to meet the emergent necessity and continuous demand for initiating officially approved certified and institutional counselling courses.

Pages:110-114Shaheen Islam (Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh)

Pages:115-123
Shruti Shourie (Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Sector 10, Chandigarh)

The present investigation aims to determine the utility of meditation in enhancing positive affect, happiness, health, satisfaction with life, self esteem & well-being, and reducing negative affect, stress, anxiety and aggression. For the purpose of the present study, a total of 100 people, half males and half females, in the age range of 40-50 years (Average Age 44.7 years), have been studied thrice over a period of one year on all the study variables. The subjects have been picked up from the enrolment list of various Meditation Centers in Chandigarh and New Delhi. At the beginning of the study, when the subjects are not involved in any meditational activity, their baseline scores are obtained. Then they are initiated into a meditation program. A second assessment is done after three months period, during which the subjects are involved in meditative activity for five hours each week. Finally the third assessment is done after one year of involvement in the meditative activity, for five hours each week. A comparison is made of all the three assessments to find out if the practice of meditation has made any difference to the subjects. The subjects were assessed on Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale (Watson, 1988), Psychological well being (Ryff & Keyes, 1995), Satisfaction with Life (Diener et al., 1985), Clinical Anxiety Scale (Hudson, 1992), Index of Clinical Stress (Abell,1991), Self rated Perceived Happiness Status rating scale (Fordyce, 1995), Self rated Perceived Health Status rating scale (Blaxter, 1995), Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry,1992), Self Esteem Questionnaire (Rosenberg,1965). For Positive Affect, Satisfaction with Life, dimensions of Psychological Well being, Self esteem, Perceived Happiness and Perceived Health, the baseline mean scores were the lowest followed by the mean scores after 3 months of meditation, and then by the mean scores after 12 months of meditation. This indicates an enhancement of positive emotional and mental states. The trends reversed for Negative Affect, Stress, Anxiety and dimensions of Aggression i.e., the baseline mean scores were the highest followed by the mean scores after 3 months of meditation, and then by the mean scores after 12 months of meditation. This indicates a decrease in negative emotional and mental states. This leads us to an inference that with meditation, the subjects have shown an improvement in the dimensions of positive affective and mental states and have shown a decline in the dimensions of negative affective and mental states.

Pages:115-123Shruti Shourie (Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Sector 10, Chandigarh)

Pages:124-127
Manisha Jha (Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi)
Vibha Sharma and Tej Bahadur Singh (Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi)

The present work aimed to outline the pattern of child and family factors, which facilitate an effective and sustainable positive adaptation in the presence of chronic disease such as Turners Syndrome. The current level of cognitive and emotional functioning of the child as well as family functioning in terms of stress and coping pattern of the parents were assessed in detail, in relation to chronic illness. This was followed by the intervention provided by a Clinical Psychologist along with the pharmacological management by the Medical specialist and Occupational therapy. Promoting the strengths of the child while she was undergoing a negative experience along with adaptability and coping strategies of family members and an opportunity to seek help were relevant for child's well-being. The case report highlighted that caring relationships, positive expectations and opportunities for meaningful participation provided by the family, school and community go a long way in promoting child's ability to resist adversities as well as moderating the risk factors.

Pages:124-127Manisha Jha (Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi)Vibha Sharma and Tej…

Pages:128-132
Navdeep Singh (Department of Education, Govt. High School, Pheruman, Amritsar)
Agyajit Singh (Ex. Head, Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala)

The present study aims to measure the emotional intelligence and self-concept of the adolescent children, and also to know if significant differences existed on these variables between male and female students. It was also the purpose to establish the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-concept of the adolescents. It was hypothesized that there would be on significant differences on emotional intelligence and self-concept of school students on the basis of sex. Also there would be a positive and significant relationship between psychological well-being and self-concept. The sample of the study consisted of 400 adolescent children studying in 9th and 10th classes, out of which 200 were males and 200 were females. They were administered Emotional Intelligence test by Dr. S.K. Mangal and Shubhra Mangal and Self-Concept test devised by Dr. R.K. Saraswat. The results reveal that (i) male and female students differed on fourth component and total EI; but not on the first three components, (ii) male and female students did not differ significantly on self-concept,(iii) there was a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and self-concept of adolescent children,

