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Pages: 341-344
Payal Kapoor and Rashmi Kumar (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Due to the rapid expansion of the service sector, Emotional Labour has emerged as a prominent concept in the understanding of Organizational Behavior. Managing emotions at work setting is termed as Emotional Labour. During a typical service encounter, emotions are the cluster of feelings evoked in customers and employees and at times employees are required to manage and modify their own emotions, while trying to manage the emotions of the customers. There is little agreement on the definition and conceptualization of Emotional Labour. In this regard, the present paper makes an attempt to review the literature to explain the concept 'Emotional labour'. The aim of this review paper is to integrate the conceptualization of Emotional Labour through a systematic analysis of literature and to identify its consequences during service encounter. This paper focuses on certain key perspectives of Emotional labour and thus provides a platform for further research.
Pages: 345-348
Sangeeta Rath (Department of Psychology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha)
Sumna Sucharita Mohanty (Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha)

The primary purpose of the present empirical investigation is to examine the organizational commitment scores of the middle level and lower level executives in private and public sector organizations. The present study followed a 2 X 2 factorial research design. Factor 1 refers to type of sectors (Private versus public) and Factor 2 refers to the level of executives (Middle level executives versus lower level executives). The sample consists of 240 executives from both private and public sector organizations. From the 240 participants, 120 executives were from private sectors and 120 executives were from public sectors. In each group of 120 executives, 60 were middle level executives and 60 were lower level executives. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the executives. The participants of all the four groups were compared with respect to organizational commitment scores. The result indicated that private sector executives showed higher organizational commitment compared to public sector executives. The result also revealed that middle level executives showed more commitment towards the organization than the lower level executives.
Pages: 349-354
Soni Kewalramani and Sneha Hazra (Amity Institute of Behavioral and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh)
Sneha Hazra (Department of Applied Psychology, AIBAS, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh)

The purpose of the present paper is to study the effect of usage of social networks on romantic relationships in young adults. Social networking is the online platform that allows users to create profile in their website and connect with other users within that same website. Romantic relationship is the expression of love between two individuals, characterized with a feeling of strong attraction, personal attachment and sexual desire for each other. Social networking stands as an important aspect in the lives of young adults as it helps them to stay linked with the world and maintain relationships (professional or personal). On the other hand, romantic relationship too adds an essence in this phase of young adulthood. The study is about how social networking and romantic relationships, both being substantial aspects for young adults, are related. The sample used for this study comprises 60 subjects (25 males & 35 females) in the age group of 18 25 years. The tools used for this study are (1.) SONTUS (Social Networking Time Use Scale) developed by Olufadi (2016); and (2.) Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) developed by Funk and Rogge (2007). The hypothesis seeks a negative impact of time spent in social networking on romantic relationships on young adults. However, the finding of the study unlikely shows that the relationship between the time spent by an individual on social networking sites and satisfaction in their relationship is negligible.
Pages: 355-360
Maya Rathnasabapathy, Maharishi R., and Athilakshmi R. (Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences and Languages Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)
J. Reeves Wesley (VIT Business School (VITBS), Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

The goals of the research is to examine the impact of interpersonal conflicts on psycho-social behaviour of adolescents girls. The group consisted of 1218 adolescents girls in the age group of 13-18 years selected by convenient sampling method. Twelve Government schools were selected from twelve districts of Tamil Nadu. Overall, our findings suggested that the conflict in family, conflict with parents, siblings and friends were significantly influenced psychological and social factors such as emotional intelligence, resilience, stress, family environment, school problem, social problem and personal problems.
Pages: 361-364
Kavita Gautam and A.V.S. Madnawat (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

