IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review
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Pages: 1701-1706 After 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, Panchayati Raj Institutions became strong and legal bodies containing clauses for ensuring adequate representation to all the sections of the society. But, age old taboos, negative attitude, prevailing thinking and practices in the society had become strong hindrances in the way of women to be empowered. In present paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the level of participation of rural women folk in governance of local areas in Punjab. Thus, serious efforts need to be made to ensure women participation at all levels of governance particularly in the local bodies so as to make these bodies truly representative of local people. |
Pages: 1707-1712 Youth addiction is a quotidian issue nowadays, daily reported and debated. The extreme glamorization depicted in the movies and in advertisements instils excitement among youngsters further seducing them to try harmful drugs like nicotine, tobacco, alcohol, etc because of their inevitable want and their inability to quit it, posing a fret for themselves and the people surrounding them. Even after being completely aware of the harmful effects, followed by the persistent use of it they are still not able to quit because more than physical attachment, the psychological forces driving their needs take over. Hence addiction is a condition in which a person engages in use of a substance or in behaviour repeatedly despite detrimental consequences. The main aim of this research is to find out the factors that trigger the addicts to get involved in behaviours which have proven to be fatal now and in past. For the present study a sample of 100 college students (Private University, Gurgaon) were taken which was further divided into two groups (Regular & occasional users) using CRAFT (2009); and were later assessed on the dimensions of Attitude towards Home and Family by Saraswat (2002); and Loneliness scale by Meenakshi (2010). Results revealed the impact of attitude towards home and family and loneliness on the Addiction behaviour and the significant statistical differences between the two groups. |
Pages: 1713-1718 The objective of the present review was to examine the relationship between psychological capital, and job satisfaction on the basis of empirical studies. Literatures have been scanned from different scientific database, viz., j-Gate, JSTOR, science direct, INFLIBNET, PsychINFO, Springer, Scopus, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The authors acknowledge 40 studies (full text) covering the period from 2007 to 2018 with certain inclusion criteria. Search terms were psychological capital, hope, optimism self efficacy, resiliency and job satisfaction. After examining different aspects of 40 empirical studies based on different organizations, different levels of employees and different countries this review article was prepared. When all the four dimensions taken together relationship between psychological capital and job satisfaction were reported by almost all the researchers. Same results were obtained when every single dimension of psychological capital was taken to consideration. |
Pages: 1719-1728 Reproductive and sexual health is an integral part of adolescents' well-being, the absence of which leads to tension and storm in all realms of life. Any compromise on this factor can really harm the individuals in multiple ways such as bringing teenage and unwanted pregnancy, increasing maternal mortality rate, sexually transmitted diseases, drug abuse among adolescents etc. Thus people should be thoroughly and accurately educated about their sexuality and all the other aspects related to it especially when lots of myths and misconceptions are in practice. But in many societies, it is believed that giving proper sexual education to the children brings more harm than good. This concern is really wrong. Parents, teachers and other health workers can play a great role in educating the adolescents on their sexual and reproductive health. But how far the parents and teachers are aware of this matter is a question. Hence the present study examines the knowledge and perceptions of parents and teachers on adolescent reproductive and sexual health education. A group of 62 teachers and 40 parents were selected from various parts of Pondicherry using incidental sampling technique. A structured questionnaire developed by a group of ICMR professionals was used to collect the data and this data was analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The findings show that the level of knowledge and perceptions about adolescent reproductive health issues among teachers and parents is poor and there was not much discussion regarding this issue between adolescents and their parents and teachers, which calls for the introduction of a systematic and comprehensive adolescent reproductive and sexual health education at school levels for molding a healthy generation. |
