Pages: 1227-1231
Harprit Kaur and Kavneet Kaur (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

Narcissism has always been seen in a negative light by theorists as well as layman. It has always been portrayed as acting negatively in a person's life, negatively affecting his well-being and psychological health. A lot of confusion and controversy surrounds the question whether trait narcissism necessarily breeds dysfunctional and maladaptive behavior or whether people with trait narcissism can also lead a functional and psychologically healthy life. Self-concept also called self- construction; self-identity or self-perspective is a collection of beliefs and schemas about one self. Self-concept is undoubtedly an important construct in social sciences and is fundamental to psychological well being. It serves as an important mediating factor that facilitates the achievement of other desirable psychological, behavioural and educational outcomes that underpin human potential. The present study attempts to explore what type of self-concept do Narcissists and Non-Narcissists develop over the course of their development and does Narcissism have any influence on an individual's Self-Concept. A sample of 305 adults was collected from different areas of Punjab and were administered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory to classify them into two groups of Narcissists and Non-Narcissists. Both the groups were then administered Six Factor Self-Concept Scale and the scores were rendered to t analysis. The results were surprising; suggesting Narcissists have Amore positive self-concept and scored higher than the Non-Narcissists on the Agentic sub-scales of task accomplishment, power, giftedness and scored lower on vulnerability. These results serve to bust the myth that Narcissists are mal adaptive and mal adjusted individuals.

Pages: 748-756
Vandana Pandey and Soni Kewalramani (Amity Institute of Behavioral & Allied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Adolescence (12-26 yrs) is the most rapid phase in the human development. It is transitional period from childhood to adulthood where a lot of changes take place. The personality of an individual contains Dark triad: Narcissism, Psychopathy and Machiavellianism (Paulhus, 2002). There are two types of narcissism pathological and non pathological. In the non pathological form the individual uses strategies to promote positive self image, maintain dominance in social hierarchy, they have positive illusions about their self and the pathological form are insensitive towards criticism, they cannot process shame, they do their work no matter how they do and they lack empathy. Selfie is defined as a self portrait picture, commonly taken with a camera or mobile phone held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick (Hendricks, 2012). There has been a wide debate that selfie addiction has changed to a mental disorder it starts as fun and then change to addiction and it is called as selfitis (Donita, 2015) but some researchers deny that it is a disorder. Positive life orientation was defined as a positive mindset in which an individual develops or constructs the reality in such a way that a positive meaning is derived from any situation and they expect positive outcome from every situation. The purpose of this study is to find the gender difference in Narcissism, Positive Life Orientation and Selfie Addiction among Adolescents. The sample taken is 100 students from different universities of Lucknow by Random sampling technique. The tools used in the present study are Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI40), Solanki Selfie Addiction Scale and Scale of Positive Life Orientation. The results indicated that there is a significant gender difference in Narcissism and Selfie Addiction and there is no significant gender difference in Positive Life Orientation.

Pages: 762-768
Poorva Pradhan (M.Sc. Psychological Studies, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom. Graduate Member British Psychological Society (BPS))
Charvi Didwania, Eisha Arun, and O.P. Sharma (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Students these days encounter difficulties in their academic life that prevent them from carrying out educational responsibilities and challenges. The present study addresses three of these issues namely, academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and academic self-efficacy. They regulate student's behaviour through self-awareness, regulation, planning and enabling to take action or restrain academic potential by creating self-doubt, fear of consequences and tendency to delay the deadlines. The study examines relationship between academic procrastination, anxiety and self-efficacy. For this purpose, the study group consisted of 160 (80 students each for first & third year) undergraduate engineering students. Academic self-efficacy scale, academic anxiety scale, and academic procrastination scale were used as scaling instruments. Pearson's correlation and independent samples t-test were used to analyse the data collected. The obtained results indicated a negative correlation between academic self-efficacy, academic anxiety, and academic procrastination. Furthermore, a significant difference existed between high and low anxiety students in terms of exhibiting self-efficacy and procrastination. While, relation between first and third year students in terms of academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that high anxiety is indicative of low self-efficacy and high academic procrastination indicates high anxiety among students which ultimately leads to maladjustment and impedes successful academic experiences. These findings are discussed in the light of the past literature and limitations and new directions for further studies are suggested.

Pages: 775-777
Binny Borkha Boruah (Department of Psychology, Gauhati University, Gauhati, Assam)
Mala Chaliha Talukdar (Department of Psychology, Gauhati University, Gauhati, Assam)

Anger is an emotion, which every human being experiences irrespective of the different conditions they live in. Anger is perceived as a negative emotion because of its hazardous effects on human life. Researches have distinctively shown how it affects our physical as well as mental health. The underlying cause of violent acts can be traced down to the feeling of anger, although there may be other perpetuating factors. Aggressive behavior refers to an act that is intended to injure or irritate another person. Aggression is generally defined as a behavioral act that results in harming or hurting others. It is one of the most prevalent and destructive behavior that we face today. Children are particularly at risk, of being either the victim or the perpetrator of an act of violence (Maguire & Pastore, 1998). The present study tries to empirically study the gender difference in overt expression of aggression in children. The tool that has been used is the Overt Aggression Test (OAT) by Vohra and Gupta. The findings of the study show that there exist gender differences in overt expression of aggression. Males tend to be on the higher in overt expression of aggression as compared to females.