Social support is the perception and actuality that one is cared for, has assistance available from other people and is part of a supportive social network. Social support can come from a variety of sources including family, friends, marital partners, pets, community ties, and co-workers. Sources of support can be natural (e.g., family & friends) or more formal (e.g., mental health specialists or community organizations). Early familial social support has been shown to be important for adolescents. The study investigated whether perceived social support varied among adolescents (Boys & Girls) who have lost their parents at an early age and are living in general orphanages or orphanages which provide family setup and adolescents from intact families (comparison group). Total sample of 224 adolescents in the age range of 15-19 yrs. was drawn from SOS children's village at Jaipur and Bhopal, various orphanages and schools in Jaipur. PGI social support Questionnaire was used to assess the level of perceived social support . Analysis of variance was used to analyse data statistically. Statistically significant difference was found in the level of Perceived Social Support among adolescents in this study in terms of Living setup as well as gender. SOS village model has its merits over the general orphanage though overall orphans perception of social support is less than adolescents coming from intact families indicating need to review ways to improve social support for orphans.
Pages: 365-369
Gouri Sharma (Department of Education, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh)

Present study aims to examine the relationship between women cleanliness behavior in relation to socio-economic indicators i.e. age, Family income, women income, type of household, occupation, level of education, water source ,toilet facility on women cleanliness behavior. Sample -For this purpose 300 hundred women residing in slum area of Bilaspur district has been taken. Measures- For the collection of data two scale 1-personal cleanliness behavior scale and 2-Public cleanliness behavior scale were developed. Item analysis has been done for both scale. Reliability chron' bach alpha for personal cleanliness behavior scale 0.96 and .885 for public cleanliness behavior scale was found to be significant. Personal cleanliness behavior scale and Public cleanliness behavior scale were significantly related (p<0.001). Design-co relational design is used. Data analysis has been done with the help of multiple regression analysis using SPSS 24 licensed version. Findings of the study showed that income of the family as well as income of the women both are important and emerged out as significant predictors whereas role of education was not found significant to predict cleanliness behavior.
Pages: 370-375
Sakshi Rai and Roy Bharati (Department of Psychology, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand)

Social story developed by Gray and Garrand (1993) was used heavily for the children with autism. Present study is an endeavour to amalgamate the form of video self-modelling dubbed under the vocal background of social story written individually for the need of the child. Present research is a one month intervention study following pre-post (A-B-A) design. Study examines the effectiveness of digital social story in improving problem behaviour in a child with childhood autism. The behaviour was operationalized in functional and topographical term and was further investigated on the measures of frequency, duration, severity and latency. Individual social story was written and recorded after obtaining consent with parents and was further given voice over by the therapist. Video of social story was shown to a child for thirty days and subsequently all the measures were repeated after one month in absence of any intervention. At the end of an intervention it was found that the behaviour chosen improved significantly on various measures and it continued to improve even in absence of an intervention up to the one month on certain measures. In order to examine the effectiveness of an intervention the proper parameter of chosen behaviour has to be determined by using appropriate recording method.
Pages: 376-379
Riya Tiwari (Institute of Teachers Education, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)
Padma Bohre (Pragti College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh)

The study was designed to investigate emotional intelligence and leadership as predictors of self-efficacy in the sport teachers of Chhattisgarh state. A total of 30 sport teachers from government Schools of Chhattisgarh state were selected as subjects. In this present study self-efficacy (SE) was considered as a dependent variable and Emotional Intelligence (EI) and leadership Skill (LS) were considered as Independent variables. Researchers used descriptive survey research design. Two inventories, Emotional Intelligence Inventory (Hyde, Pethe, & Dhar) Occupational Self-efficacy Scale (Pethe, Choudhary, & Dhar) Leadership Behavior Scale (Asha Hinger), were used for data collection. Multiple regression was used for data analysis. To find out the best predicting factor of SE, EI and LS significant values of F is 6.710. Leadership skill and emotional intelligence was found to be significant predictors. EI contributed 37.5% of its variance out of the total variance. Leadership contributed 10.7% of its variance out of the total variance.
Pages: 380-384
Ridhima Shukla (Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