Pages: 1729-1736 Today, we have an unprecedented number of families dealing with cancer. Research exists to support the fact that cancer is increasing in prevalence across the globe, and that it is more devastating in developing nations. This could, in part, be linked to the socio-demographic context of caregivers in the developing nations. To explore this facet, a cross-sectional survey of 190 primary family caregivers of cancer patients was surveyed using the General Health Questionnaire, Caregiver Quality of Life-Cancer Scale, and the Brief COPE along with a detailed socio-demographic form. Results of inferential tests and post-hoc analysis revealed that caregivers with better education, employment, and economic stability experienced better general health and fewer disruptions in quality of life. In contrast, low-literacy caregivers and financially distressed caregivers used significantly elevated levels of dysfunctional coping strategies. The results clearly indicate the need to extend supportive services, like counselling and psycho-education, to cancer caregivers in hospitals. More research like this could be used to make informed suggestions for macro-level policy measures, like paid caregiving leave or other affordances for caregivers to cope effectively. |
Pages: 1737-1743 Access to reliable and affordable supplies of energy is an imperative for economic growth and human development. Oil and gas have remained the dominant sources of primary energy in the energy portfolio of India. The concept of energy security has gained prominence for India, given its high dependency on oil imports, and the highly volatile oil prices. This paper examines India's energy position in light of some objective and measurable indicators of energy security. The paper further studies India's energy diversity and energy intensity to establish its precarious energy security position. A framework for measuring country's energy security is proposed. The paper concludes with recommendations for ensuring India's energy security given the specific challenges faced by India on that front. |
Pages: 1744-1748 Researches on Learning Disability have shown that the stigmatized attitude causes several functional difficulties among adolescents in their social environment. A planned intervention has been cited as a remedy to overcome stigmatized attitude towards disability especially in early adolescents which would help in a developing an optimistic future. The present research work has tried to explore whether a planned integrated holistic intervention would be able to bring about a change in the Attitude towards Disability among school Children. The Attitude towards Disabilit.y was measured using Attitude toward Disability Scale as measured by Power, Green and World Health Organization Quality of Life Group, 2010. The sample which were chosen based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, (n=100, Boys (n=81) and Girls (n=19) aged between aged 13-15 were given forty sessions on Specific Skill Development Intervention for reading, writing and arithmetic and besides interpersonal relations and communications. A pre-post-follow up research design was followed and the results showed that the Integrated Training Program (ITP) was able to bring about differences in the Gains, and Prospects dimension and not in the Discrimination dimension of Attitude towards Disability. Based on the results, several policy implications have been discussed. |
Pages: 1749-1753 Early life experiences can have a significant impact on later life experiences. There is increasing evidence that suggests that negative experiences in childhood seemed to be linked to emotional and psychological difficulties in later life. The study examined the relationships between early life events, loneliness and fear of negative emotions among high school, undergraduate and postgraduate students. The study also investigated if there were any differences in loneliness, fear of negative emotions, and early life events between high school, undergraduate and postgraduate students. The sample consisted of 150 female students, out of which 50 were high school students, 50 were undergraduate students, 50 were postgraduate students. The students were selected from 3 schools and 2 colleges in Chennai city. The students were administered the UCLA loneliness scale developed by Russell, Peplau, and Ferguson (1978). Early Life Events Scale by Gilbert et al. (2003) and the fear of negative emotions scale developed by Gilbert, McEwan, Catarino, and Balao (2014). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between loneliness, early life events and fear of negative emotions. ANOVA was used to examine the difference in loneliness, early life events and fear of negative emotions among high school students, under graduate students and post graduate students. The analysis revealed that loneliness was significantly, positively correlated with early life events and fear of negative emotions. There was a significant positive correlation between early life events and fear of negative emotions. There were no significant differences in loneliness and early life events among high school, undergraduate and postgraduate students. High school students had significantly higher fear of negative emotions compared to postgraduate students. There were no significant differences in fear of negative emotions between high school and undergraduate students and between undergraduate and postgraduate students. |