Pages: 782-787
Sangeeta Arya Tanwar (Department of Psychology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Since a long time, North-East-Indian students have been experiencing numerous obstacles in their pursuit of higher education. They evidently face an array of psycho-social challenges in adjusting to the urban environment of Universities located in Delhi & NCR, mainly because of minor to major experiences of social discrimination owing to their physical and ethnic distinctiveness. This study assessed a sample of 63 undergraduate female students from North-East regions of India to identify relationship between prevalent forms of discrimination and psychological distress and general self-efficacy. It was revealed that 'Devaluing Actions' was the most prevalent form of discrimination and is positively correlated with psychological distress and negatively correlated with General self efficacy. Also, psychological distress and General Self Efficacy were inversely related. Most frequently used coping mechanism was found to be 'refusal to think' about the stress caused by discrimination.

Pages: 791-795
Jyotsna Singh (Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi)
Khurshid Alam (Department of Psychology, Zakir Hussain Delhi College, University of Delhi, Delhi)

Stress is what keeps you on your toes during a presentation at work, sharpens your concentration when you're attempting the game-winning free throw, or drives you to study for an exam when you'd rather be watching TV. But beyond a certain point, stress stops being helpful and starts causing major damage to your health, your mood, your productivity, your relationships, and your quality of life. The Paramilitary forces in India are showing clear signs of work related stress experiencing its negative impact on mental and physical health. Various segments of the Paramilitary forces hierarchy differ in their experience of work stress. This study is directed at recognition of stress and coping strategies and the diagnosis of the phenomenon by studying the pattern of stress in the paramilitary force sample. Sample of 60 paramilitary forces from different ranks of BSF is used for the purpose of data collection in this study. The data is collected informally from the respective employees. The results suggested that on recognizing stress that can take a heavy toll in terms of health and job-related outcomes, we can make necessary adjustments and combat its effects. With this information in hand and the knowledge that Border security forces are a high stress occupation, it appears most logical to study the phenomenon of Paramilitary forces stress systematically.

Pages: 800-803
Vinit Kumar Singh (Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS Bengaluru, Karnataka)
Narendra Kumar Singh and Dipanjan Bhattacharjee (Department of Psychiatric Social Work Central Institute of Psychiatry Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand)
Gobinda Majhi (Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS Bengaluru, Karnataka)

Critical comment (CC) and emotional over-involvement are considered as two important predictors of frequent relapses of persons with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Relapse becomes an imminent outcome for people with these two disorders who have had the experience of getting antagonistic reception from their key caregivers in the forms of Critical comment (CC) and emotional over-involvement. Theoretically, relapse appears as a form of coping in the mentally ill persons in order to deal with the stress keeping out of negative express emotions from caregivers. Contrarily, emotional over-involvement demonstrates a different side as compared to critical attitudes but still it is a one of the important factor which causes a relapse in persons with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. There is paucity of studies especially in Indian context regarding perceived critical comment (PCC) and over-involvement in persons with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. This study aimed to measure and compares the perception of persons with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder on PCC and over-involvement. This study was a cross sectional out-patient based one and the sample was selected through consecutive sampling technique. The sample was consisted of 30 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia and 30 patients with the diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder as per ICD-10-DCR. Age ranged between 18-60 years. Appropriately, both groups were matched in terms of age, sex and education. Family emotional involvement and criticism scale was used for the data collection. The two groups significantly differ from one other in terms of emotional over-involvement (t=2.325, p<0.024) but did not reach to the threshold of statistical significance in terms of PCC (t=-1.392, p=0.169). Assessment of critical comment and over involvement from patients' perspective can be useful in planning psychosocial interventions for persons with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.

Pages: 808-811
Tarika Sandhu (Department of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)
Nayanika Singh (Department of Psychology, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, Punjab)

Jung defined individuation as the process by which“a person becomes a psychological in-dividual, that is separate, indivisible unity or whole which begins after the 35th year (adulthood) (Jung, 1959). Review of literature indicates that differences have been found between males and females on their index of the individuation process however, there is dearth of review of literature to validate the same (Garbarino et al., 1995; Chen, 2009). The present investigation was thus designed to study the impact of gender in determining the index of the individuation process among adults. Sample for the study consisted of 240 marriedadults, age ranging from40-50 years (males=143, females=97) withstable career functioning. Participants belonged to Chandigarh, Mohali, Panchkula, and Solan. This investigation has psychometrically quantified the construct of individuation as a cumulative score of self-concept, ego strength and inner-directedness. One-way ANOVA was used to study the differences between males and females on the index of the individuation process among adults. Results indicated that no significant differences emerged between males and females on the index of the individuation process in adults. Therefore, the proposed hypothesis of the study which stated that, “Males would be significantly higher on the Index of the Individuation Process as compared to Females” could not muster empirical support with respect to the sample for the present study. However, these findings can also be substantiated with qualitative studies for a complete in depth understanding of the process of individuation.