Adolescent females experience widespread changes during their puberty. Their perceptions about their overall psychological well-being are found to be associated with happiness and positive affect. It is also hypothesized that the individuals who have better psychological well-being will be more resilient in nature. Such individuals will indulge in healthy behaviors in dealing with daily life hassles. Adolescents are bound to experience difficulty in their lives and in such incidents they may indulge into abusive unhealthy behaviors. The present was, therefore, undertaken to ascertain the level of psychological well-being, resilience and non suicidal self harm behaviors of adolescent females and also to determine the relationship among the three variables. The study also purported to assess the frequent types of self harm behaviors adolescent females indulge into. The sample was incidentally selected and comprised of 200 adolescent females falling in the age range of 16-18 years. The data was collected with the help of psychometric tools, namely, Psychological Well Being Questionnaire by Bhogle and Jaiprakash (1995); The Resilience Scale by Wagnild and Young (1993); and Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS)' by Klonsky and Olino (2008). Results revealed that adolescent females have better psychological well-being and are highly resilient. They indulge in self harm behaviors because they think that it helps them in regulating their affect, gives them thrill and a sense of autonomy. They also were found to get a sense of revenge when they indulge in non suicidal self harm. 78% adolescent females have reported that have harmed themselves at least once in their lifetime and approximately 44% reported that they experienced pain during such incidents. Surprisingly, 85% of the females reported that they want to stop such behaviors. This definitely indicates that they are well aware of the consequences of such behaviors. The study has implications in the form of developing interventions to help adolescent females abstain from indulging in such behaviors.
Pages: 385-390
Shinchel Lingzerpa and Satyananda Panda (Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim)

Although Sikkim is known to be one of the most peaceful states in India, there are various issues that have gripped the state. One such issue is the rampant use of alcohol and other substances. The present study explored the possible causes and consequences of substance abuse in Sikkim by using qualitative research approach. In-depth interviews were carried out with 17 individuals 10 male in-patients from Sikkim diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD), 3 physicians and 2 counsellors dealing with patients with SUD, and 2 first-degree relatives of in-patients suffering from SUD. Results showed that majority of the male in-patients (80%) were indulged in multiple substances. The most common causes for initiation of substances as reported by in-patients, relatives, physicians, and counsellors were: enjoyment, curiosity, relieving stress, drinking culture, and easy availability. They also reported that the consumption of substances led to academic, financial, social and behavioural problems, along with deterioration of health, psychological problems like low self-confidence, isolation and increased sadness. Physicians and counsellors also reported that the majority of the patients seeking treatment also had a family history of SUD. They also reported that the most common reasons for wanting to quit the substances are deteriorating health and wanting to rebuild trust and relationships. The findings of the research suggest that there is an urgent need to conduct a thorough research on trends of substance use in Sikkim and to develop suitable intervention strategies to reduce the increasing rate of Substance Use Disorders in Sikkim.
Pages: 391-395
Rohafza Ali (Department of Applied Psychology, Amity University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
Sonakshi Ruhela (Department of Psychology, Amity University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates)

The present study is aimed at understanding the relationship between insomnia and emotional distress. The goal is to demonstrate how the former increases the risk of the latter and vice versa. Insomnia is defined as a clinical disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining sleep that is associated with significant daytime impairment or distress. Insomnia is a significant public health problem because of its high prevalence and management challenges. There is increasing evidence of a strong association between insomnia and various medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Findings suggest that there is a close relation between sleep disorder and mental illness. Deprivation from sleep gives rise to several disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress, etc. It also affects one's health causing, hearth problems, trouble in breathing, and death inn elderly people. Because mental illness and sleep disorders are so closely correlated, experts recommend ensuring both are assessed and treated promptly, and suggest patients develop good sleep habits to promote healthy sleep. Patients and their families are also encouraged to watch for signs of sleep disruption, as they could be predictors of worsening mental health.
Pages: 396-398
Radha Ghosh (Department of Education, Bijoy Krishna Girls College, Howrah, West Bengal)