Pages: 1754-1756 The present paper reports the development and psychometric properties of the Hindi version of the newly developed self-disclosure scale for adolescents'. Qualitative interview schedule was developed and administered on 50 parents (both father & mother) and 50 adolescents (both boys & girls). Initially 46 items (for 7 domains i.e., like/ dislikes, studies/ career, money, friendship, physical changes, personality & attitude/opinion) were written and on the basis of reliability analysis, some psychometrically poor items were deleted, and only 29 items were included in final scale. After that, through Factor analysis, 18 items were retained and classified in two components, named as Personal self-disclosure and Relational Self-disclosure. The psychometric properties of the Self-disclosure scale were evaluated on a sample of 300 participants. Item analysis of the scale revealed that some items were psychometrically adequate and retained in final scale, whereas psychometrically poor items were removed from final scale. However, the reliability of the scale was found to be highly satisfactory for both components of self-disclosure (alpha = .84 for relational self-disclosure & 0.60 for personal self-disclosure). Overall, the findings revealed that this newly developed self-disclosure scale is a reliable and valid tool to measure the level of adolescents' self-disclosure with their parents. |
Pages: 1757-1759 The purpose of the study is to analyse the customer satisfaction. The research has been done with the objective of measuring the level of satisfaction among Xiaomi Smartphone users. To achieve the objective 98 questionnaire distributed and out of it 91 respondents remark have been analysed and appropriate sampling technique has been used. After analysing alldata the study concluded that most of customers are very satisfied with their phone on some statements like price, easy to operate and battery life whilesome are satisfied on features, looks and design and some are dissatisfied on crashes of display. In majority phone users are satisfied with Xiaomi smartphones. |
Pages: 1760-1763 The present study was undertaken to the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and dietary calcium and sun exposure among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital. This is a cross-sectional analysis of the serum 25(OH) D levels in pregnant women at SRM Hospital, a tertiary level hospital at booking-in appointment in the antenatal clinic. Pregnant women were enrolled between January to November 2016, at booking-in appointment in the antenatal clinic. The total number of pregnant women recruited during this period was 200. The subjects were included based on criteria such as from first registration, singleton pregnancy, live foetus with Cephalic presentation and parity between one and five. Women with pre-existing DM, glucose clearance test (OGCT) values of fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl or 2 h post glucose> 200 mg/dl or those taking metformin for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were excluded from the study and women with bad obstetric history (>3 spontaneous abortions), hypertension, renal, or hepatic dysfunction were also excluded. Among the pregnant women, 129 were having normal BMI, 67 were overweight and obese and 4 were underweight. Moderate level of anaemia was found with 114 cases studied. 96% of women were found to be having inadequate Vitamin D intake in their diet.94.5% of maternal women are pre-diabetic which may due to impaired insulin secretion. This protocol entails, identifying at risk women, also screening all pregnant women and treating those found to be vitamin D deficient. We recommend other hospitals do similar studies to look at the incidence in their own district population and therefore consider screening and treating for this major health problem. |
Pages: 1764-1767 We know that individual with any type of addiction have to go through a series of negative emotions along with the ways of regulating them, in the course of getting addicted. This paper is to investigate the differences between alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals in terms of use of various cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the ability to delay gratification. This study was conducted in district Saharanpur. Data was collected by using inventories- CERQ of Garnefski and, test for Ability to Delay Gratification on a sample of 104 individuals (alcoholics-42 & non-alcoholics 62), with purposive sampling technique. In order to test the difference between alcoholic and non-alcoholics in terms of predictor variables: ability to delay gratification and various cognitive emotion regulation strategies Discriminant Analysis was employed. Result of the study revealed that ability to delay gratification is positively associated whereas three strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (self-blame, rumination & catastrophizing) are negatively associated with the discrimination function between alcoholic and non-alcoholic people. It means that alcoholic group differed from non-alcoholic group because of having low score on ability to delay gratification and high scores on self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing. |
Pages: 1768-1770 The present study investigated the relationship between optimism and quality of life among adolescents. A sample of 250 adolescents aged 16-18 years were taken in the study. Sample was equally divided among boys and girls. Measures administered were Life Orientation Test-Revised by Scheier and Carver (1994) and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF scale by The World Health Organization Quality of Life Group (1998). Means, Standard deviations, t test and correlation analyses were carried out. Significant and positive relationship between optimism and well-being was found among adolescents. |