Pages:128-132Navdeep Singh (Department of Education, Govt. High School, Pheruman, Amritsar)Agyajit Singh (Ex. Head, Department of…

Pages:133-135
Aparna Singh (Department of Paediatrics, IMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi)

The risk of someone committing suicide continues to be an elusive challenge for health professionals, and the role of emotional intelligence is an ongoing issue in suicide prevention. Either emotional intelligence may play an important role to reduce suicidal thinking/ attempts or not is a big question. So this is an appropriate goal for future research. To evaluate the role of emotional intelligence in suicide. Various researches support the notion that emotional intelligence is able to reduce the suicidal thinking and attempts. This paper is theoretical base of subject and there is a predominance of western studies regarding the role of emotional intelligence in suicide. There is need to expand the vision about emotional intelligence, create awareness and effort to develop emotional intelligence in children during their childhood because it can be developed and better able to reduce negative thoughts of life including suicide even in the period of adverse condition .

Pages:133-135Aparna Singh (Department of Paediatrics, IMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi)

Pages:136-142
Debatree Mukherjee (Department of Psychology, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore, Kolkata)
Saugata Basu (Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture, Kolkata )

The present study, intending to determine contributory factors of happiness, undertakes following variables: attachment pattern, ego functions, emotional intelligence, inner-other directedness and meaning in life as intrinsic factors and number of stressful life events in last one year as extrinsic factor. The sample was clustered into four age groups: Group-I(21 -30)years, Group-II(31-40)years, Group-III(41-50)years, Group-IV(51-60)years, each group comprising 50 males and 50 females. Personal Information Schedule, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Relationship Scale Questionnaire, Ego Functions Assessment Scale Modified, Assessing Emotions Scale, Inner-Other Directedness Social Preference Scale, Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale, Meaning in Life Questionnaire were administered. Results reveal no significant gender difference regarding happiness. Significant age differences have been found in happiness; and in fearful attachment pattern, judgment, sense of reality, drive control, object relations, thought process, defensive functioning, stimulus barrier, synthetic-integrative functioning of ego functions, presence of meaning in life, search for meaning in life. In group-I, Presence of meaning in life, emotional intelligence, secured attachment pattern; in group-II, presence of meaning in life, emotional intelligence, inner-other directedness, secured attachment pattern; in group-III, presence of meaning in life, secured attachment pattern, thought process, emotional intelligence; in group-IV presence of meaning in life, emotional intelligence, synthetic-integrative functioning, secured attachment pattern, inner-other directedness were found to be contributory to happiness.

Pages:136-142Debatree Mukherjee (Department of Psychology, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore, Kolkata)Saugata Basu (Department of Psychology…

Pages:143-147
Tarundeep Kaur (Department of Psychology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh)

The study was designed with an aim to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and life skills of college adolescents. It included examining the effect of EQ on five areas of adjustment i.e. home, health, social, emotional and educational. The sample included 200 adolescents, out of which 150 adolescents i.e. (boys -75, girls -75), who had high life skills scores (self-esteem, self-efficacy and well being) were selected, falling in the age group of 18-20 years. An important factor taken in consideration was the provision of counseling services available to the target population. Sevenfold Emotional intelligence scale, The Self-Esteem Rating Scale, The Self- Efficacy Scale, The Automatic Thought Questionnaire for well being and Adjustment Inventory for college students were used. Results revealed that where EQ has non significant effect on gender, Life skills (self efficacy, Self esteem and well being) has a significant effect. A significant difference among boys and girls on adjustment factors was also found. Where girls have significant effect of life skills and EQ on home adjustment, emotional adjustment and on educational adjustment than boys.