Pages: 817-820
Nongzaimayum Tawfeeq Alee, Asif Hasan, and Asiya Aijaz (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)

The North Eastern states of India is secluded geographically from the rest of main land India and is one of the most remote places with insufficient mode of transportation and communication making it one of the undeveloped and backward places in India. Although sparsely populated the healthcare facilities is not evenly distributed and lack many facilities as well as trained professionals. This paper is an attempt to explore the probable cause of increase in mental health problems as well as the steps that needs to be taken up to ensure proper treatment to the affected people. This article discusses insurgency, government forces atrocities and political violence, lack of facilities, infrastructure and trained professionals, poverty, drug abuse and narcotic substances, superstitious believes, lack of awareness and social stigma as some of the reasons that lead to psychological disturbances among the civilians living in North East India.

Pages: 828-831
Reeba Gaba (Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh)

The representation of women at all levels in Government and Civil Services has always been low. Women have always been in a disadvantaged position as compared to men. The insignificant presence of women in these services owes to a number of reasons such as- the traditional mindset that men are always superior to women, that the women's place of work is confined to the domain of household and her identity is attached to that of her father, husband or son. But, there has been a change. Women are breaking these stereotypes and witnessing an equal participation with men. This paper attempts to highlight a comparison of motivational factors of men and women Civil Servants in the Administrative Services of Haryana- a state where women are governed by a strong patriarchal mindset, denial of education and basic rights; and prevalent violence against women. The objective of this study is to find out the profile of Civil Servants-both men and women and to make a comparative analysis of the factors that motivated them to join these services. An empirical study was done and a sample of 175 was drawn using simple random sampling technique. It was found that a large number of female respondents joined civil service because of their family background whereas a large number of men joined these services to exercise leadership. Getting a chance to make a contribution to important decisions was also found to be a motivational factor for women to join these services. Apart from this, a stable and secure future was another motivation for the respondents to join these services.

Pages: 836-839
Kirti Tyagi and Gunjan Sharma (Department of Applied Psychology, South Campus, Delhi University, Delhi)

Previous researches provide impetus which posits that an inclination towards spirituality is positively correlated with various aspects of psychological well-being. The present study attempts to understand the construct of spirituality and related concept of Spiritual Intelligence, and their relationship with quality of life as a variable of well-being. This study aims at providing an explanation regarding the same, with greater emphasis on the Indian perspective. For this, data was collected from 100 participants, who were chosen with the help of convenient random sampling. The sample included young men and women of the age group of 18 - 27 years, belonging to different socio-economic strata. Responses were collected from each participant using Spiritual Intelligence Self- Report Inventory (SISRI 24) by King (2008) and WHOQOL BREF (June, 1997). Collected data was statistically analyzed using Pearson r, along with gender comparison using t-test in relation to the dimensions of spiritual intelligence and quality of life. The analyses yielded a positive correlation between spirituality and quality of life and no significant difference was found between males and females in respective to quality of life. The present study also represents few implications for future research which can include qualitative analysis in order to get a descriptive account of youth's well-being in relation to their experiential and subjective understanding of spirituality.

Pages: 844-848
M. Kanchana, Sivaranjini, R., and Aishwarya Srinivasan (Department of Psychology, Womens Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

The present study aimed at examining the differences and relationship between quality of life and perceived loneliness between institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly persons. The study was conducted on 259 elderly persons residing with family or in old-age institutions in the city of Chennai, recruited through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data was collected using the abbreviated World Health Organization's Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF, 1997) the Perceived Loneliness Scale (Jha, 1986) and a personal data sheet for the demographic details. Translated (Tamil) versions of these questionnaires were used for participants who could not understand English. Results indicated that quality of life significantly differed between institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly persons (.01 level), with the institutionalized elderly reporting significantly lower quality of life. When analysed according to age, quality of life for the young-old non-institutionalized elderly was significantly higher than that of the institutionalized elderly. No significant difference was observed for the old-old or oldest-old sample, or across perceived loneliness in the sample studied. Among the institutionalized elderly, men experienced significantly higher perceived loneliness compared to women (significant at the .01 level). Quality of life and perceived loneliness were found to be significantly positively correlated [r(257) = 0.401, p< .01].

Pages: 852-855
Riddhi Goyal and Anjali Malik (Department of Psychology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Adolescents experiment with new things, some of which may be risky and even dangerous. Self-regulation of behavior, where the adolescents are made aware of the possible consequences of their behavior, and which helps in developing critical life skills in adolescents is a dire need. Keeping this in mind it is important to not only treat the affected population but also prevent the youth from taking risk and make them able to regulate their thoughts, emotions and behavior to prevent negative consequences. The present study was therefore designed to study the impact of self-regulation training on the risk taking and self-regulatory behavior in adolescents. To identify the high risk takers, Risk taking questionnaire was administered on 400 subjects (15-17 years) of both genders. The screened group of high risk takers were administered self-regulation questionnaire and then taken forward for the intervention program meant to tackle these problems at the cognitive, behavioral and emotional levels. There was a marked decline in the risk taking behavior as well as greater degree of self-regulation post intervention.