Pages: 1771-1773 Job satisfaction has been tested and proven as one of the factors that glue employees to their organizations. This paper was aimed to investigate the level of satisfaction among lecturers in higher education. One hundred twenty employees were surveyed from colleges through questionnaire and one hundred two were completed and returned. Frequency method was used to analyze and interpret data. The results highlighted the value of survey as a strategy for management and human resource planning in colleges. |
Pages: 1774-1779 Body Objectification is when a being is treated merely as a body or a collection of body parts that exist for others' pleasure, that is, treated as sexual objects rather than as a person. Studies showed that men also experience body consciousness to some extent. The phenomenon of Body Consciousness is generally associated with females hence the objectives of this study is to find out the significant relationship of body consciousness in men, specifically in adolescents and emerging adults. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used on 200 men where 100 were adolescents and 100 were emerging adults. Body Consciousness was measured using Objectified Body Consciousness Scale. Analysis of data was done using t-test and ANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between Body shame and Appearance control beliefs for emerging adults and adolescents respectively. It also revealed that there is no significance in terms of dieting with respect to age. The implications and shortcomings are discussed. |
Pages: 1780-1785 Major Depressive Disorder not only affects the primary patient, but also their family, caregivers and associates by negatively impacting their dignity, economical condition and confidence. Thus, being reported as the leading cause of disability worldwide, and a major contributor to the overall global burden of diseases (WHO March, 2018). So, it is important to help these individuals learn adaptive mechanism and deal effectively with their environment. The present study compares therapeutic intervention Rational emotive behaviour group therapy with waiting list control for thirty individuals to show the efficacy of intervention. A regression analysis of mixed between within ANOVA (Split Plot Analysis) was conducted. Overall result showed individuals receiving Rational emotive behaviour therapy had better outcome and maintained the improvement over 2 months follow-up with improvement in overall quality of life and general well being. |
Pages: 1786-1789 Agriculture is a stressful occupation in the face of uncertainties like social isolation, machinery breakdown, long working hours, fluctuating market, and unpredictable weather conditions. The precariousness of situation becomes more dreadful when a farmer doesn't perceive stress as a health problem, but a routine farm hassle. The present study focused on identification of daily hassles in farming that might be a source of stress in farmers and the resultant psychological symptoms associated with it. In order to alleviate the debilitating effects of stress, various coping strategies or uplifts were also identified. A sample of 117 farmers in the age range of 22 years and above, from the villages of Haryana was assessed on Hassles and Uplift Scales (Lazarus & Folkman, 1989) and SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1994). The results of present study indicate that farmers are experiencing considerable level of stress, anxiety, and depression. Complaints of disturbed sleep in elders and moderate suicide ideation in young farmers is also present. Present study suggests potentially valuable interventions and more psychological research in farming sector. |
Pages: 1790-1797 Ethnography of School alludes to the importance of ethnographic research methods to the investigation of exercises; execution and discourse on formal and semi-formal educational situations of the whole school on each gathering of understudies and day-care centers. In refinement to quantitative approaches to deal with Shalom school ethnography emphasize four important angles: environment of schooling, regulatory set-up, issues and acuities of educators, understudies, guardians, and village elite groups. The rationale of this study is what truly goes on inside this school and classrooms, what types of social course acquired in the school and how the students arrange and settle their everyday life at school and classrooms? It also assists in perceptive the approach parents, teachers and students towards each other to the schools. The details of ethnographic replicated on the educational understanding of the child and teachers in each school along with to identify the organizational configuration of the schools. Again, in the institution of schooling passes on merely a few of the cultural objects of the society. The executive structure of the organization of schooling, the school, is situated in which geographic-demographic location, with relationships of rights and responsibility among the school and Longwa village and its people. The school too is correlated by a set of connections of contact, rights, and compulsions to well-built social units - the school system and school panel, with Institute. The school is also correlated with the formal and informal political progression to the economic, cultural, and religious group welfare that set in motion the political development. The present paper argues for the relevance of culture of School in anthropological ethnography for the study of formal education and for expanding the capacity of such studies. It also implies a framework- a cultural transmission model and cultural ecological theory framework-that consent a qualitative methodology come under multilevel application of ethnography on formal education. |