Pages:143-147Tarundeep Kaur (Department of Psychology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh)

Pages:148-152
Hena Khan and Nishat Afroz (Department of Psychology, BHU, Varanasi)
Jaya Chakaravarty (Department of Medicine, IMS, BHU, Varanasi)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is a disease of human immune system in which the body's normal defense system breaks down. Cognitive emotion regulation (CER) can be understood as the cognitive way of managing the intake of emotionally arousing information. The regulation of emotions through cognitions is inextricably associated with human life and helps to manage emotions after the experience of stressful events. There is clearly a need for effective stress management programs for individuals with HIV/AIDS. Techniques involving relaxation are widely used by people to reduce anxiety and cope with stress-related problems. The present study aims to find out the cognitive emotion regulation among HIV positive patients and effect of relaxation on CER. The study has been conducted at ART centre, Department of Medicine, S. S. Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. A total sample of 40 HIV positive people in the age range of 21 to 55 years, has been taken for the study. Nadia Garnefski's cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire having 36 items and relaxation techniques were administered on the sample. Paired sample t-test used for statistical analysis. Results indicate that the patient's cognitive emotion regulation is affected by the relaxation exercise. The findings suggest that positive ways of coping and to handle being HIV-infected can be enhanced by relaxation therapy.

Pages:148-152Hena Khan and Nishat Afroz (Department of Psychology, BHU, Varanasi)Jaya Chakaravarty (Department of Medicine, IMS…

Pages:153-155
Kalyani Kenneth (School of Counselling, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute for Youth Development, Tamil Nadu )

Branden in 1969 briefly defined self-esteem as "…the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness". Physical exercise is bodily activity that develops or maintains physical fitness and overall health. It is often practiced to strengthen muscles and the cardiovascular system, and to hone athletic skills. The researcher in the present research aims to make a comparative Study on Self-esteem of College Youth who exercise and who don't exercise. The sample size consisted of 100 respondents who are youths from various colleges. The sampling technique which is used in this study is non-probability sampling, specifically purposive sampling. The Self-esteem Inventory constructed by Karunanidhi et al. (1995) is used to collect the required information.The research design chosen for this study is a Cross-sectional Descriptive research design. The findings reveal that there exists significant difference in the level of self esteem among the youth who exercise and those who don't. College youth who exercise have a higher total self-esteem than those who don't exercise. College youth who exercise due to compulsion have a lower self-esteem than those who exercise due to personal choice.

Pages:153-155Kalyani Kenneth (School of Counselling, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute for Youth Development, Tamil Nadu )

Pages:156-158
Mandeep Sharma and Sandeep Kumar (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak)
Hardeep Lal Joshi (Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

In this competitive world, numbers of activities and pressures for adolescents have increased remarkably. These increased pressures and activities put adjustment problems among adolescents. Self-efficacy can be a potent factor to enhance adjustment among adolescents. The present study was aimed at to see group differences (high vs. low) of self-efficacy with adjustment among adolescents. The objectives of the study are to examine the relationship between measures of adjustment and self efficacy. The sample of the study involved 194 adolescents between the age range of 14 and 16 years. The adolescents were assessed with Bell's Adjustment Inventory (Hindi Adaptation), and Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using Pearson's Product Moment method of correlation and t test. For mean comparisons, the sample of adolescents was classified into two extreme groups' i.e. high vs. low (Mean ± 1 S.D.) on the basis of their scores on self-efficacy and adjustment scores of their respective wards. The results showed that (i) Social adjustment, family adjustment and emotional adjustment was found to be significant negative association with self-efficacy. (ii). the two extreme groups of self-efficacy (high vs. low) showed significant differences on adjustment among adolescents.

Pages:156-158Mandeep Sharma and Sandeep Kumar (Department of Psychology, M. D. University, Rohtak)Hardeep Lal Joshi (Department…

Pages:159-161
S. Nomusankar (Department of Psychology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati)
P. V. Balaji Deekshitulu (Department of Psychology, Dravidian University, Kuppam)

To Assess the Yoga and Meditation impact of Stress among Industrial Employees. In this study we conducted on a sample of 120(Yoga=60 and Meditation=60) industrial employees of Chittor District, Andhra Pradesh. In order to realize the objective of the study, Two hypothesis were formulated. (1) There would be significant impact of Yoga on Stress among industrial employees with regard Pre test and Post test.(2)There would be significant impact of Meditation on Stress among industrial employees with regard Pre test and Post test. Occupational stress index developed by A.K.Srivatsava and A.P.Singh (1984) was Administered to the sample. There age range from 25 to 55 years. Data was analyzed using Means, SD'S and t values. Results show that Yoga and Mediation training reduce the stress among Industrial employees, and implications were drawn.