An individual's choice of action, responses to challenges, incentives and rewards are influenced by Attitude. Here, attitude means evaluation of the respondents in the context of environment related aspects of social and physical world. The teachers play a very important role in developing the value system of the students which in turn mould their approach to environment. The teachers are able to influence students' attitude while interacting with them which underpins the role of social learning as one of the sources of attitude. As teachers are the key factors in the whole teaching-learning process in education, so this study has been taken up for analysis. The study examines the effects of stream and gender on environmental attitude of undergraduate college teachers in Kolkata. The data was analyzed by employing quantitative research approach by using survey method and 3 X 2 factorial designs. The subjects were chosen from the undergraduate college teachers (n=400) affiliated to the University of Calcutta belonging to three different streams i.e., arts, science and commerce. In the study we have considered stratified purposive sampling due to short time period. The tool was standardized on a separate sample group (n=80). A two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of stream and gender on environmental attitude questionnaire. The result indicated that, stream and gender has a significant effect on the level of environmental attitude of undergraduate college teachers in Kolkata.
Pages: 399-403
Rashmi Singh (Department of Psychology, Guru Nanak Girls P.G. College, Udaipur, Rajasthan)
Shipra Lavania (Departent of Psychology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan)
Jayesh Kumar Singh (Third Professional (Year Part 1), M.B.B.S., Govt. R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

In this decade, there is a major change to doctor's place, as it includes running in private practices, government work, implementation of government policies, burden of paper work and regulation, electronic health record and changing credentialing demands. In spite of all this there are two major demands that they have to update their knowledge according to the recent researches and another is to come up with the patient's needs and demands. Nowadays patient's relatives and attendants expect that as they are paying for the services of the doctor, it is moral responsibility of the doctor to save the patient's life. So doctors are in persistent stress about the professional integrity and facing common problem which is known as burnout. Burnout is a state of emotional, mental and physical exhaustion and diminished interest. It is caused by excessive and prolonged stress when one feels overwhelmed and unable to meet constant demands. Thus it leads to the disturbed family life, professional life and social life etc. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize and understand emotions of our self and others and to use this awareness to manage our behavior and relationships. This is very essential for doctors as they are more resilient to the stresses of the profession and less likely to experience burnout. This paper aims to find out the burnout and emotional intelligence among medical professional of different branches. Sample includes 10 doctors each from ten different branches included by incidental purposive sampling that is a total of 100 samples of medical practitioners of Government hospital.
Pages: 404-409
Siddharth Soni and Manisha Agarwal (Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

The Public Sector Banks (PSBs), which are the base of the Banking sector in India account for more than 78 per cent of the total banking industry assets. Unfortunately they are burdened with excessive Non Performing assets (NPAs), massive manpower and lack of modern technology. Uncertainty and instability are the norms in today's work environment in the public sector banks. This unpredictability and uncertainty causes an increased level of discomfort and stress for employees and managers as they try to accomplish their day to day objectives and achieve their professional goals. The present examined the nature of the relationship between positive psychological factors such as hope and optimism, role ambiguity and affective, continuance and normative organizational commitment of public sector bank employees. A total number of 100 public sector bank employees were participated in the study. Hope and optimism were measured by using positive psychological capital scale developed by Luthans et al. (2007). Participants responses were measured by using Role ambiguity and organizational commitment scale. The data was statistically analyzed through correlation and regression analysis. Research findings partially supported the hypothesized patterns of relationship between the variables in the study. The result findings of the study indicate that hope and optimism are positively and role ambiguity is negatively correlated with organizational commitment.
Pages: 410-414
L. N. Bunker and Shilpa Chouhan (Department of Psychology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan)