Pages: 1798-1802 Electronic banking or e-banking is the term that describes all transitions takes place among companies, organizations and individual and their banking institutions. The purpose of this article is to study the level of Customer Awareness towards E-payment in Haryana. This study is based on the descriptive research design. A total of 86 Customers participated out of 100 Customers in the research conducted using the method whereby participants answered the standardized questionnaire. The study conclude that most of the customers are satisfied with E-Payment in certain factors like wide reach, more convenient and Alternative choice Payment method. However, there are several barriers identified to the adoption of this payment method like most of the customers are dissatisfied with security of E-Payment and network issue. |
Pages: 1803-1805 Happiness is a crucial ingredient of well-being. No matter how different people's lives whether due to age, gender, culture, or life experience the desire for happiness is widespread. Regardless of culture, socioeconomic status and geography happiness appears to be universally recognized. Happy workplace fosters employee health and happiness while enhancing organizational performance and productivity. But for many people, the workplace is a highly stressful environment and this means it can be a damaging place for their mental health. The importance of happiness at workplace has grown over the last two or three decades as there has been a shift from physical to psychological sources of pressure at work. An economy in a downward spiral, rising unemployment, anxieties about future job loss, lack of access to affordable health care, crisis in the financial industry and declining consumer confidence are among some of the challenges creating significant stress in the lives of workers and their families. Much can be done to improve and sustain happiness at work and there are many possible approaches that can be taken. It is the purpose of this paper to explore: 1) Conceptual framework of happiness 2) Models of happiness (Sustainable Happiness model, PERMA model, Performance-Happiness model) 3) Happiness enhancing activities 4) Positive Psychological Capital 5) Positive Organisational Behavior 6) Benefits of happiness. Happiness is healthy and adaptive up to a point, but like all things, it requires balance. Research studies show that even though happiness is beneficial, yet psychologically it can become maladaptive. This paper also discuss on the downside of happiness. |
Pages: 1806-1812 The capacity of an individual to regulate one's emotion, the ways by which it is done and its relationship with pathological symptoms of psychiatric disorders has been a subject of interest to scientists in the past three decades. People who are dependent on psychoactive substances tend to use the substance more, while facing negative life events as they are unable to regulate one's emotions. The inability to cope results in more unpleasant symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression. The present research was carried out to investigate the cognitive coping strategies used by dependent cannabis users while facing negative life events, the level of psychological symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression experienced by them and its relationship with quality of life. A cross-sectional comparative research design with thirty individuals who are seeking psychiatric treatment for cannabis dependence and thirty healthy individuals was carried out. The groups were compared on domains of Cognitive Emotion Regulation questionnaire (CERQ), Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) and WHO-Quality of life Scale (WHO-QOL). Individuals who are dependent on cannabis reported a higher level of depression, anxiety and stress and poorer psychological quality of life comparing to healthy individuals. Further Cannabis users were found to readily engage in maladaptive cognitive coping strategies of rumination, catastrophizing and other's blame while facing negative life events than normal controls. Significant positive correlation was found between frequency of use of maladaptive coping strategies and psychological symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression. The elevation of psychological symptoms were associated with poor health and psychological quality of life among dependent Cannabis users. |