Pages:159-161S. Nomusankar (Department of Psychology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati)P. V. Balaji Deekshitulu (Department of Psychology…

Pages:162-167
Priyadarshini N. and Vijayalakshmi, V. (Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras, Chennai)

The paper aims to introduce the concept of Positive Organizational Behaviour (POB) and its inception. It deals with definition of the concept as propounded by its founders, the idea of psychological capital and the main constructs that are found in literature: Confidence, Hope, Optimism, Resilience, Subjective Well Being and Emotional Intelligence. The paper focuses on reviewing the pertinent literature and providing an overall picture of the situation of POB as it exists today. The paper also throws light on the interventions that are designed to develop psychological capital among employees. Various studies that have been conducted in countries of China, Pakistan, Turkey and India are also mentioned to understand the academic scenario of the field in various nationalities. It also gives a glimpse of the variables that have been associated with and researched in the area of POB so far. The paper concludes with the gaps that exist in the field and paves way for future research prospects. The overview of POB provided in this article will enhance the scope for both academicians and practitioners. It is hoped that academicians would benefit from this review through highlighting the gaps in the literature, thereby providing a direction for future research prospects. It is of practical value to the managers/practitioners as it sheds light on the impact that interventions have on performance.

Pages:162-167Priyadarshini N. and Vijayalakshmi, V. (Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras, Chennai)

Pages:168-172
Amra Ahsan and Maryyam Khan (Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh )
Roomana N. Siddiqui (Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh)

The English word “prayer” is generally understood as an act of addressing God with reverence, offering praise, giving thanks, affirming and confirming one's total dependence on God, and asking His grace, mercy, and help. In Islam, the closet equivalent to the word prayer is the Arabic word “Dua”, literally meaning to call upon, to invoke, and to supplicate. Prayer in Islam is both the essence and existence of life. The purpose of life is prayer and it has its therapeutic value. Healing is defined as the diagnosis of the cause of evil, which may be psychological and physical sickness. It also envisages the development of techniques for its cure. A scientific mind unclouded by preconceived notions is able to discern the validity and utility of a comprehensive approach to health, which includes spiritual healing. The present paper discusses the importance of prayer and how it can be a powerful healer in itself and can also form an adjunct to the healing power of medicines. The act of prayer in itself is meditative and if one goes into the depth of the process it somewhere is a relaxation technique that calms the mind and body.

Pages:168-172Amra Ahsan and Maryyam Khan (Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh )Roomana N. Siddiqui (Department of…

Pages:173-176
Dinesh Singh (Govt. College, Baund Kalan, Bhiwani, Haryana)
Anita Malik (Pt. N. R. S. Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana)

The present study was designed to assess and compare the level of spirituality and happiness of males and females of different rural and urban areas of District Rohtak and explore the relationship the correlation between spirituality and happiness. A 2x2 factorial design was adopted for the present study. The study was conducted over a sample of 200 (100 males and 100 females) of the age group of 20-40 years. Out of them 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) were selected from different rural areas and 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) were selected from different urban areas on random basis. Structured Interview Schedule was used to assess the level of spirituality. Revised Oxford Happiness Scale was used to assess the level of happiness of the subjects. It was hypothesized that there will be a significant difference between rural and urban as well as male and female in the level of spirituality and happiness. It was also hypothesized that there will be a significant positive relationship between spirituality and happiness of the subjects. The obtained data was analysed by mean, SD, t-test and Pearson 'r'. No significant difference was found in level of spirituality as well as happiness due to differences of sex and residential background of the subjects. A significant moderate positive relationship was found between the level of spirituality and happiness of the subjects. On the basis of the finding of the study it may be concluded that spiritual and religious belief serve as source of attachment, security and confidence and motivate people to strive for their life goals and live happily.

Pages:173-176Dinesh Singh (Govt. College, Baund Kalan, Bhiwani, Haryana)Anita Malik (Pt. N. R. S. Govt. College…
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