Female crime is the important factor that influences family's harmony and emotional stability. In recent years, the female crime rate has been a gradual increase, and its growth rate has exceeded that of male crime in the corresponding period. This not only relates with the weakly legal consciousness of a small number of women, but also relates with the families and the society. The study examines the emotional maturity and family environment of criminal and non-criminal women. This is a field study in which purposive sampling technique was used for selecting 25 criminal females and the other 25 non -criminal females were randomly selected. The tools used for data collection were Emotional Maturity Scale by Singh and Bhargava (1999) Hindi Version and Family Environment Scale revised by Joshi and Vyas (1987) Hindi version. t-test was used as statistical technique to analyze the data. The findings reveal that there is statistically significant difference between the emotional maturity of criminal and non-criminal females. On the measures of emotional maturity and subscales only personality disintegration dimension/sub-scale significant difference was found among criminal and non-criminal women. This reveals that criminals often possess a type of personality trait like reaction, phobias formation, rationalization, pessimism, immorality, etc. On the measures of family environment and its subscales significance difference was found on Conflict, Moral Religious Emphasis and Organization .The finding on correlation between emotional maturity and family environment indicate that there was a positive association .Thus, it can be concluded that emotional maturity and family environment affect behaviour of criminal females.
Pages: 415-418
Ramesh Kumar and Rakesh Kumar Behamani (Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana)

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship and gender differences on mental health, and life satisfaction. Two hundred adults (100 females, 100 transgender) completed measures of general health questionnaire-28 and life satisfaction scale. Low level of life satisfaction accompanied by general health scores that reflect social and personal psychopathology, with transgender and women scoring higher in somatic, anxiety, social dysfunctions, and severe depression. Life satisfaction significantly negatively correlated with general health (somatic, anxiety, social dysfunctions, & severe depression). The findings reveal that female's mental health and life satisfaction better than transgender. Mental health of transgender people were significantly poor than females on somatic, anxiety and severe depression, social dysfunctions (general health).
Pages: 419-422
Amita Kaistha (Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab)

The present study aimed at studying the interpersonal skills among distance learners. A randomly selected sample of 655 post-graduate students pursuing their studies through distance mode were taken up for the study. ANOVA was computed to find out the main and interaction effects among urban and rural distance learners with respect to gender and course of study. The findings of the study revealed that rural distance learners showed significantly higher level of interpersonal skills than urban distance learners. The results pertaining to the significant interaction effects between location and course of study revealed that rural distance learners pursuing professional discipline showed significantly higher level of interpersonal skills than urban distance learners pursuing professional discipline. However, reverse results were found though not significant for distance learners of academic discipline.
Pages: 423-426
Priyanka Pandey and Komilla Thapa (Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The primary objectives of this study to examine working memory in a sample of individuals diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Working memory was assessed using the Digit Span, Spatial Span. This aspect was examined in 15 MCI patients and 15 matched controls. It was hypothesized that MCI participants would be more impaired relative to the control group on these different measures. Findings showed that MCI participants performance was impaired in comparison to the control group.
Pages: 427-433
Pramod Kumar (DRDO Scientist, Selection Centre East, Allahabad, Utter Pradesh)

This study aims to identify the markers concerning adolescents' experience of affective dissonance grounded in data derived from a purposive sample of 40 adolescents of age 14-18 years. The self-written narratives and transcribed interviews of the participants were analysed. Thematic analysis was used for inductive generation of themes and subthemes which emerged from the reading and rereading of text segments. Following the procedure of open coding, focused coding, axial coding and selective theoretical coding; five core categories emerged as Self, Family, Peer Group, School and Society around which other categories were organized. Interest-Ability-Expectation Dissonance, Identity Vs Role Confusion and Trust Vs Mistrust were three more common factors which influenced almost each core category. It laid the groundwork for developing a measure for affective dissonance.
Pages: 434-436
Durgalal Dayma, Udita Kaushik, and Manika Mohan Saxena (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan)