Pages: 1813-1819 Trying to do more than one task at the same time, or more accurately, moving to-and-fro between tasks in quick temporal succession is known as multitasking. There have been some research evidence connecting factors such as age and intelligence to cognitive tasks, and some specifically of divided attention, but not many with types of visual modality computerised dual tasks, as used in the current work. Also, the previous research findings were not conclusive. The present research was aimed at exploring impact of age and intelligence on cognitive multitasking, which remains relevant in the fast-paced life of people, today. Sample consisted of 240 participants, who were either employed, i.e., working, or students/trainees, in the age range of 18-42, with a minimum of some post higher secondary education, without any notable history of physical or mental illness, i.e., did not belong to clinical populations. Results indicated that higher intelligence typically lead to better multitasking performance. The impact of age grouping, however, was very interesting, in the sense that, unlike many of the previous research in related areas, mature group of individuals performed significantly better than younger individuals in the dual tasks. No interaction effect was found. The research paper discusses possible explanations for these findings as well as potential implications for multitasking in real life. |
Pages: 1820-1827 The aim was to study the accounts of the teens and young adults coming from dysfunctional families, i.e. families with domestic violence and abuse/ divorce/ parental separation. There are 8 female participants and 5 male participants aged between 17-29 with the total sample size of 13. The tool used was a semi-structured interview comprising of nineteen open-ended questions, spanning several aspects of the traumatic experiences (in retrospect), how it has shaped their lives and the current perspectives on life. The questions addressed: the reasons of conflict; who was at fault for the conflict; the roles played by the mother, father and the child during the incident of conflict; the coping resources used by the child; who wanted the divorce/ separation (if); any attempts made at conflict resolution; the current family structure and dynamics; any changes in locality and finances; their take on life; the child's difficulty/ease in trusting others now; whether they think the world is essentially a fair place or whether they have to fight for their right; if they believe illegitimate male dominance exists; how the experience has helped them grow (if at all); the positives (if) and negatives and the long lasting effects of the traumatic episode; anything good that has resulted which wouldn't have occured otherwise. Themes were obtained from the participants' responses based on differences and similarities. The results have warranted some deep insights into their minds, revealing how children suffer in such dysfunctional families. The experiences of the child have been expressed through their own narratives now as teens/ young adults, along with their thought processes and emotions about the present. The categories like the ability to trust, views on marriage among others provide a rich source of qualitative data for this field of study. |
Pages: 1828-1833 Parental Encouragement is essential for the children at all stages of life, it is extremely important especially during the adolescence phase. It is a period of stress as these children have to deal with physical, emotional, intellectual and social change. Parents through their encouragement and nurturance foster a sense of motivation in adolescents, which helps them to achieve and become well-adjusted members of the society. Since, parental encouragement plays a vital role throughout the educational journey of a child, a study was undertaken to assess the parental encouragement of girls studying in both Government (n=30) and Private (n=30) schools and a comparative analysis was drawn. Data was collected from both the groups by using Parental encouragement scale (Sharma, 1998). The t-value was calculated and the results of the present study revealed that there is a significant difference in the parental encouragement of government and private school girls. |
Pages: 1834-1838 The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate the scope and efficacy of Neuro Linguistic Programming along with self- hypnosis to address the tissue of bedwetting among adults. Bedwetting or Nocturnal Enuresis (NE) is a global problem suffered by 1 in 100 adults. It is reported to have physiological and psychological reasons causing this debilitating issue. And it was reported that there is no cure for this problem, but it can be managed with medicines, therapies, behaviour modifications and other techniques. Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a psychological technology that is known for creating lasting positive changes in the lives of people. To carry out exploring the prospects of using NLP and self-hypnosis to help out the bedwetting adults, a case study was done on a young woman who suffered bedwetting 4-5 times a week. The therapist assessed the emotional state of the subject using Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale (DASS 21), and a detailed personal history was taken. Thereafter therapeutic intervention was done using NLP and self-hypnosis. She was assessed again after three months. The scores of the pre-test and post-test showed significant difference in the frequency of dry nights and the positive changes in her emotional states. It was reported that she experienced dry nights from the fourth session of the intervention which indicate the positive effect of NLP and self-hypnosis in eliminating bedwetting among adults and improving their self-esteem. |