The main aim of this research is to explore the impact of change process on the motivation, anxiety and stress of employees of merger and acquisition of two banks. Previous researches depict that change management creates stress, fear and uncertainty among employees that impact on the morale, attitude, satisfaction and performance of them. This research is designed under qualitative nature with the inductive research strategy. Interpretive philosophy is also used to complete the research effectively. The data gathered for the research is analyzed by using thematic analysis to achieve the research objectives. The research findings are very important for banking sectors in India to determine the impact of acquisition and merger change process over the anxiety, stress and motivation of employees. The study found acquisition and merger between banks are changing process that enhance anxiety, stress and demotivation among employees.
Pages: 437-441
Simran Anand (Department of Applied Psychology, Amity University, Dubai)
Sonakshi Ruhela (Department of Psychology, Amity University, Dubai)

This paper revolves around the concept of infidelity. A positive correlation between infidelity and the biological and psychological effects on the individual and the methodology of carrying out is reviewed and analysed. Infidelity is of two types; emotional and physical each holding its own symptoms, causes and effects The study employs review of existing literature as its methodology. Some of the psychological effects identified on the individual include depression, low self esteem, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).The results indicated that pregnancy and religiosity enable in moderating the chances of getting engaged in betrayal. Women tend to get more affected by emotional infidelity whereas men by physical.
Pages: 442-444
Shweta Chhabra and Manpreet Ola (Amity Institute of Clinical Psychology, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana)

Children living in orphanages often are deprived of parental or guardian's love and affection. They are brought up by the caregivers who are assigned for more than a dozen at a time, and therefore they lack in psychological well-being. It is no wonder, how much proper parental care is necessary for the upbringing of a child, proper emotional, social and physical development. Hence, the aim of this paper was to review various studies on this topic, and come out with recommendations on the various problems children living in orphanages face in day to day life.
Pages: 445-447
Madhvi Vijra (Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana)
Manpreet Ola (AICP, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana)

The aim of the investigation was to study the psychological factors that have an impact on the mental health of defense personnel. The mental health of defense personnel is in jeopardy due to stress and strain of their nature of occupation and life pattern in respective occupation. These stressors that are faced owing to demanding jobs, interpersonal conflicts at workplace and in the family, terrorism, internal conflicts in the countries and others gives a lot of stress to defense personnel which hampers their mental health. The stigma associated with mental illness restricts them to seek help from mental health practioners. The society needs to understand that mental illness is not a matter of shame and needs help just like physical illness. There is need to increase public's awareness regarding mental health issues. There is a strong need to inoculate officers with stress management training.
Pages: 448-450
Jyotsna Joshi and Kirti Maheshwari (Department of Psychology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh)

Beauty is the promise of happiness. It has been highly valued of human attributes, assumed to be connected with happiness, intelligence and success and adolescence is a period of personal and social identity formation, in which different roles, behaviors, and ideologies are explored. The rapid physical changes which occurred in adolescents have important effects on the body image. Most Adolescents are highly aware of their appearance and invest significant cognitive and emotional resources in their relation with the physical body. This article aims to focus the status of body image awareness in adolescents.
Pages: 451-454
Preeti Masih (Department of Psychology, St. Johns College, Agra, Utter Pradesh)
Priya Srivastava (Psychologist Integrated Institute of Rehabilitation for the Disabled, Agra, Utter Pradesh)

The study was conducted to study self-perception among students pursuing professional and non-professional courses. The study is ex- post facto hence; the sample was selected on purposive sampling techniques. Sample size was 200 (boys-42 & girls-158) selected from St. John's College and Dayalbagh Educational institute of Agra. The age range of subjects is 20-25 years of the above mentioned sample 100 students were pursuing professional courses and 100 were pursuing non- professional courses. The scale used was drawn Personal Orientation Inventory by Aggarwal, Self Perception Measuring Scale. This scale consists of 40 items, 26 items for self-acceptance and 16 items for self-regard. After using statistical technique, t- test value is 0.059. No significant difference has been found with regard of educational status / courses on self-perception. There is no impact on self-perception of subjects pursuing professional/ non-professional courses.
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